Hedley Bull made a significant contribution to international security studies, but his role as a security theorist remains largely unexplored. This paper argues that Bull's ideas went beyond the traditional international security agenda and helped establish the foundation for critical security theory. Although Bull did not describe himself as a critical security theorist, his work indirectly provided a basis on which the assumptions underpinning the traditional international security assumptions could be challenged. Bull was a trans-paradigm theorist who utilised realism, pluralism, classical solidarism and cosmopolitan solidarism not only to shed significant light on the traditional international security perspective, but also to lay the foundation for critical security theory. In his early work, Bull used realism and pluralism to address the traditional international security agenda, with its emphasis on threats to the states, power politics, and the use of military force. Classical solidarism provided a framework through which he explored ideas about collective security and the ability of the United Nations to deal with common threats to international order and security. Through cosmopolitan solidarism, Bull explained the need for international society and world society to deal with poverty and injustice in the world. It is through cosmopolitan solidarist ideas that Bull can be portrayed as a critical security theorist.
In 2015, Anggela Markel, as chancellor of Germany, implemented an "Open Door Policy" in dealing with the refugee crisis. Until its peak, in 2018, when Horst Seehofer, who was the German federal interior minister, implemented the "Fereiwillage Ruckkher" policy, which is a German policy that limits the arrival of refugees, using the concept of Rational Choice Theory, researchers explain the background and factors that influence changes in refugee handling policies. by Germany, in this study also discusses the Islamic view, namely the concept ahwan assyarrayn regarding the policy-making process. This study uses a qualitative method with desk research data collection techniques. The results of this study indicate, among others, that the background of the change in German policy in dealing with refugees is the emergence of threats to the stability of Social Security and Politics. The internal factor is the emergence of several conflicts that occurred in Germany and the many people who oppose the arrival of refugees, leading to political threats, namely Markel's position. This policy change was taken on the basis of 'rational' or rational choices used by Germany to reduce negative impacts, including to avoid an increase in the intensity of anti-refugee violence that occurred, to minimize the threat of disruption to security, social, political stability and its compatibility with the concept of decision making in Islam, namely the concept of ahwan as-syarrayn.Keywords: Open Door Policy, Fereiwillage Ruckkher. Anggela Markel. ahwan as-syarrayn
What accounts for the paradoxical militarization, which occurs simultaneously to processes of cooperation in Defence in the South American region? With an analysis informed by a theoretical framework which combines the Regional Security Complex Theory (RSCT) with the English School of International Relations approach and based on systematic review methodology, this research seeks to contribute to answering this question in order to understand International Security in South America. Evidence suggests the centrality of the regional primary institutions, which both stimulate and restrain conflicts, but also effective cooperation and integration in the region, remaining a security regime. ; Cosa spiega la militarizzazione paradossale, che si verifica contemporaneamente ai processi di cooperazione nella difesa nella regione sudamericana? Con un'analisi informata su un quadro teorico che combina la Teoria del Complesso di Sicurezza Regionale (RSCT) con l'approccio della Scuola Inglese di Relazioni Internazionali e basato sulla metodologia di revisione sistematica, questa ricerca ha l'obiettivo di contribuire a rispondere a questa domanda al fine di comprendere la sicurezza internazionale nel sud America. Le prove suggeriscono la centralità delle istituzioni primarie regionali, che stimolano e frenano sia i conflitti sia un'efficace cooperazione e integrazione nella regione, rimanendo un regime di sicurezza. ; O que explica a militarização paradoxal, que ocorre simultaneamente aos processos de cooperação em Defesa na região sul-americana? Com uma análise informada em referencial teórico que combina a Teoria do Complexo de Segurança Regional (RSCT) com a abordagem da Escola Inglesa de Relações Internacionais e com base em metodologia de revisão sistemática, esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de contribuir para responder a essa pergunta, a fim de compreender a Segurança Internacional em América do Sul. Evidências sugerem a centralidade das instituições primárias regionais, que estimulam e restringem os conflitos e a cooperação e integração eficazes na região, permanecendo um regime de segurança.
Currently, scholars and political leaders are facing various global challenges: failing states, conflicts over distribution, terrorism and the refugee crisis represent only some of them. In this book, acclaimed experts from Germany and abroad offer a panorama of the international security threats of the 21st century. With a particular focus on the role of Germany, these experts present strategic approaches through which these challenges can be tackled in the most effective and sensible way, thus providing new impulses for the security policy debate in Germany.
