Suchergebnisse

An at-a-glance illustrated guide to global and regional trends in human insecurity, the miniAtlas provides a succinct introduction to today's most pressing security challenges. It maps political violence, the links between poverty and conflict, assaults on human rights including the use of child soldiers and the causes of war and peace.

We sought to identify priorities and adaptation opportunities for water security across the various Brazilian biomes. With ever-growing demand and water-usage, future climate scenarios suggest that further water resources management constraints are to be endured throughout the next two decades. The unbalance between high-quality water demand and availability in a multisectoral usage context (e.g., domestic, industry, agribusiness) highlights the socio-ecological Nexus+ concept's relevance. In this context, the political and cross-institutional articulation and flexibility play a significant role in steering adaptative actions. These challenges in defining action plans, adequately addressed at a multiscale level with inherent climatic uncertainties, are yet to be overcome in Brazilian water resources management. ; We sought to identify priorities and adaptation opportunities for water security across the various Brazilian biomes. With ever-growing demand and water-usage, future climate scenarios suggest that further water resources management constraints are to be endured throughout the next two decades. The unbalance between high-quality water demand and availability in a multisectoral usage context (e.g., domestic, industry, agribusiness) highlights the socio-ecological Nexus+ concept's relevance. In this context, the political and cross-institutional articulation and flexibility play a significant role in steering adaptative actions. These challenges in defining action plans, adequately addressed at a multiscale level with inherent climatic uncertainties, are yet to be overcome in Brazilian water resources management.

This article analyses a series of legal and illegal state policies and ruling-party strategies, of a repressive nature or involving political persecution, which were implemented by Peronist governments between 1973 and 1976, in the period prior to the military dictatorship that imposed State terrorism in Argentina. The observation of these practices is combined with the study of the discourses of diverse members of the political system from the period. The study reveals the gradual establishment of a discourse about "national security", that is to say, based on the idea of a subversive enemy of a domestic nature and alien to the "national spirit". The Argentinian case study shows that this type of discourse, which is generally associated with the military regimes of the Southern Cone, also existed and was put into practice in constitutional regimes

The objective of this work was to compare the actuarially fair social security rates for the General Social Welfare Policy (GSWP), based on the social security factor rules and the minimum age proposal present in Proposed Constitutional Amendment n. 287/2016. The demographic changes that have taken place in Brazil in recent years raise questions about the sustainability of the national social security system and approving social security reform has been a government priority. Therefore, there is an undisputed need for an actuarial study that calculates actuarially fair rates and compares the current scenario with the reform proposals. Multiple decrement actuarial models were used to calculate the fair rates considering a standard family (25-year-old worker, spouse, and two children), in which the man is three years older than the woman. The IBGE 2015 Extrapolated (mortality) and Álvaro Vindas (disability) tables were adopted as biometric assumptions, and a real wage growth rate of 2% p.a. and real interest rate of 3% p.a. were used. It has been shown that under the social security factor rule current contribution rates are insufficient to cover social security benefits, since the actuarially fair rates are 30.69% and 35.27% for men and women, respectively. However, if the social security reform were approved as submitted, the fair rates would be reduced to 22.25% and 21.60%, respectively. Besides the minimum age, part of this reduction is due to the proposed rules allowing pension values lower than the minimum wage. ; O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar as alíquotas previdenciárias atuarialmente justas para o Regime Geral de Previdência Social, tendo como base as regras do fator previdenciário e da proposta de idade mínima, presente na Proposta de Emenda à Constituição n. 287/2016. As mudanças demográficas ocorridas no Brasil nos últimos anos chamam a atenção para a questão da sustentabilidade do sistema previdenciário nacional, e aprovar a reforma previdenciária tem sido prioridade do governo. Logo, é indiscutível a necessidade de um estudo atuarial que viesse calcular alíquotas atuarialmente justas e comparar o atual cenário com as propostas de reforma. Utilizaram-se modelos atuariais com múltiplos decrementos para o cálculo das alíquotas justas, considerando uma família padrão [funcionário(a) de 25 anos, cônjuge e dois filhos], sendo o homem três anos mais velho que a mulher. Adotaram-se como premissas biométricas as tábuas IBGE 2015 – Extrapolada (mortalidade) e Álvaro Vindas (invalidez), a taxa real de crescimento salarial de 2% a.a. e a taxa real de juros de 3% a.a. Concluiu-se que, pela regra do fator previdenciário, as alíquotas vigentes são insuficientes para cobertura dos benefícios previdenciários, uma vez que as alíquotas atuarialmente justas são 30,69% e 35,27% para homens e mulheres, respectivamente. Contudo, caso a reforma da Previdência fosse aprovada em seu texto original, os percentuais justos seriam reduzidos para 22,25%, e 21,60%, respectivamente. Além da idade mínima, grande parte dessa redução deve-se às regras propostas para cálculo da pensão, que admitem valor abaixo do salário mínimo.

