Suchergebnisse

O artigo descreve as sucessivas tentativas de formular e implantar políticas de segurança pública, em âmbito nacional, por meio da elaboração de planos, buscando-se compreender seus principais movimentos: avanços e recuos, pressões e reações, a indução e as negociações que marcaram a experiência recente dos diversos atores relevantes. O período coberto corresponde aos dois governos Fernando Henrique Cardoso, ao primeiro mandato do presidente Lula e às novas propostas recentemente anunciadas pelo Programa Nacional de Segurança com Cidadania (Pronasci), no oitavo mês do segundo mandato. Para contextualizar o exame dos planos e do processo político envolvido, são analisadas as dificuldades implicadas na definição de critérios, métodos e mecanismos de avaliação e monitoramento de políticas de segurança pública e da performance policial. ; This paper describes the successive attempts of formulating and mplementing public security policies through the elaboration of plans in Brazil. It seeks to understand their main movements: advances and retreats, pressures and reactions, as well as the induction and the negotiations that have characterized the recent experience of their several relevant agents. The analyzed period covers both terms of former President Fernando Henrique Cardoso's administration, President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva's first government and the new proposals announced by the National Public Security and Citizenship Program (Pronasci) in the eighth month of his second term in office. In order to contextualize the assessment of the plans and of the political process involved, the paper analyzes the difficulties derived from the definition of criteria, methods and mechanisms of evaluation and monitoring of public security policies and police performance.

This article analyses a series of legal and illegal state policies and ruling-party strategies, of a repressive nature or involving political persecution, which were implemented by Peronist governments between 1973 and 1976, in the period prior to the military dictatorship that imposed State terrorism in Argentina. The observation of these practices is combined with the study of the discourses of diverse members of the political system from the period. The study reveals the gradual establishment of a discourse about "national security", that is to say, based on the idea of a subversive enemy of a domestic nature and alien to the "national spirit". The Argentinian case study shows that this type of discourse, which is generally associated with the military regimes of the Southern Cone, also existed and was put into practice in constitutional regimes

Objective: To analyze the social participation from the perception held by the social actors who discuss and suggest paths towards Brazil's Food and Nutrition Security Policy. Methods: Research carried out using the case study methodology, in the period from January to November 2015, in nine municipalities of the state of Maranhão, by means of interviews applied to 38 counselors and members of the intersectoral chambers for food and nutrition security, of which 22 represented the civil society and 16 the public sector. The analytical category "social participation" guided the data analysis. Results: Social participation was understood as "a mechanism of dialogue and conflict", "exercise of social control", "tool for achievement of the right and realization of society's desires" and "strategy to ensure the return of political propositions to the community". Conclusion: The actors perceive social participation as a means of ensuring the construction of the Food and Nutrition Security Policy and the achievement of the right to food by the population, although they also point out limitations on its effective exercise, a fact that will have an impact on other policies, such as the health policy. ; Objetivo: Analizar la participación social a partir de la percepción de los actores sociales los cuales discuten e indican caminos para la Política de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional (SAN). Métodos: Investigación realizada a través del método de estudio de caso en el período entre enero y noviembre de 2015 en nueve municipios de Maranhão con la aplicación de entrevistas semiestructuradas a 38 consejeros y miembros de las cámaras intersectoriales de seguridad alimentaria y nutricional siendo 22 de la sociedad civil y 16 del poder público. La categoría analítica "participación social" ha orientado el análisis de los datos. Resultados: La participación social ha sido vista como el "mecanismo de dialogo y conflicto", el "ejercicio del control social", el "instrumento para el alcance del derecho y realización de los anhelos ...