İnsan güvenliği kavramı, uluslararası ilişkilerde yirmi yılı aşkın süredir önemli derecede ilgi görmektedir. Akademik ve siyasi dünya içerisindeki ilgili veya değişen konularla bağlantılı olsun veya olmasın, bu ilgi dikkate değerdir fakat henüz insani güvensizliğe sürdürülebilir bir yanıt vermekte başarısızdır. İnsan Güvenliği ve Uluslararası Hukuk tezi bu düşünceye yönelik bir katkıdır. Çalışma, literatürde insan güvenliğinin net bir teorik çerçevesinin bulunmadığının gözlemlenmesiyle başlar ki bu durum, uluslararası toplum üyesi olan insan için müteakip müdahalelerin temeli olabilecektir. Böyle bir durumun kaçınılmaz olarak uluslararası hukuku da ilgilendirecek olması; insan güvenliği hakkındaki teorik çerçevenin yokluğunun, insan güvenliği ile uluslararası hukuk arasındaki gerçek ilişki üzerine ilave düşünme ihtiyacı doğuracağının açık bir kanıtıdır. Bu anlamda, böyle bir ilişkinin ontolojik olduğu; yani insan güvenliğinin uluslararası hukukun (doğal) kanunu olduğu, dolayısıyla ulusal hukukun (doğal) kanunu olduğu hipotezini geliştirdik. Bu hipotezin doğrulanması, insan güvenliğinin teorik çerçevesini belirlememizi ayrıca ulusal ve uluslararası hukukun kapsamında uygulanmasını kabul görmesini sağlayacaktır. Bu çaba, kurallarına (teori) değinerek, doğal hukuk ifadesinden (özcü felsefe, siyaset) uygulanmasına (tarih, sosyoloji) kadar, hukuk merkezli disiplinler arası yaklaşımın bir parçasıdır. --- The concept of human security has been subject to an important attention in international affairs for more than two decades. This interest, in connection or not with related or shifted issues, within the academia and political worlds, is considerable and yet, fails to lead to a sustainable answer to human insecurity. The thesis on Human Security and International Law is a contribution to this reflection. It starts from the observation of the non-existence, within the literature, of a clear theoretical framework of human security, which can be the basis of consequent interventions for the benefit of the human person, member of the international community. Since such a statute inevitably involves international law, this absence of a theoretical framework of human security was clear evidence of the need for additional reflection on the real relationship between human security and international law. In this sense, we have advanced the hypothesis that such a relation is ontological, that is to say, human security stands as the (natural) law of international law, as a consequence of that it stands as the (natural) law of national law. The verification of this hypothesis enables us to give an account of the theoretical framework of human security and to confirm its application in the trajectories of national and international Law. This endeavor is part of an interdisciplinary approach centered on law, from its natural expression (essentialist philosophy, politics) to its implementation (history, sociology), passing by its rules (theory).
The article covers the issues of ensuring food security, reforms carried out by Uzbekistan in this regard and mutual cooperation, which are becoming one of the most pressing problems in the world today. The increase in the number of Population year-on-year, climatic changes, urbanization, economic, ecological factors adversely affect the volume and quality of food production. This, in turn, dictates the implementation of deep consistent reforms in the spheres of existing rural agriculture and food industry. In recent years, with the aim of accelerating the development of agricultural production and the food industry, addressing sectoral challenges, Uzbekistan has been working not only in domestic capacity but also with international organizations and developed countries. In particular, Uzbekistan joined the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAOUN) on 2 November 2001. During this period, Uzbekistan has implemented a number of national and regional projects in collaboration with the UN. For example, Uzbekistan carried out 8 national and regional projects in the Republic during 2001-2015 in cooperation with this organization. On June 5-6, 2014 in Tashkent on the initiative of Uzbekistan held an international conference on the theme "significant reserves of Food Program Implementation in Uzbekistan". In addition, the FAOUN's 32nd regional conference for Europe is scheduled to be held in Uzbekistan for the first time among the countries of Central Asia on May 5-7, 2020. This is evidenced by the growing strengthening of cooperation with the FAOUN Organization of Uzbekistan.
What accounts for the paradoxical militarization, which occurs simultaneously to processes of cooperation in Defence in the South American region? With an analysis informed by a theoretical framework which combines the Regional Security Complex Theory (RSCT) with the English School of International Relations approach and based on systematic review methodology, this research seeks to contribute to answering this question in order to understand International Security in South America. Evidence suggests the centrality of the regional primary institutions, which both stimulate and restrain conflicts, but also effective cooperation and integration in the region, remaining a security regime.
