Suchergebnisse

The research aims at establishing which activities or situations in maritime domain, which threaten maritime safety and / or maritime security, fall within the concept of international peace and security. Having demonstrated the validity of the international law principles that safeguard international peace and security in maritime area, the research reveals a changing list of the threats to international peace and security, which now encompasses activities and situations at sea, including terrorism, sea piracy and armed robbery against ships, proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, etc. A maritime space safe from such kind of threats generally means maritime security. Thus, a great part of the threats to maritime security are or may constitute threats to international peace and security, subject to their recognition as such threats by the United Nations Security Council in its resolutions. Usually such threats also pose risk to maritime safety (safety at sea, safety of navigation, ships, crew and passengers); however, any threat to maritime safety does not necessarily endanger maritime security or amount to the threat to international peace and security.

SUMMARY The aim of this work is to exam international social security standards and their implementation in Lithuania social security system. The work is divided into two parts. The first part "International social security standards" is defined. The place of international treaties in Lithuanian legal system is analyzed as international social security standards are basically established in these documents. Further based on the geographical criterion social right and social security standards established in the universal, European and European Union levels are analyzed. The chapter "Social rights and social standards established in the universal human rights documents" the provisions of Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights are examined together with the conventions of the International Labour Organization. In the chapter "Social rights and social protection standards established in the European human rights documents" there are examined the provisions of European Social Charter (revised) and the European Social Code. Taking into consideration the impact of European Union law on the Lithuanian legal system in the chapter "Social rights and social standards established in the European Union law" the provisions of European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights and Charter of Fundamental Social Rights of the Workers are analyzed. In the following part of the work social security standards established for the protection of such social risks as maternity, family circumstances and aging are consistently examined based on the analysis of the provisions on the Lithuanian social security is defined. In the chapter of the work analyzes the entitlement of elderly people to pension, social services and other social support also their right to housing and medical care. In the chapter based on the provisions of above mentioned international conventions and Convention of the Rights of the Child the system of support for the household incomes and non-cash benefits for children is analyzed. In the last part the issues of pregnancy, childbirth leave and parental guarantees are defined.

SUMMARY The aim of this work is to exam international social security standards and their implementation in Lithuania social security system. The work is divided into two parts. The first part "International social security standards" is defined. The place of international treaties in Lithuanian legal system is analyzed as international social security standards are basically established in these documents. Further based on the geographical criterion social right and social security standards established in the universal, European and European Union levels are analyzed. The chapter "Social rights and social standards established in the universal human rights documents" the provisions of Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights are examined together with the conventions of the International Labour Organization. In the chapter "Social rights and social protection standards established in the European human rights documents" there are examined the provisions of European Social Charter (revised) and the European Social Code. Taking into consideration the impact of European Union law on the Lithuanian legal system in the chapter "Social rights and social standards established in the European Union law" the provisions of European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights and Charter of Fundamental Social Rights of the Workers are analyzed. In the following part of the work social security standards established for the protection of such social risks as maternity, family circumstances and aging are consistently examined based on the analysis of the provisions on the Lithuanian social security is defined. In the chapter of the work analyzes the entitlement of elderly people to pension, social services and other social support also their right to housing and medical care. In the chapter based on the provisions of above mentioned international conventions and Convention of the Rights of the Child the system of support for the household incomes and non-cash benefits for children is analyzed. In the last part the issues of pregnancy, childbirth leave and parental guarantees are defined.

