Suchergebnisse

We sought to identify priorities and adaptation opportunities for water security across the various Brazilian biomes. With ever-growing demand and water-usage, future climate scenarios suggest that further water resources management constraints are to be endured throughout the next two decades. The unbalance between high-quality water demand and availability in a multisectoral usage context (e.g., domestic, industry, agribusiness) highlights the socio-ecological Nexus+ concept's relevance. In this context, the political and cross-institutional articulation and flexibility play a significant role in steering adaptative actions. These challenges in defining action plans, adequately addressed at a multiscale level with inherent climatic uncertainties, are yet to be overcome in Brazilian water resources management. ; We sought to identify priorities and adaptation opportunities for water security across the various Brazilian biomes. With ever-growing demand and water-usage, future climate scenarios suggest that further water resources management constraints are to be endured throughout the next two decades. The unbalance between high-quality water demand and availability in a multisectoral usage context (e.g., domestic, industry, agribusiness) highlights the socio-ecological Nexus+ concept's relevance. In this context, the political and cross-institutional articulation and flexibility play a significant role in steering adaptative actions. These challenges in defining action plans, adequately addressed at a multiscale level with inherent climatic uncertainties, are yet to be overcome in Brazilian water resources management.

Starting from a comprehensive approach to the EU security actorness this article analyzes the contribution of the Lisbon Treaty to security issues. The post-Cold War actorness has obeyed the Westphalian logic of separation between the internal & external dimensions of security. The current complexity of threats has favored the trend towards transpilarization, confirming the comprehensive & multidimensional nature of the actor. The reform treaty allows for this gradual construction of the actor, related to the consolidation of the European security agenda. However, the changes introduced highlight a constructive contradiction reflected on the dispositions that facilitate a comprehensive approach, & on the covert pilarization, combined with the absence of an explicit concern about the coherence of the security actor. Adapted from the source document.

This article analyses a series of legal and illegal state policies and ruling-party strategies, of a repressive nature or involving political persecution, which were implemented by Peronist governments between 1973 and 1976, in the period prior to the military dictatorship that imposed State terrorism in Argentina. The observation of these practices is combined with the study of the discourses of diverse members of the political system from the period. The study reveals the gradual establishment of a discourse about "national security", that is to say, based on the idea of a subversive enemy of a domestic nature and alien to the "national spirit". The Argentinian case study shows that this type of discourse, which is generally associated with the military regimes of the Southern Cone, also existed and was put into practice in constitutional regimes

The objective of this work was to compare the actuarially fair social security rates for the General Social Welfare Policy (GSWP), based on the social security factor rules and the minimum age proposal present in Proposed Constitutional Amendment n. 287/2016. The demographic changes that have taken place in Brazil in recent years raise questions about the sustainability of the national social security system and approving social security reform has been a government priority. Therefore, there is an undisputed need for an actuarial study that calculates actuarially fair rates and compares the current scenario with the reform proposals. Multiple decrement actuarial models were used to calculate the fair rates considering a standard family (25-year-old worker, spouse, and two children), in which the man is three years older than the woman. The IBGE 2015 Extrapolated (mortality) and Álvaro Vindas (disability) tables were adopted as biometric assumptions, and a real wage growth rate of 2% p.a. and real interest rate of 3% p.a. were used. It has been shown that under the social security factor rule current contribution rates are insufficient to cover social security benefits, since the actuarially fair rates are 30.69% and 35.27% for men and women, respectively. However, if the social security reform were approved as submitted, the fair rates would be reduced to 22.25% and 21.60%, respectively. Besides the minimum age, part of this reduction is due to the proposed rules allowing pension values lower than the minimum wage. ; O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar as alíquotas previdenciárias atuarialmente justas para o Regime Geral de Previdência Social, tendo como base as regras do fator previdenciário e da proposta de idade mínima, presente na Proposta de Emenda à Constituição n. 287/2016. As mudanças demográficas ocorridas no Brasil nos últimos anos chamam a atenção para a questão da sustentabilidade do sistema previdenciário nacional, e aprovar a reforma previdenciária tem sido prioridade do governo. Logo, é indiscutível a necessidade de um estudo atuarial que viesse calcular alíquotas atuarialmente justas e comparar o atual cenário com as propostas de reforma. Utilizaram-se modelos atuariais com múltiplos decrementos para o cálculo das alíquotas justas, considerando uma família padrão [funcionário(a) de 25 anos, cônjuge e dois filhos], sendo o homem três anos mais velho que a mulher. Adotaram-se como premissas biométricas as tábuas IBGE 2015 – Extrapolada (mortalidade) e Álvaro Vindas (invalidez), a taxa real de crescimento salarial de 2% a.a. e a taxa real de juros de 3% a.a. Concluiu-se que, pela regra do fator previdenciário, as alíquotas vigentes são insuficientes para cobertura dos benefícios previdenciários, uma vez que as alíquotas atuarialmente justas são 30,69% e 35,27% para homens e mulheres, respectivamente. Contudo, caso a reforma da Previdência fosse aprovada em seu texto original, os percentuais justos seriam reduzidos para 22,25%, e 21,60%, respectivamente. Além da idade mínima, grande parte dessa redução deve-se às regras propostas para cálculo da pensão, que admitem valor abaixo do salário mínimo.