Diante do quadro de grandes transformações das duas últimas décadas e suas repercussões nos padrões de produção e consumo de alimentos, fortalece-se no Brasil a temática da Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN), fazendo referência às questões alimentares que dizem respeito ao conjunto da população, e não apenas aos segmentos mais vulneráveis. A importância da sociedade civil tem sido evidenciada pela realização de significativas experiências de SAN em seu próprio campo, como também em parceria com o governo para a formulação de propostas e ações, e em seu monitoramento e controle. Como resultado da pesquisa de identificação dos diferentes significados da incorporação do enfoque de segurança alimentar e nutricional, por parte dos movimentos e organizações da sociedade civil participantes do Conselho de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional Nacional na gestão 2004-2007, verificou-se a apropriação da temática nas seguintes direções: favorecimento da interação entre campos temáticos das esferas da produção e do consumo; impulso à visão da alimentação como um direito humano; objetivo ético do desenvolvimento; aquisição de perspectiva intra e intersetorial; e necessidade de um processo educativo de caráter dialógico e emancipatório. ; In view of the huge transformations that occurred in the last two decades and of their impacts on the standards of food production and consumption, the theme of Food and Nutrition Security has been gaining momentum, approaching nourishing aspects that regard the entire population, and not just its most vulnerable segments. The importance of the civil society has been shown by the accomplishment of significant food and nutrition security experiences in its own field, as well as in partnership with the government to the formulation of proposals and actions and to their monitoring and control. As result of a research on the identification of the different meanings of the incorporation of food and nutrition security by the movements and organizations of the civil society that participate in the National Council for Food and Nutrition Security (administration 2004-2007), the appropriation of the theme could be observed in the following directions: a) privileged interaction between thematic fields from the production and consumption spheres has been favored; b) impulse to the idea of nourishing as a human right; c) ethical goal of development; d) acquisition of intra and intersector perspective; and e) necessity of an educative process of dialogic and emancipatory character.

O artigo descreve as sucessivas tentativas de formular e implantar políticas de segurança pública, em âmbito nacional, por meio da elaboração de planos, buscando-se compreender seus principais movimentos: avanços e recuos, pressões e reações, a indução e as negociações que marcaram a experiência recente dos diversos atores relevantes. O período coberto corresponde aos dois governos Fernando Henrique Cardoso, ao primeiro mandato do presidente Lula e às novas propostas recentemente anunciadas pelo Programa Nacional de Segurança com Cidadania (Pronasci), no oitavo mês do segundo mandato. Para contextualizar o exame dos planos e do processo político envolvido, são analisadas as dificuldades implicadas na definição de critérios, métodos e mecanismos de avaliação e monitoramento de políticas de segurança pública e da performance policial. ; This paper describes the successive attempts of formulating and mplementing public security policies through the elaboration of plans in Brazil. It seeks to understand their main movements: advances and retreats, pressures and reactions, as well as the induction and the negotiations that have characterized the recent experience of their several relevant agents. The analyzed period covers both terms of former President Fernando Henrique Cardoso's administration, President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva's first government and the new proposals announced by the National Public Security and Citizenship Program (Pronasci) in the eighth month of his second term in office. In order to contextualize the assessment of the plans and of the political process involved, the paper analyzes the difficulties derived from the definition of criteria, methods and mechanisms of evaluation and monitoring of public security policies and police performance.