India is a rapidly growing democratic naval power. Moreover, its features such as the strong and fast-growing economy, newest military technologies and nuclear weapon make a big impression. Considering the other major powers, it seems that the world is becoming multipolar where India could have a significant role and become one of the major poles. It has been a subject for discussions among journalists and academics for a log time. On the other hand, there are a lot of discussions about India's "friendly and mild" foreign policy; also, it is sometimes named the non-ambitious passive player in the international arena. The optimism with doubts: the paradoxical situation composed of the history of the impressive imperial civilization, modern-day economic growth, huge progress in technologies versus the major internal problems and "soft" state image. Here emerges the problem: why India's foreign policy, despite its power growth, is still passive/neutral on the international arena? The hypotheses to answering this question are: 1. India's role and status are restricted by its lack of power. 2. India's role on the international arena is restricted by its ideological and neutrality traditions, which provide ontological security to India. The aim of this article is to ascertain and explore India's status (regional or global) and to ascertain India's role (self-identification) on the international arena by using the ontological security theory. The theoretical background of this essay is ontological security theory which ten years ago was absorbed from sociology and is quite new in the international relations and security studies. Its main arguments are: ontological security is the security of being; in addition to physical security, states also seek ontological security (security of the self); ontological security is achieved by routinizing relationships with significant others, after all players become attached to those relationships, even if they are dangerous to their physical security. This theory is strongly bound with the identity that India always gives the self culture prominence in its discourse and its friendly discourse in the Ministry of Defence annual reports. This is the reason why the ontological security theory was chosen to help understand and explain India's foreign policy. First, links between ontological and traditional security are discussed in the first part of this work. There is a broad analysis of the assumptions of the ontological security theory in the same paragraph. Second, there is a short criticism of the ontological security. Finally, the ontological security theory as the India's foreign policy explanation tool is discussed; the discourse analysis is introduced as a methodological instrument of the work, and the model of analysis of the second part of the work, is defined. The second part of the work contains the content analysis of experts' articles and official documents of India's Foreign Ministry, using the model defined in the previous part and ontological security for the results' explanation The analysis made in the second part of the work has shown that the ontological security theory is able to explain India's foreign policy and does it. The first hypothesis (India's role and status are restricted by its lack of power) was denied. This means that India can be a major global power. The second hypothesis (India's role in the international arena is restricted by its ideological and neutrality traditions, which provide ontological security to India) was approved. Strictly, it means that India does not want to be a major power because of it self-identity and ontological security. India does not expose itself as a major power but thinks that is worth to be such. On the other hand, if India has absorbed the international politics routine form the British Empire, this could mean that India's identity is to be a global power, but it does not want to publicise it yet. The study has shown that it is hard to regard India in the international community as a major power without special observation or using just the realism theory tools. Consequently, the ontological security theory has shown that it has the tools that can be used in countries' foreign policy explanation.

India is a rapidly growing democratic naval power. Moreover, its features such as the strong and fast-growing economy, newest military technologies and nuclear weapon make a big impression. Considering the other major powers, it seems that the world is becoming multipolar where India could have a significant role and become one of the major poles. It has been a subject for discussions among journalists and academics for a log time. On the other hand, there are a lot of discussions about India's "friendly and mild" foreign policy; also, it is sometimes named the non-ambitious passive player in the international arena. The optimism with doubts: the paradoxical situation composed of the history of the impressive imperial civilization, modern-day economic growth, huge progress in technologies versus the major internal problems and "soft" state image. Here emerges the problem: why India's foreign policy, despite its power growth, is still passive/neutral on the international arena? The hypotheses to answering this question are: 1. India's role and status are restricted by its lack of power. 2. India's role on the international arena is restricted by its ideological and neutrality traditions, which provide ontological security to India. The aim of this article is to ascertain and explore India's status (regional or global) and to ascertain India's role (self-identification) on the international arena by using the ontological security theory. The theoretical background of this essay is ontological security theory which ten years ago was absorbed from sociology and is quite new in the international relations and security studies. Its main arguments are: ontological security is the security of being; in addition to physical security, states also seek ontological security (security of the self); ontological security is achieved by routinizing relationships with significant others, after all players become attached to those relationships, even if they are dangerous to their physical security. This theory is strongly bound with the identity that India always gives the self culture prominence in its discourse and its friendly discourse in the Ministry of Defence annual reports. This is the reason why the ontological security theory was chosen to help understand and explain India's foreign policy. First, links between ontological and traditional security are discussed in the first part of this work. There is a broad analysis of the assumptions of the ontological security theory in the same paragraph. Second, there is a short criticism of the ontological security. Finally, the ontological security theory as the India's foreign policy explanation tool is discussed; the discourse analysis is introduced as a methodological instrument of the work, and the model of analysis of the second part of the work, is defined. The second part of the work contains the content analysis of experts' articles and official documents of India's Foreign Ministry, using the model defined in the previous part and ontological security for the results' explanation The analysis made in the second part of the work has shown that the ontological security theory is able to explain India's foreign policy and does it. The first hypothesis (India's role and status are restricted by its lack of power) was denied. This means that India can be a major global power. The second hypothesis (India's role in the international arena is restricted by its ideological and neutrality traditions, which provide ontological security to India) was approved. Strictly, it means that India does not want to be a major power because of it self-identity and ontological security. India does not expose itself as a major power but thinks that is worth to be such. On the other hand, if India has absorbed the international politics routine form the British Empire, this could mean that India's identity is to be a global power, but it does not want to publicise it yet. The study has shown that it is hard to regard India in the international community as a major power without special observation or using just the realism theory tools. Consequently, the ontological security theory has shown that it has the tools that can be used in countries' foreign policy explanation.