The objective of this article is to reflect the current conformation of Brazilian Social Security which permits the universalization of the same. Based on the protected and unprotected social concepts adopted by the National Council of Social Welfare (CNP), which reflects on the scope on social security to the socially unprotected. This is an exploratory study conducted by a normative framework of social security in Brazil. It is concluded that such concepts lead to an understanding of social protection where there is a complementary relation between the right to social security and social assistance without the possibily of universalization of this protection. The universalization requires not only inseparability and complementarity between the two polices – as well as the political, economic and social polices where work and the guarantee of social reproduction of individuals be taken as citizenships rights.

The transition of the worker (European) from the Middle Ages to the Modern forced the bourgeois means of production to create ways of positivizing the culture of labour. Beyond the ideologies and misery, themselves, as promoters of the work culture, what we intend in this article is to highlight the role of social security as instruments of subjectivation and normalization, originally disciplinary; using a Foucauldian reading of the theme. We will start from how disciplinary techniques have adjusted workers' bodies to work and have fixed them with the help of pension funds, until we come to the current understanding of social security reforms and counter-reforms as a result of what has today been recognized as a necropolitics. Currently, no longer only of European workers (but global), seen as something that in the name of a biopolitics has become this ultra-defence of life. A defence that, on the edge, would justify even the death of a large part of the population. Therefore, we have the passage from biopolitics to necropolitics. And in the same order, we have the passage of a social security system which is no longer made for the aid or the fixation of the worker, but for the management of the use and disposal (death itself) of this same subject in the labour market.

An evaluation of Argentine, Brazilian and Chilean cooperation on security policies over the last decade demonstrates that high levels of trust have been sustained. This article proposes a heuristic model for the analysis of cooperation between states on matters of security policy. The model that is suggested is based on three levels of analysis that condition the security policies of the countries under consideration: 1) State and society; 2) inter-state relations and 3) international systems. Next, it is argued that common rules shared by different countries are more easily established when this involves small groups of states at a regional level, and not at a world scale, in which it is much more difficult to achieve unanimous or consensual acceptance of rules. Following a macro-theoretical debate on states' motivation to cooperate in an international system, the author introduces Karl W. Deutsch's concept of "security community" and questions whether such a community can be found in southern Latin America. The heuristic model that is introduced should permit answering the questions posed and determine the phase of integration.

Diante do quadro de grandes transformações das duas últimas décadas e suas repercussões nos padrões de produção e consumo de alimentos, fortalece-se no Brasil a temática da Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN), fazendo referência às questões alimentares que dizem respeito ao conjunto da população, e não apenas aos segmentos mais vulneráveis. A importância da sociedade civil tem sido evidenciada pela realização de significativas experiências de SAN em seu próprio campo, como também em parceria com o governo para a formulação de propostas e ações, e em seu monitoramento e controle. Como resultado da pesquisa de identificação dos diferentes significados da incorporação do enfoque de segurança alimentar e nutricional, por parte dos movimentos e organizações da sociedade civil participantes do Conselho de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional Nacional na gestão 2004-2007, verificou-se a apropriação da temática nas seguintes direções: favorecimento da interação entre campos temáticos das esferas da produção e do consumo; impulso à visão da alimentação como um direito humano; objetivo ético do desenvolvimento; aquisição de perspectiva intra e intersetorial; e necessidade de um processo educativo de caráter dialógico e emancipatório. ; In view of the huge transformations that occurred in the last two decades and of their impacts on the standards of food production and consumption, the theme of Food and Nutrition Security has been gaining momentum, approaching nourishing aspects that regard the entire population, and not just its most vulnerable segments. The importance of the civil society has been shown by the accomplishment of significant food and nutrition security experiences in its own field, as well as in partnership with the government to the formulation of proposals and actions and to their monitoring and control. As result of a research on the identification of the different meanings of the incorporation of food and nutrition security by the movements and organizations of the civil society that participate in the National Council for Food and Nutrition Security (administration 2004-2007), the appropriation of the theme could be observed in the following directions: a) privileged interaction between thematic fields from the production and consumption spheres has been favored; b) impulse to the idea of nourishing as a human right; c) ethical goal of development; d) acquisition of intra and intersector perspective; and e) necessity of an educative process of dialogic and emancipatory character.