Executive Council Thirty-Fourth Ordinary Session 7 – 8 February 2019 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ; The significance of human rights and transitional justice (TJ) cannot be overemphasized. This underscores why Aspiration three (3), "An Africa of good governance, democracy, respect for human rights, justice and the rule of law",and Aspiration four (4), "A peaceful and secured Africa", of Agenda 2063 – The Africa We Want – focus on human rights promotion, silencing the guns by 2020, peace, security and development. In order to accomplish these objectives of Africa's Agenda 2063, a ten-year implementation plan was developed. The year 2015 was dedicated to Women's empowerment and 2016 to human rights, with a special focus on the rights of women

A boa nutrição é o sustentáculo do bem-estar humano. Boa nutrição antes do nascimento e ao longo da infância permite que o cérebro funcione e evolua sem problemas e que os sistemas imunológicos se desenvolvam com mais vigor. Para as crianças pequenas, um nível de boa nutrição afasta a morte e prepara o corpo para crescer e desenvolver todo o seu potencial. No decorrer da vida humana, a boa nutrição leva a melhor aproveitamento escolar, mães mais bem alimentadas que dão à luz crianças mais bem nutridas, e adultos que tem maior probabilidade de serem produtivos e receber salários melhores. Durante a meia-idade, a boa nutrição origina metabolismos melhor preparados para proteger contra doenças associadas a mudanças na dieta e atividade física. Sem uma boa nutrição as vidas e meios de vida das pessoas são como que construídos em areia movediça. ; Supplementary Online Materials ix Acknowledgments x Abbreviations xii Executive summary xiii Chapter 1 ntroduction 2 Chapter 2 Nutrition Is Central to Sustainable Development 7 Chapter 3 Progress toward the World Health Assembly Nutrition Targets Is Too Slow1 5 Chapter 4 The Coexistence of Different Forms of Malnutrition Is the "New Normal" 22 Chapter 5 The Coverage of Nutrition-Specific Interventions Needs to Improve 29 Chapter 6 Interventions Addressing the Underlying Determinants of Nutrition Status Are Important, but They Need to Be More Nutrition sensitive 38 Chapter 7 The Enabling Environment Is Improving, but Not Quickly Enough 47 Chapter 8 The Need to Strengthen Accountability in Nutrition 56 Chapter 9 What Are the Priorities for Investment in Improved Nutrition Data? 67 Chapter 10 Key Messages and Recommendations 71 Appendix 1 The Nutrition Country Profile: A Tool for Action 75 Appendix 2 Which Countries Are on Course to Meet Several WHA Targets? 77 Appendix 3 Which Countries Are on Course for Which WHA Targets? 79 Appendix 4 Donor Spending on Nutrition-Specific and Nutrition-Sensitive Interventions and Programs 84 Appendix 5 How Accountable Is the Global Nutrition Report? 86 Appendix 6 Availability of Data for Nutrition Country Profile Indicators 88 Notes 91 References 95 PANELS Panel 11 Types of Nutrition Investment, Lawrence Haddad 4 Panel 21 Nutrition and the Sustainable Development Goals—No Room for Complacency, Michael Anderson 11 Panel 22 Some New Data from India: What If?, Lawrence Haddad, Komal Bhatia, and Kamilla Eriksen 12 Panel 23 How Did Maharashtra Cut Child Stunting?, Lawrence Haddad 13 Panel 24 Can Improving the Underlying Determinants of Nutrition Help Meet the WHA Targets?, Lisa Smith and Lawrence Haddad 14 Panel 41 Malnutrition in the United States and United Kingdom, Jessica Fanzo 25 Panel 42 Regional Drivers of Malnutrition in Indonesia, Endang Achadi with acknowledgment to Sudarno Sumarto and Taufik Hidayat 26 Panel 43 Compiling District-Level Nutrition Data in India, Purnima Menon and Shruthi Cyriac 27 Panel 44 Targeting Minority Groups at Risk in the United States, Jennifer Requejo and Joel Gittelsohn 28 Panel 51 Measuring Coverage of Programs to Treat Severe Acute Malnutrition, Jose Luis Alvarez 37 Panel 61 Trends in Dietary Quality among Adults in the United States, Daniel Wang and Walter Willett 41 Panel 62 How Did Bangladesh Reduce Stunting So Rapidly?, Derek Headey 43 Panel 63 Using an Agricultural Platform in Burkina Faso to Improve Nutrition during the First 1,000 Days, Deanna Kelly Olney, Andrew Dillon, Abdoulaye Pedehombga, Marcellin Ouédraogo, and Marie Ruel 45 Panel 71 Is There a Better Way to Track Nutrition Spending? 48 Panel 72 Tracking Financial Allocations to Nutrition: Guatemala's Experience, Jesús Bulux, Otto Velasquez, Cecibel Juárez, Carla Guillén, and Fernando Arriola 49 Panel 73 A Tool for Assessing Government Progress on Creating Healthy Food Environments, Boyd Swinburn 51 Panel 74 Engaging Food and Beverage Companies through the Access to Nutrition Index, Inge Kauer 52 Panel 75 How Brazil Cut Child Stunting and Improved Breastfeeding Practices, Jennifer Requejo 54 Panel 81 Scaling Up Nutrition through Business, Jonathan Tench 61 Panel 82 How Civil Society Organizations Build Commitment to Nutrition, Claire Blanchard 62 Panel 83 Building Civil Society's Capacity to Push for Policies on Obesity and Noncommunicable Diseases, Corinna Hawkes 63 Panel 84 Can Community Monitoring Enhance Accountability for Nutrition?, Nick Nisbett and Dolf te Lintelo 64 Panel 85 National Evaluation Platforms: Potential for Nutrition, Jennifer Bryce and colleagues 65 Panel 86 The State of African Nutrition Data for Accountability and Learning, Carl Lachat, Joyce Kinabo, Eunice Nago, Annamarie Kruger, and Patrick Kolsteren 66 ; PR ; IFPRI1; CRP4; B Promoting healthy food systems ; DGO; A4NH; PHND ; CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH)