Brazilian legislative proposal n. 6,299/2002, addressing pesticide regulation, represents an attempt to loosen and weaken the regulation of these substances, threatening the rights to food and a healthy environment as enshrined in the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil. This article reviews the bill and its more troublesome provisions through the lenses of food security and nutrition as well as national environmental law principles and provisions. Within this background, the paper concludes that Bill n. 6,299/2002 works against previously achieved progress in providing alternative policy pathways for sustainable agriculture in Brazil. It clashes with environmental law principles, neglecting precaution and prevention, representing a regression in terms of protection levels, while undermining human rights to food and a healthy environment. The methodology includes a literature and documentary review, along with inductive reasoning.

The aim of this article is to contextualize the difficulties concerning the sanitary legalization of artisanal and family farming products, that have become subject to both the National Policy for Food and Nutrition Safety and the RDC 49/2013 from Anvisa. Our method was to analyse documents from state agencies and social organizations as well as theoretical bibliography on the subject. We relate these difficulties with transformations in food systems and the international concerns about sanitary risks, pointing to complex relations between culture, risks, techno-science and development models, as well as to the strong economic interests that challenge the enhancement of public health and food security. We conclude considering the need of an integrated and contextualized analysis of risks in the case of small-scale production, processing, distribution and consumption of food, favoring production models and patterns of food consumption that are fair, democratic, environmentally sustainable, and that have the appreciation of life and health as its main focus. ; Neste artigo temos como objetivo contextualizar as dificuldades para a legalização sanitária das produções de alimentos artesanais e da agricultura familiar, que tornam-se objeto de intervenção tanto da Política Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional quanto da RDC no 49/2013, da Anvisa. Tomamos como método a revisão de documentos produzidos de agências estatais e organizações sociais, assim como bibliografias teóricas relacionadas à temática. Buscamos relacionar as dificuldades existentes com as transformações nos sistemas alimentares e com o aumento nas preocupações com os riscos sanitários a nível mundial, apontando a complexa interrelação entre cultura, riscos, tecnociência e modelos de desenvolvimento, assim como a presença de fortes interesses econômicos, que desafiam a promoção da saúde pública e da segurança alimentar (food security). Concluímos refletindo sobre a necessidade de uma análise mais integrada e contextualizada dos riscos no caso da produção, processamento, distribuição e consumo de alimentos em pequena escala, que favoreça modelos de produção e padrões de consumo de alimentos ao mesmo tempo mais justos e democráticos, ambientalmente sustentáveis e que tenham a valorização da vida e da saúde como eixos principais.

Given the diverging discussions on the social security financial balance in Brazil, this article aims to analyze the evolution and comparison of revenues and expenses of the Social Security Budget (OSS) in the country, between 2006 and 2016, based on the rules of financing and social ideal proposed by the Federal Constitution of 1988. In addition, it seeks to debate the findings with national public finances. The literature review addresses the welfare state and social security, its costing and its relationship with economic and demographic indicators in Brazil. Methodologically, through a predominantly quantitative approach, it uses graphical, documentary, bibliographic and descriptive statistics analyzes with secondary data. The results show the financial sustainability of social security and the need to understand the triple costing and unity in the OSS ending the valuation of social policies, especially social security in the general regime. It is also clear the importance of economic scenarios and the influence of other fiscal actions (Untying of Federal Revenue and Tax Deductions) in the OSS. It is concluded that there is a need for fiscal restructuring, with strengthening of the economic bases, and not for structural reforms in social policies in Brazil, since social contributions are still relevant to the financing of the OSS, even if some measures are needed to contain it of expenses. ; Diante das divergentes discussões sobre o equilíbrio financeiro da seguridade social no Brasil, este artigo tem o objetivo de analisar a evolução e confrontação das receitas e despesas do Orçamento da Seguridade Social (OSS) no país, entre 2006 e 2016, com base nas regras de financiamento e ideal social propostos pela Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988. Ademais, procura-se debater os achados com as finanças públicas nacionais. Na revisão de literatura é abordado o Estado de bem-estar social e a seguridade social, seu custeio e sua relação com os indicadores econômicos e demográficos no Brasil. Metodologicamente, através de uma abordagem predominantemente quantitativa, utilizam-se análises gráficas, documentais, bibliográficas e estatísticas descritivas com dados secundários. Os resultados evidenciam a sustentabilidade financeira da seguridade social e a necessidade do entendimento do custeio tríplice e da unidade no OSS findando a valorização das políticas sociais, em especial a previdência social no regime geral. Fica clara ainda a importância dos cenários econômicos e da influência de outras ações fiscais (desvinculação das receitas da união e desonerações tributárias) no OSS. Conclui-se com a necessidade de uma reestruturação fiscal, com fortalecimento das bases econômicas, e não de reformas estruturais nas políticas sociais no Brasil, uma vez que as contribuições sociais ainda são relevantes para o financiamento do OSS, mesmo sendo necessárias algumas medidas na contenção de despesas.

Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar alguns dos paradoxos relacionados ao liberalismo econômico e os discursos de segurança a ele subjacentes que, embora neguem os princípios basilares das democracias modernas, passam a fazer parte delas. Neste exame o principal eixo teórico será o pensamento de Foucault. Primeiramente será apontado que o liberalismo econômico, na análise foucaultiana, tem como premissa uma essência antropológica de ser humano, pois assume como ponto de partida que a liberdade só floresce na ausência de constrangimentos. Na medida em que esta premissa metafísica se impõe às instituições das democracias modernas, alguns desdobramentos se colocam. Surge a noção de que o papel das instituições democráticas é o de proporcionar liberdade. Entretanto, só pode haver liberdade se houver segurança. Assim, impõe-se um paradoxo: as democracias têm como telos a liberdade, mas a liberdade pressupõe medidas de segurança (na guerra ao terror, por exemplo) que negam tanto os preceitos democráticos quanto a própria liberdade. ; This article aims to analyze some of the paradoxes related to economic liberalism and the underlying security discourses that, although denying the basic principles of modern democracies, become part of them. In this exam the main theoretical axis will be Foucault's thought. First, it will be pointed out that economic liberalism, in Foucaultian analysis, has as its premise an anthropological essence of being human, since it assumes as its starting point that freedom only flourishes in the absence of constraints. As this metaphysical premise imposes itself on the institutions of modern democracies, some developments are posed. Arises the notion that the role of democratic institutions is to provide freedom. However, there can be freedom only if there is security. Therefore, a paradox is imposed: democracies have freedom as their telos, but freedom presupposes security measures (in the war on terror, for example) that deny both democratic precepts and freedom itself.

This article presents data from a research that aimed to identify and understand the practices and concepts of occupational therapy in the Vocational Rehabilitation Program of the National Social Security Institute (INSS), in the state of São Paulo. Vocational rehabilitation aspires to provide means for workers to reenter the job market, being associated with health, education, and labor and employment. Data were collected through a questionnaire sent to occupational therapists, as well as through interviews with some of them. We discussed themes that were categorized to analyze their practices and concepts and highlighted topics that allowed us to reflect on the limits, possibilities and challenges faced by these workers, examining the structure of the program as well. A number of factors imply that their performance at the INSS is more negative than positive, which could be related to structural issues of the program. However, the therapists believe in improving its structure and point out the need to increase the possibilities offered, allowing for a greater participation and responsibility of companies, for more combined efforts with other government sectors and the civil society and for the expansion and reformulation of the Brazilian legislation on vocational rehabilitation. ; Este texto traz dados de uma pesquisa que objetivou identificar e compreender práticas e concepções delineadas pela terapia ocupacional no Serviço de Reabilitação Profissional no Instituto Nacional do Seguro Social (INSS), no estado de São Paulo. Compreende-se que a reabilitação profissional, que visa a proporcionar aos segurados os meios para reingresso no mercado de trabalho e que é atribuída oficialmente ao Ministério da Previdência Social, dialoga com a saúde, com a educação e com as políticas e ações de trabalho e emprego. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um questionário encaminhado às terapeutas ocupacionais do INSS no referido estado, bem como por entrevistas realizadas com parte delas, abordando temáticas que foram categorizadas para a análise do que relatam acerca de suas práticas e concepções, enfatizando pontos reflexivos sobre limites, possibilidades e desafios nessa atuação e ampliando a discussão para a estrutura do Serviço. É apontada uma série de fatores que implicariam uma avaliação mais negativa que positiva de sua atuação no Instituto, os quais estariam mais vinculados a questões estruturais do Serviço. Creem, todavia, na melhoria dessa estrutura, indicando a necessidade do incremento das possibilidades oferecidas, de uma maior participação e responsabilização por parte das empresas, da construção de um trabalho articulado com os demais setores governamentais e da sociedade civil, além da ampliação e da reformulação da legislação que trata da reabilitação profissional no Brasil.