India is a rapidly growing democratic naval power. Moreover, its features such as the strong and fast-growing economy, newest military technologies and nuclear weapon make a big impression. Considering the other major powers, it seems that the world is becoming multipolar where India could have a significant role and become one of the major poles. It has been a subject for discussions among journalists and academics for a log time. On the other hand, there are a lot of discussions about India's "friendly and mild" foreign policy; also, it is sometimes named the non-ambitious passive player in the international arena. The optimism with doubts: the paradoxical situation composed of the history of the impressive imperial civilization, modern-day economic growth, huge progress in technologies versus the major internal problems and "soft" state image. Here emerges the problem: why India's foreign policy, despite its power growth, is still passive/neutral on the international arena? The hypotheses to answering this question are: 1. India's role and status are restricted by its lack of power. 2. India's role on the international arena is restricted by its ideological and neutrality traditions, which provide ontological security to India. The aim of this article is to ascertain and explore India's status (regional or global) and to ascertain India's role (self-identification) on the international arena by using the ontological security theory. The theoretical background of this essay is ontological security theory which ten years ago was absorbed from sociology and is quite new in the international relations and security studies. Its main arguments are: ontological security is the security of being; in addition to physical security, states also seek ontological security (security of the self); ontological security is achieved by routinizing relationships with significant others, after all players become attached to those relationships, even if they are dangerous to their physical security. This theory is strongly bound with the identity that India always gives the self culture prominence in its discourse and its friendly discourse in the Ministry of Defence annual reports. This is the reason why the ontological security theory was chosen to help understand and explain India's foreign policy. First, links between ontological and traditional security are discussed in the first part of this work. There is a broad analysis of the assumptions of the ontological security theory in the same paragraph. Second, there is a short criticism of the ontological security. Finally, the ontological security theory as the India's foreign policy explanation tool is discussed; the discourse analysis is introduced as a methodological instrument of the work, and the model of analysis of the second part of the work, is defined. The second part of the work contains the content analysis of experts' articles and official documents of India's Foreign Ministry, using the model defined in the previous part and ontological security for the results' explanation The analysis made in the second part of the work has shown that the ontological security theory is able to explain India's foreign policy and does it. The first hypothesis (India's role and status are restricted by its lack of power) was denied. This means that India can be a major global power. The second hypothesis (India's role in the international arena is restricted by its ideological and neutrality traditions, which provide ontological security to India) was approved. Strictly, it means that India does not want to be a major power because of it self-identity and ontological security. India does not expose itself as a major power but thinks that is worth to be such. On the other hand, if India has absorbed the international politics routine form the British Empire, this could mean that India's identity is to be a global power, but it does not want to publicise it yet. The study has shown that it is hard to regard India in the international community as a major power without special observation or using just the realism theory tools. Consequently, the ontological security theory has shown that it has the tools that can be used in countries' foreign policy explanation.