The increase in violence and crime has generated discussions about police education. The study analyzes the knowledge about the training of the Military Police in Brazil after the approval of Law 13.675 of 2018. A qualitative approach was adopted, developed through bibliographic research, from books and scientific journals. Muniz, Tavares dos Santos and Poncioni were references in the study. The analysis of Law No. 13,675 of 2018, which created the current National Public Security Policy, was also performed. The data were treated by content analysis. A growing demand for the redemocratization and reformulation of the formative processes of Military Police officers reinforced by the new national public security policy is verified. The law guides the training of public security professionals to act in a preventive way, in order to overcome the traditional repressive police model, which is inefficient in fighting crime and violence. ; El aumento de la violencia y el crimen ha generado discusiones sobre la educación policial. El estudio analiza el conocimiento sobre la formación de la Policía Militar en Brasil luego de la aprobación de la Ley 13.675 de 2018. Se adoptó un enfoque cualitativo, desarrollado a través de investigaciones bibliográficas, libros y revistas científicas. Muniz, Tavares dos Santos y Poncioni fueron referencias en el estudio. También se realizó el análisis de la Ley N ° 13.675 de 2018, que creó la actual Política Nacional de Seguridad Pública.Los datos se trataron mediante análisis de contenido. Existe una demanda creciente de redemocratización y reformulación de los procesos de formación de la Policía Militar reforzada por la nueva política nacional de seguridad pública. La ley orienta la formación de los profesionales de la seguridad pública para actuar de manera preventiva, con el fin de superar el modelo policial represivo tradicional, que resulta ineficaz en el combate al crimen y la violencia. ; The increase in violence and crime has generated discussions about police education. The study analyzes the knowledge about the training of the Military Police in Brazil after the approval of Law 13.675 of 2018. A qualitative approach was adopted, developed through bibliographic research, from books and scientific journals. Muniz, Tavares dos Santos and Poncioni were references in the study. The analysis of Law No. 13,675 of 2018, which created the current National Public Security Policy, was also performed. The data were treated by content analysis. A growing demand for the redemocratization and reformulation of the formative processes of Military Police officers reinforced by the new national public security policy is verified. The law guides the training of public security professionals to act in a preventive way, in order to overcome the traditional repressive police model, which is inefficient in fighting crime and violence. ; O aumento da violência e da criminalidade no Brasil ocasionaram discussões sobre a educação policial, que culminaram no projeto nacional de Segurança Pública, instituído pela lei Nº 13.675 de 2018. O estudo analisa os saberes presentes na educação policial militar e o tipo de formação policial militar que é legitimada pela Lei nº 13.675 de 2018. No estudo utilizou-se a abordagem qualitativa, por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Os dados foram tratados pela análise de conteúdo. Constata-se uma demanda crescente de redemocratização e reformulação dos processos formativos de Policiais Militares, trazidas nas últimas décadas e reforçada pela nova política nacional de segurança pública. A lei orienta a formação dos profissionais de segurança pública para atuarem de forma preventiva, a fim de superar o modelo de polícia tradicional repressivo, que demonstra ser ineficiente no combate à criminalidade e à violência.

