Suchergebnisse

Smith addresses the reasons for & implementation of increased foreign & security policy making in the European Union (EU). History of the EU's stance in the post-Cold War era includes the proposal to create a European Defense Community, deference to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the significance of the Maastricht Treaty, & proposals considered at the Nov 1999 meeting in Tampere, Finland. Evolving interpretations of foreign & security policy are reviewed, & the issue of containment is contemplated. Detailing of the Single European Act of 1985, the Maastricht Treaty, & the Treaty of Amsterdam accompanies examination of changes to the Common Foreign & Security Policy. Recent momentum of the Amsterdam provisions is evidenced by decisions made at the June 1999 Cologne Summit & the Dec 1999 Helsinki European Council. The new framework of foreign & security policy is illustrated by a figure showing the distinctive & overlapping jurisdictions & roles of bodies, including NATO & Partnership for Peace. The drive for maintenance of European security & resulting EU actions are considered with relation to recent events in Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, & Kosovo. 3 Figures, 21 References. M. C. Leary

The author discusses the three major objectives of U.S. Security policy in South Asia: (1) contain nuclear proliferation in the Middle East, East, & Central Asia; (2) prevent an India-Pakistan nuclear war; & (3) contain the roots of global transnational terrorism by eliminating terrorist havens in South Asia. In the discussion on nuclear proliferation, the author focuses on the Eisenhower administration's "Atoms for Peace" policy, the Carter administration's 'stick' approach of economic sanctions, & the Reagan's administration's use of a 'carrot' approach in the form of military & economic aid to Pakistan. The discussion of the India-Pakistan crises begins with the 1998 nuclear tests conducted by each country. Finally, the discussion on terrorism focuses on post 9/11 strategies to contain terrorism. J. Harwell

To assess Kazakhstan's security role in the Caspian Sea region, the republic's social, economic, & political circumstances are examined along with regional geopolitics. Following a look at Kazakhstan's developing security doctrine, explored is whether it has built appropriate economic, political, & military potential to ensure adequate national security & to influence regional geopolitical processes. This is accomplished by scrutinizing (1) the emergence of a new regional balance of forces; (2) social, economic, & military reforms in Kazakhstan; & (3) the character of new geopolitical realities & the domestic & international national security threats to Kazakhstan, focusing on Russia's return to the region. 1 Table. J. Zendejas

As the essays in this volume indicate, security problems need to be approached within the framework of three dimensions: continuing/changing/emerging, military/nonmilitary, & interstate/intrastate/transnational; examples of the intersections of these three dimensions are presented. Near-term prospects for international security are grim. The US will retain military superiority, but many problems are intractable & nuclear, biological, & chemical weapons continue to proliferate. With international integration, new economic, demographic, & environmental challenges arise. Information technology & genetic engineering can cause catastrophes. Current policy responses are inadequate & slow. Security policies need less military focus, broader agendas, & more complexity, global scope, & multilateralism. 1 Table. M. Pflum

The author analyzes US policy in the Middle East. Discussion focuses on policies addressing the Persian Gulf region, the dangers of Islamic terrorism, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, & the protection of human rights. The development of current strategies, opposition to & resentment of US security policy, & the double standard apparent in many US policies are discussed. The author also addresses the consequences of American militarization, including the influx of billions of dollars in armaments into the region by the US government. J. Harwell

Explores the willingness of Europeans to adopt a common security policy. European public opinion on the subject of defense-policy integration is measured in policy opinion surveys, & the attitudes in two historical periods -- during the Cold War & during the Maastricht Era -- are compared. Attitudes toward the establishment of the North Atlantic Treaty Alliance (NATO) as the main source of European security & during the policy controversies during the 1970s & 1980s are compared to support for security alternatives. The level of support for a common European security policy after the Cold War & at the reunification of Germany & the establishment of the European Union is then measured. Europe's desire to become a complete union was symbolized by the Maastricht provision for a Common Foreign & Security Policy. The study found that Europeans today desire a common security policy only slightly more than during the Cold War. The financial challenge of supporting security is a factor in the uncertainty, & the willingness of the US to continue its security role through NATO also remains in question. 4 Tables, 3 Figures. L. A. Hoffman