International Studies is a multidisciplinary field, which includes a long and rich tradition of studying both the political economy conditions of war, peace and security, and the impact of security concerns and war on economic developments. While the fragmentation of International Studies has tended to make the essentially interwoven nature of many processes invisible, over time, a number of important claims and hypotheses have been subjected to various empirical tests, especially during the last few decades. In this chapter, I am asking: what is it that we have learnt on the political economy conditions of war and peace, and of security more generally? What about the impact of security and war on the economy? To what extent has our learning about the political economy of security been cumulative? What should we make of the fact that major disagreements persist? Going through the basic arguments of liberal, nationalist, Marxian, underconsumptionist, Keynesian and Neorealist theories and various recent political economy of security studies, I conclude by arguing that capitalist market economy is not inherently peaceful, but involves mechanisms and processes that can give rise to processes of securitization and enemy-construction. While empirical studies have rendered no unequivocal support for any of the political economy utopias of harmony (liberal, Keynesian, Marxian, or Neorealist), they have stressed the importance of the possibility of resolving conflicts by means of peaceful changes. ; Peer reviewed
Starting from the switch from institutionalized state to the concept of homeland and related security measures and initiatives the paper will focus on soft concerns like illegal immigration, uprisings, terrorism, pandemic diseases, natural disasters, misuse of cyber space, economic speculations etc. Soft concerns potential impact and possible counter measures or mitigation actions. Both citizens perception of homeland and potential security risks evolved in recent times, globalization and on-line communication had a deep influence on citizens' perceptions and lifestyle. As a side effect of globalisation and massive cyber services the number of crimes both perpetrated at local and global level is growing up. Governments and Law Enforcement Agencies are aware of this and look for potential countermeasures not only following traditional solutions. A kind of butterfly effect that propagates in real-time from continent to continent. So, if one of the key enablers of soft concerns is cyber technology this is even one of the most relevant countermeasures. This paper provides a synthetic description of the discontinuity between the evolution of warfare as it was in a pre-cyber era and the switch to the different levels of cyber "warfare". There is a clear need to adopt a renovated set of countermeasures to face and possibly cancel or mitigate new threats.
"Serial no. 105-162." ; Shipping list no.: 99-0110-P. ; Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet.
After the Cold War a transition occurred in the international relations paradigm, where it was necessary to redefine which was considered as a threat to international security. As a result, human security doctrine was established which suggested that the international security agenda should focus on people and their needs, rather than states. In the globalized and interrelated world, we live nowadays, infectious diseases spread rapidly, and their consequences can be catastrophic. Hence, pandemics should be considered an international security threat. This paper aims to examine the COVID-19 pandemic as such. We discuss the development from international security towards human security, health security as a theoretical framework, the evolution of the pandemic in context of modern international security paradigm and international health security enforcement, and the securitization of the pandemic. In conclusion, based on the evidence presented, it is clear that the COVID-19 has severe effect on the international community, both in human lives and global economic, and has been securitized.
The article is devoted to the examination of the formation of new vectors for international relations development within the global format of cooperation. The establishment and unification of BRICS in the international legal sphere through a wide range of common interests and views of its members towards issues facing the modern world reflect objective tendencies of world development to the formation of amultipolar international relations system and determination of particular large country actors of broad integration and having many dimensions. The authors reveal particular characteristics of the international-legal status of BRICS, which make it possible to have an effective impact on challenges facing the modern world. The legal BRICS status differs crucially from traditional legal approaches to international organizations. Acting as a special subject of world politics, creating more trusted interaction conditions, BRICS focuses its attention on the alternative world order principles within the new model of global relations. Such a format of multilateral cooperation, as well as more trusted and additional mechanisms of international interaction, gives the members an opportunity to demonstrate their geopolitical and geoeconomic world significance, and in addition their demanded humanitarian role, which, as the analysis of the mentioned actor demonstrates, is aimed at forming its own interaction model. The logic of the BRICS agenda extension to the level of an important global management system element demonstrates the goal in the field of action and, accordingly, intensive progress of humanitarian imperatives. For these humanitarian imperatives, the issues of international peacekeeping, security, protection, encouraging human rights and providing stable development are an objective necessity, especially for active demonstration of the members' viewpoints on the international scene. For understanding the process of the alignment of international security humanitarian imperatives it is necessary to study the existing objective needs in conjunction with each country, member of BRICS.