The objective of this work was to compare the actuarially fair social security rates for the General Social Welfare Policy (GSWP), based on the social security factor rules and the minimum age proposal present in Proposed Constitutional Amendment n. 287/2016. The demographic changes that have taken place in Brazil in recent years raise questions about the sustainability of the national social security system and approving social security reform has been a government priority. Therefore, there is an undisputed need for an actuarial study that calculates actuarially fair rates and compares the current scenario with the reform proposals. Multiple decrement actuarial models were used to calculate the fair rates considering a standard family (25-year-old worker, spouse, and two children), in which the man is three years older than the woman. The IBGE 2015 Extrapolated (mortality) and Álvaro Vindas (disability) tables were adopted as biometric assumptions, and a real wage growth rate of 2% p.a. and real interest rate of 3% p.a. were used. It has been shown that under the social security factor rule current contribution rates are insufficient to cover social security benefits, since the actuarially fair rates are 30.69% and 35.27% for men and women, respectively. However, if the social security reform were approved as submitted, the fair rates would be reduced to 22.25% and 21.60%, respectively. Besides the minimum age, part of this reduction is due to the proposed rules allowing pension values lower than the minimum wage. ; O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar as alíquotas previdenciárias atuarialmente justas para o Regime Geral de Previdência Social, tendo como base as regras do fator previdenciário e da proposta de idade mínima, presente na Proposta de Emenda à Constituição n. 287/2016. As mudanças demográficas ocorridas no Brasil nos últimos anos chamam a atenção para a questão da sustentabilidade do sistema previdenciário nacional, e aprovar a reforma previdenciária tem sido prioridade do governo. Logo, é indiscutível a necessidade de um estudo atuarial que viesse calcular alíquotas atuarialmente justas e comparar o atual cenário com as propostas de reforma. Utilizaram-se modelos atuariais com múltiplos decrementos para o cálculo das alíquotas justas, considerando uma família padrão [funcionário(a) de 25 anos, cônjuge e dois filhos], sendo o homem três anos mais velho que a mulher. Adotaram-se como premissas biométricas as tábuas IBGE 2015 – Extrapolada (mortalidade) e Álvaro Vindas (invalidez), a taxa real de crescimento salarial de 2% a.a. e a taxa real de juros de 3% a.a. Concluiu-se que, pela regra do fator previdenciário, as alíquotas vigentes são insuficientes para cobertura dos benefícios previdenciários, uma vez que as alíquotas atuarialmente justas são 30,69% e 35,27% para homens e mulheres, respectivamente. Contudo, caso a reforma da Previdência fosse aprovada em seu texto original, os percentuais justos seriam reduzidos para 22,25%, e 21,60%, respectivamente. Além da idade mínima, grande parte dessa redução deve-se às regras propostas para cálculo da pensão, que admitem valor abaixo do salário mínimo.