هدفت الدراسة إلى إبراز موقف الحكومة الإسرائيلية داخل مجلس الأمن الدولي بعد قصف مقاتلاتها الجوية المفاعل النووي العراقي في7حزيران عام 1981، وأعلنت الحكومة الإسرائيلية مسؤوليتها عن قصف تلك المفاعل بحجة أنها تهدد أمن دولة إسرائيل ومستقبل شعبها اليهودي، وابرقت رسالة إلى مجلس الأمن عن طريق (يهودا بلوم) ممثل إسرائيل الدائم لدى الامم المتحدة، تبلغ فيها رئيس المجلس عن مسؤوليتها الرسمية عن الغارة الجوية على بغداد، وفي اليوم التالي، ارسلت جمهورية العراق برقية إلى مجلس الأمن اشتكت فيها الاعتداء الإسرائيلي وطالبته بعقد جلسة طارئة لمعالجة ذلك الاعتداء السافر، وعلى اثره عقد مجلس الأمن سلسلة من الجلسات في المدة 12-19 حزيران، للنظر في شكوى العراق، وشارك في الجلسات العديد من الوفود الدولية في مقدمتها الوفد الإسرائيلي،وقد ألقى ممثل إسرائيل بيانا في الجلسة الاولى المرقمة 2280 في 12 حزيران، طمح به كسب ود المجتمع الدولي، لكنه لم ينل استحسان الوفود المشاركة، ولم تفلح الدبلوماسية الإسرائيلية في الجلسات اللاحقة من إقناع مجلس الأمن بوجهة النظر التي تبنتها الحكومة الإسرائيلية المبنية على ان المفاعل النووي العراقي غايته لأغراض غير سلمية، واخيرا أصدر مجلس الأمن قراره المرقم 487 في جلسته الأخيرة المنعقدة بتاريخ 19 حزيران عام 1981، الذي ادان به الحكومة الإسرائيلية لهجومها المُتعمد على بغداد. ; The study aimed to highlight the position of the Israeli government within the UN Security Council after its warplanes bombed the Iraqi nuclear reactor on June 7,1981. The Israeli government announced its responsibility for bombing the Iraqi reactor on the pretext that it threatens the security of the State of Israel and the future of the Jewish people. The Israeli government telegraphed a letter to the Security Council through Yehuda Blum, Israel's permanent representative to the United Nations. In the letter, the Israeli government informs the council chairman of the official Israeli government's responsibility for the air raid on Baghdad. In the letter, the Israeli government informs the council chairman of the official Israeli government's responsibility for the air raid on Baghdad. On the following day, June 8, the Republic of Iraq sent a telegram ...

This paper examines the US National Security Strategies, 2002 and 2006, with a view to understanding the impact that some of their elements, including the doctrine of pre-emptive war, may have on Brazilian military thought. By focusing on revealing articles by Brazilian military intellectuals, and re-examining the international legal implications of the Strategies, the author determines that the implicit threats to the national sovereignty of middle-range powers will intensifythe growing suspicion and senseof threat posed by the US to the ArmedForces of Brazil. ; Este trabalho analisa as Estratégias de Segurança Nacional dos EUA, de 2002 e 2006, visando compreender o impacto de alguns de seus elementos sobre o pensamento militar brasileiro, entre eles, a doutrina de "Guerra Preemptiva". Ao enfocar artigos reveladores produzidos por intelectuais militares brasileiros, e reexaminar as implicações jurídicas internacionais das Estratégias, o autor conclui que as ameaças implícitas nestes documentos à soberania de potências médias intensificarão a suspeita crescente e o temor imposto pelos EUA às Forças Armadas do Brasil.