India is a rapidly growing democratic naval power. Moreover, its features such as the strong and fast-growing economy, newest military technologies and nuclear weapon make a big impression. Considering the other major powers, it seems that the world is becoming multipolar where India could have a significant role and become one of the major poles. It has been a subject for discussions among journalists and academics for a log time. On the other hand, there are a lot of discussions about India's "friendly and mild" foreign policy; also, it is sometimes named the non-ambitious passive player in the international arena. The optimism with doubts: the paradoxical situation composed of the history of the impressive imperial civilization, modern-day economic growth, huge progress in technologies versus the major internal problems and "soft" state image. Here emerges the problem: why India's foreign policy, despite its power growth, is still passive/neutral on the international arena? The hypotheses to answering this question are: 1. India's role and status are restricted by its lack of power. 2. India's role on the international arena is restricted by its ideological and neutrality traditions, which provide ontological security to India. The aim of this article is to ascertain and explore India's status (regional or global) and to ascertain India's role (self-identification) on the international arena by using the ontological security theory. The theoretical background of this essay is ontological security theory which ten years ago was absorbed from sociology and is quite new in the international relations and security studies. Its main arguments are: ontological security is the security of being; in addition to physical security, states also seek ontological security (security of the self); ontological security is achieved by routinizing relationships with significant others, after all players become attached to those relationships, even if they are dangerous to their physical security. This theory is strongly bound with the identity that India always gives the self culture prominence in its discourse and its friendly discourse in the Ministry of Defence annual reports. This is the reason why the ontological security theory was chosen to help understand and explain India's foreign policy. First, links between ontological and traditional security are discussed in the first part of this work. There is a broad analysis of the assumptions of the ontological security theory in the same paragraph. Second, there is a short criticism of the ontological security. Finally, the ontological security theory as the India's foreign policy explanation tool is discussed; the discourse analysis is introduced as a methodological instrument of the work, and the model of analysis of the second part of the work, is defined. The second part of the work contains the content analysis of experts' articles and official documents of India's Foreign Ministry, using the model defined in the previous part and ontological security for the results' explanation The analysis made in the second part of the work has shown that the ontological security theory is able to explain India's foreign policy and does it. The first hypothesis (India's role and status are restricted by its lack of power) was denied. This means that India can be a major global power. The second hypothesis (India's role in the international arena is restricted by its ideological and neutrality traditions, which provide ontological security to India) was approved. Strictly, it means that India does not want to be a major power because of it self-identity and ontological security. India does not expose itself as a major power but thinks that is worth to be such. On the other hand, if India has absorbed the international politics routine form the British Empire, this could mean that India's identity is to be a global power, but it does not want to publicise it yet. The study has shown that it is hard to regard India in the international community as a major power without special observation or using just the realism theory tools. Consequently, the ontological security theory has shown that it has the tools that can be used in countries' foreign policy explanation.

SUMMARY Collective Security: Theory and Practice The origins of collective security are found in the theories of "eternal peace", and the first time in practice collective security have been realized in XIX century. Traditional conception defines collective security as universal or regional system, which is created to react collectively in the situation when one of the member states is attacked by other member. At present universal collective security system is realized through United Nations. The main purpose of United Nations is to maintain international peace and security. Collective security is one of the ways to maintain international peace and security. The mechanism of collective security is invoked to deal with situations, which are threats to the peace, acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace. Traditionally collective security was orientated to deal with situations, which involved the use of force. However in practice this has been modified. UN Security Council enjoys wide discretion – it can decide which situations should be regarded as threats to the peace, acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace. As the practice shows Security Council had invoked and decided to use collective measures also in situations which involved not only the use of force. Security Council decides which collective security measures should be used in order to maintain international peace and security. In practice Security Council developed and used great variety of collective measures – embargo, limitations of international travels, prohibitions of certain financial operations, military enforcement actions and etc. Modern mechanism of collective security is characterized by decentralization; military resources are given on ad hoc basis, therefore it strongly depends on member states' solidarity and willingness to act. The newest tendencies suggest modifying collective security. It is suggested that poverty, epidemics, serious environmental problems should be regarded as "threat to peace" and therefore those situations should be dealt through the measures of collective security. International law experts point to the risk that the extended conception of collective security could negatively affect the sovereignty of member states. For example, there might be the increased number of interventions to states through the boarder understanding of collective security. However at present day neither the doctrine, nor the opinio juris of states fully supports such a broad interpretation of collective security.