In this paper, we developed a normative and ethical refl ection on the process of construction of the National Policy on Violence Prevention and Security in Sport Spectacles. To develop this refl ection, we adopted the following methodological procedures: a literature review, analysis of laws and documents and observations made during our participation in the public debate on violence in Brazilian football and also during exchanges and research apprenticeships conducted in Argentina and Germany, in 2013 and 2014. The text was organized into two interdependent parts: at fi rst, we discussed the main challenges to make the process in question more fair and democratic. Among the challenges addressed, we highlighted the challenge of creating special measures to encourage the inclusion of groups normally excluded from positions of power. Secondly, we presented and justifi ed some concrete measures to overcome these challenges. Among them, the establishment of local committees to prevent football violence, the strengthening and democratization of the National Commission on Violence Prevention and Security in Sport Spectacles (CONSEGUE), of the ministries of Justice and Sports, the creation of the fi gure of ombudsfan, the strengthening of dialogue with the independent associations of supporters and the organizations representing the torcidas organizadas, the training of its leaders, offering them the cultural resources needed to face the problems of everyday lives of these torcidas and needed to the creative and peaceful transformation of the violent confl icts between them, the recognition of less hegemonic forms of discourse, allowing the fans to speak in his own voice, and the creation of the fi gure of the moderator who does Socratic relief work to the word in CONSEGUE. ; Neste texto, desenvolvemos uma refl exão ética e normativa acerca do processo de construção da Política Nacional de Prevenção da Violência e Segurança nos Espetáculos Esportivos. Para desenvolver tal refl exão, adotamos os seguintes procedimentos metodológicos: revisão de literatura, análise de leis e documentos e observações realizadas durante nossa participação no debate público sobre a violência no futebol brasileiro e, também, durante intercâmbios e estágios de pesquisa realizados na Alemanha e na Argentina, em 2013 e 2014. O texto foi organizado em duas partes interdependentes: num primeiro momento, abordamos os principais desafi os para tornar o processo em questão mais justo e democrático. Entre os desafi os abordados, destacamos o de conseguir criar medidas especiais de estímulo à inclusão de grupos normalmente excluídos das posições de poder. Num segundo momento, apresentamos e justifi camos algumas medidas concretas capazes de superar os referidos desafi os. Entre elas, o estabelecimento de comissões locais de prevenção da violência no futebol, o fortalecimento e a democratização da "Comissão Paz no Esporte", dos ministérios da Justiça e do Esporte, a criação da fi gura do ombudsfan, o fortalecimento do diálogo com as associações independentes de torcedores e com as entidades representativas de torcedores organizados, a capacitação de seus dirigentes, oferecendo a eles os recursos culturais necessários para o enfrentamento dos problemas do dia-a-dia dessas torcidas e para a transformação criativa e pacífi ca dos confl itos violentos entre elas, o reconhecimento de formas menos hegemônicas de discurso, que permitam o torcedor se exprimir na sua própria voz, e a criação da fi gura do moderador, que faça o trabalho socrático de assistência à palavra na referida comissão.