SUMMARY Collective Security: Theory and Practice The origins of collective security are found in the theories of "eternal peace", and the first time in practice collective security have been realized in XIX century. Traditional conception defines collective security as universal or regional system, which is created to react collectively in the situation when one of the member states is attacked by other member. At present universal collective security system is realized through United Nations. The main purpose of United Nations is to maintain international peace and security. Collective security is one of the ways to maintain international peace and security. The mechanism of collective security is invoked to deal with situations, which are threats to the peace, acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace. Traditionally collective security was orientated to deal with situations, which involved the use of force. However in practice this has been modified. UN Security Council enjoys wide discretion – it can decide which situations should be regarded as threats to the peace, acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace. As the practice shows Security Council had invoked and decided to use collective measures also in situations which involved not only the use of force. Security Council decides which collective security measures should be used in order to maintain international peace and security. In practice Security Council developed and used great variety of collective measures – embargo, limitations of international travels, prohibitions of certain financial operations, military enforcement actions and etc. Modern mechanism of collective security is characterized by decentralization; military resources are given on ad hoc basis, therefore it strongly depends on member states' solidarity and willingness to act. The newest tendencies suggest modifying collective security. It is suggested that poverty, epidemics, serious environmental problems should be regarded as "threat to peace" and therefore those situations should be dealt through the measures of collective security. International law experts point to the risk that the extended conception of collective security could negatively affect the sovereignty of member states. For example, there might be the increased number of interventions to states through the boarder understanding of collective security. However at present day neither the doctrine, nor the opinio juris of states fully supports such a broad interpretation of collective security.

In this final work it is argued that international organizations do not provide protection that is qualified as it is required in Qualification directive article 7 second part. In the common part of this work it is discussed about common features of international organizations. In the special part there is discussed about international organizations such as the security supplying subject specifics marking out problematic aspects. In the first part of this work there is discussed about international organization conception, personality and theories. Also attention is directed to international organizations and nations of the international legal personality differences comparing nation and international organizations abilities to perform legal actions. In the second part of this work there is discussed about security supplying subjects conception that is formed in year 1951 Convention and Qualification directive, highlighting most important legal acts defying security producing subject differences. In the third part of this work there is discussed about effective security criteria and analyzing how international organizations can offer effective security for citizens by its nature. In the fourth part of this work there is discussed about some international organizations activities in some kind of countries and analyzing if their actions are sufficiently efficient for guaranteed security mentioned in article 7 second part of Qualification directive. In the end author presents findings of this work and summarize results of the research. It was noted that the differences between international organizations and state international security show that more superior is state international security.

Security policy in different time periods was differently regarded. Security was initially seen as the matter of military field, but the development of the public security threats and the fields which they affect, expanded the field of application of the notion of security. Another important aspect is that the security threats often affect not only national public level but as well they start to influence the regional and the international level. These processes therefore augmented the need to develop ecosecurity sector, because many accidents nowadays occur in large strategic objects (such as in the nuclear power-stations) which touch the interests of a large number of countries. Furthermore, there are global problems such as climate change affecting all countries the solution of which is possible only by the cooperation of international community. In order to make a decision of ecological security the states develop appropriate policy. Moreover, the majority of states ensure a high level of ecosafety by joining regional and international agreements. The sphere of eco-security is expanding and includes a growing number of sectors, not only the protection of the environment, but also criminal issues and other fields. The Article discusses the peculiarities of national security and regulatory context, and reviews the questions of eco-security regulated in the legal acts of Lithuanian Republic. The main provisions of the Lithuanian eco-security are enshrined in the National Security Act the Framework Programme of Eco-security, the Environmental Protection Act of Lithuanian Republic and other legal acts regarding the protection of ecosystem and environment. ; Saugumo politika skirtingais laikotarpiais buvo vertinama skirtingai. Pradžioje saugumas buvo suprantamas kaip karinis, tačiau vystantis visuomenei saugumo grėsmių ratas plėtėsi. Dar vienas svarbus aspektas – grėsmės saugumui neretai pereina iš valstybės lygmens į regioninį bei tarptautinį. Labai dažnai avarijos dideliuose objektuose (pvz. atominėje elektrinėje) paliečia ne vienos šalies interesus, o keleto, be to, yra globalių problemų, tokių kaip klimato kaita, kurių sprendimui reikalingos tarptautinės bendruomenės pastangos. Šie procesai sąlygojo poreikį išskirti ekologinio saugumo sektorių. Ekologinio saugumo problemų sprendimui valstybės suformuoja atitinkamą politiką, be to, dauguma valstybių renkasi didesnio saugumo lygio užtikrinimą prisijungiant prie regioninių ir tarptautinių susitarimų. Pats ekologinio saugumo objektas plečiasi ir apima vis daugiau sektorių, ne vien tik aplinkos apsaugos, bet sutinkami ir kiti (pvz. kriminaliai klausimai). Straipsnyje aptarta ekologinio saugumo raida ir reguliavimo ypatumai nacionalinio saugumo kontekste, apžvelgtos Lietuvos ekologinio saugumo teisinio reglamentavimo gairės.

As a result, various climate change effects (3 school) often amplify mechanisms, which lead to insecurity and violence, such as political instability, weak governance structures, poor economic performance, etc. This is especially relevant for those regions where several "conflict constellations" (water and food shortage, regular natural disasters, rapid demographic change, etc.) are overlapping. Environmental change also has a certain impact to international security in terms of possible increase in the number of weak and fragile states, risks for global economic development, intensification of migration, territorial disputes, etc. Generally, environmental security research (apart from the 1 and 2 schools) is based on a broad approach to security, which is not limited to military conflicts and include various elements of sustainable development and economic welfare. On the one hand, it is understandable, as interdisciplinary character of environmental security requires complex approach to security. On the other hand, research based on the concept of human security (4 school) often equates security with economic and social well-being, thus blurring the line between security and development studies. It also undermines the assessment of the impact environmental issues can have to traditional security problems (conflicts, regime change, political instability, etc.). Finally, securization of various social problems (AIDS, migration, poverty, gender inequality, etc.) might be used for political purposes by legitimizing the use of military force or restricting human rights. Various natural disasters (5 school) have a substantial destructive power, which not only causes substantial damage (humanitarian crises, destroyed infrastructure, etc.), but also has complex socioeconomic and political effects, which affect political regimes, critical economic sectors, social stability, etc. .

As a result, various climate change effects (3 school) often amplify mechanisms, which lead to insecurity and violence, such as political instability, weak governance structures, poor economic performance, etc. This is especially relevant for those regions where several "conflict constellations" (water and food shortage, regular natural disasters, rapid demographic change, etc.) are overlapping. Environmental change also has a certain impact to international security in terms of possible increase in the number of weak and fragile states, risks for global economic development, intensification of migration, territorial disputes, etc. Generally, environmental security research (apart from the 1 and 2 schools) is based on a broad approach to security, which is not limited to military conflicts and include various elements of sustainable development and economic welfare. On the one hand, it is understandable, as interdisciplinary character of environmental security requires complex approach to security. On the other hand, research based on the concept of human security (4 school) often equates security with economic and social well-being, thus blurring the line between security and development studies. It also undermines the assessment of the impact environmental issues can have to traditional security problems (conflicts, regime change, political instability, etc.). Finally, securization of various social problems (AIDS, migration, poverty, gender inequality, etc.) might be used for political purposes by legitimizing the use of military force or restricting human rights. Various natural disasters (5 school) have a substantial destructive power, which not only causes substantial damage (humanitarian crises, destroyed infrastructure, etc.), but also has complex socioeconomic and political effects, which affect political regimes, critical economic sectors, social stability, etc. .

As a result, various climate change effects (3 school) often amplify mechanisms, which lead to insecurity and violence, such as political instability, weak governance structures, poor economic performance, etc. This is especially relevant for those regions where several "conflict constellations" (water and food shortage, regular natural disasters, rapid demographic change, etc.) are overlapping. Environmental change also has a certain impact to international security in terms of possible increase in the number of weak and fragile states, risks for global economic development, intensification of migration, territorial disputes, etc. Generally, environmental security research (apart from the 1 and 2 schools) is based on a broad approach to security, which is not limited to military conflicts and include various elements of sustainable development and economic welfare. On the one hand, it is understandable, as interdisciplinary character of environmental security requires complex approach to security. On the other hand, research based on the concept of human security (4 school) often equates security with economic and social well-being, thus blurring the line between security and development studies. It also undermines the assessment of the impact environmental issues can have to traditional security problems (conflicts, regime change, political instability, etc.). Finally, securization of various social problems (AIDS, migration, poverty, gender inequality, etc.) might be used for political purposes by legitimizing the use of military force or restricting human rights. Various natural disasters (5 school) have a substantial destructive power, which not only causes substantial damage (humanitarian crises, destroyed infrastructure, etc.), but also has complex socioeconomic and political effects, which affect political regimes, critical economic sectors, social stability, etc. .