This study considers the current agenda of reforms in the Brazilian pension system and aims to understand how the pension system became an element of social security in the 1988 Brazilian Federal Constitution. The methodology is qualitative, predominantly documentary and bibliographical. The research uses content analysis, determining the coding categories before the data analysis, based on John Kingdon's (1984, 2003) multiple stream framework (problems, policies, and politics), including the. category "international influence." The study showed that the pension system was a public problem tied to economic and management factors in the 1980s. When the problem entered the public agenda, different policies were formulated, including expanding social welfare through creating a social security system. ; Este trabajo se inserta en el contexto de la agenda actual de reformas que involucra la previsión social en Brasil. El objetivo general era comprender cómo la previsión se convirtió en un elemento de la seguridad en el ámbito de las políticas públicas de la Constitución Federal de 1988, a través de la teoría de múltiples corrientes de John Kingdon (1984, 2003). En términos metodológicos, la investigación es predominantemente documental y bibliográfica, con un enfoque cualitativo, se utilizó la técnica de análisis de contenido categórico de rejilla cerrada. El análisis de los flujos (problemas, soluciones, política) con la inserción de influencia internacional indicó que la previsión social como un problema público de la década de 1980 estaba vinculada a factores económicos y de gestión. Cuando este problema llegó a la agenda pública, se formularon diferentes alternativas, incluida la idea de ampliar la cobertura social a través de la creación de la seguridad social. ; Este trabalho está inserido no contexto da atual agenda de reformas que envolve a Previdência Social no Brasil. O objetivo geral visou compreender, por meio da Teoria dos Múltiplos Fluxos, de John Kingdon (1984, 2003), como a Previdência tornou-se um elemento da Seguridade no âmbito das políticas públicas na Constituição Federal de 1988 (CF/88). Em termos metodológicos, a pesquisa é predominantemente documental e bibliográfica, com abordagem qualitativa e utilização da técnica de análise de conteúdo categorial de grade fechada. A análise dos fluxos (problemas, soluções, política) com a inserção da influência internacional como um fluxo analítico indicou que a Previdência Social enquanto um problema público da década de 1980 estava atrelada a fatores econômicos e de gestão. Quando esse problema tocou a agenda pública, distintas alternativas foram formuladas, incluindo a ideia de expansão da cobertura social por meio da criação da Seguridade Social.

Brazilian legislative proposal n. 6,299/2002, addressing pesticide regulation, represents an attempt to loosen and weaken the regulation of these substances, threatening the rights to food and a healthy environment as enshrined in the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil. This article reviews the bill and its more troublesome provisions through the lenses of food security and nutrition as well as national environmental law principles and provisions. Within this background, the paper concludes that Bill n. 6,299/2002 works against previously achieved progress in providing alternative policy pathways for sustainable agriculture in Brazil. It clashes with environmental law principles, neglecting precaution and prevention, representing a regression in terms of protection levels, while undermining human rights to food and a healthy environment. The methodology includes a literature and documentary review, along with inductive reasoning.

Before the need of knowing the past to understand the present and plan for the future, we elaborated a memory to explain the participation of civil society and the State in the formulation of the State Policy on Food and Nutrition Security in Ceará. This paper presents the results of a bibliographic survey conducted in books, articles, and newspapers addressing the theme of drought and famine in Ceará, as well as of a semi-structured interview with the Councilors of the Food and Nutrition Security Council and members of the Human Right to Food. The (re)told story begins by recovering facts that are still unknown to most of Ceará's inhabitants, such as concentration camps during droughts, the formulation of the state policy on food security interspersed with social movements, strengthening of social participation, and the conquest of the right to food as a human right in Brazil and in Ceará. Despite these advancements, the continuity of this history still has to overcome some challenges, such as investing in the quality of social participation, strengthening participation spaces, gaining political support, guaranteeing financing, giving visibility to legislation, and enforcing mechanisms that ensure the human right to adequate food. ; Este estudo visa descrever a participação da sociedade civil e do Estado na construção da Política Estadual de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional no estado do Ceará, conhecendo o passado para compreender o presente e as perspectivas futuras. Para tanto, foi realizado levantamento bibliográfico sobre a seca e a fome no Ceará em livros, artigos e jornais, além disso, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas junto aos conselheiros do Conselho de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional e militantes pelo direito humano a alimentação. As ações de combate à fome no Ceará tiveram início com a criação dos campos de concentração durante as secas, fato desconhecido pela maioria dos cearenses. A trajetória da formulação da política estadual de segurança alimentar foi entremeada com os movimentos de luta e o fortalecimento da participação social, que levou à conquista dos marcos legais do direito humano à alimentação no Ceará. No entanto, alguns desafios precisam ser enfrentados para a para a continuidade dessa política: investir na qualidade da participação social, no fortalecimento dos espaços de participação, conquistar apoio político, lutar pela garantia de financiamento, dar visibilidade à legislação e mecanismos de exigibilidade.