الإرهاب الحقيقة الموجعة والدموية التي أصبحت ضمن أوليات المكافحة الوطنية والدولية، فبرغم كل الهجمات المتفرقة والفردية للإرهاب هنا وهناك، تعاملت أجهزة الدول معه على أنه من الظواهر التي يمكن السيطرة والقضاء عليها بمرور الوقت، إلى أن أستيقظ العالم على هجمات 11 أيلول/ سبتمبر عام 2001 باستهداف تنظيم القاعدة الولايات المتحدة ورد الأخيرة بشن حملتها العسكرية ضد التنظيم ومن والاه بنظرها بحربها على أفغانستان 2001 ثم العراق 2003 وتصور الجميع من خلال صولة الولايات المتحدة أنه قد تم استئصال هذا الخطر، ولكن ما كان محل التصديق الصعب حدوثه أن يركز مرتكبو الإرهاب على فكرة لم تبلغ حد التصور المعقول بضرب دول سوريا 2011 والعراق 2014 لإسقاط نظم الحكم وتأسيس دولتهم الإسلامية بحسب ما روجوا له. ولكن منذ عام 2014 لنهاية عام 2017 خاض العراق حربًا ضارية ضد الإرهاب- تنظيم داعش- وأعلن تطهير الأراضي العراقية من سيطرة (داعش وأخواتها) ولكن عناصر الإرهابية كانت قد اقترفت جرائم متعددة منها القتل والتعذيب بكل الطرق والصور والتهجير وجرائم الاغتصاب والاستعباد والمتاجرة بالمسروقات آثارا ونفطاً وذهباً وغيرها من الأفعال اللاإنسانية وغير القانونية مما سبب خسائر بشرية فادحة. ومن هنا تنهض أدوار الجهات الفاعلة دوليا، وعليه أستصدر مجلس الأمن قراره رقم (2379) عام 2017 مشكلاً فريقاً تحقيقياً لجمع الأدلة والوثائق والشهادات على تلك الجرائم التي وصفها في قراره بأنها قد ترقى لمستوى جرائم (الحرب أو ضد الإنسانية أو الإبادة الجماعية) مما أوجب التعاون المنظم بين العراق والمنظمات الدولية الإنسانية ومنها اللجنة الدولية للصليب الأحمر. ; Terrorism is the painful and bloody reality that has become among the priorities of the national and international fight. Despite all the sporadic and individual attacks of terrorism here and there, state agencies have dealt with it as one of the phenomena that can be controlled and eliminated over time, until the world woke up to the attacks of September 11, 2001 by targeting Al-Qaeda The United States responded by launching its military campaign against the organization and its allies in its war on Afghanistan in 2001 and Iraq in 2003, and everyone imagined, through the reach of the United States, that this danger had been eradicated, ...

Legal certainty is an essential value to the Democratic Rule of Law, presenting itself as a relevant principie for limiting powers in the performance of state functíons. lt can be understood in a double perspective, from an objective perspective, that is, it concerns the establíshment of limits to the retroactive effects of state decisions, whether in the administrative sphere or in the judicial sphere, from a subjective perspective, that is, linked to the protection of the perfect legal act, acquired right and res judicata. Still, in a subjective conception it can be understood regarding the protection of trust, that is, with regard to the stabilization of the decision-making process when interpreting and applying rules in the exercise of administrative activity. ln this scenario, indeterminate legal concepts and administrative discretion are highlighted, as techniques for solving the question posed in the specific case, which must observe the duty of consistency when making decisions. Thus, administrative precedents are evidenced as an instrument for amplifying legal certainty. This study, through research and bibliographic review, using the deductive method, aimed to analyze the principie of legitimate expectations, unveiling its effects on administrative activity. Thus, the feasibility of stabilizing the decision-making standard was found, with regard to the interpretative activity on norms of undetermined content, including the formation of administrative precedents to amplify legal certainty in administrative activity. ; A segurança jurídica constitui valor essencial ao Estado Democrático de Direito, apresentando-se como princípio relevante para limitação dos poderes na execução das funções estatais. Pode ser compreendida em perspectiva dupla, sob uma ótica objetiva, isto é, diz respeito ao estabelecimento de limites aos efeitos retroativos das decisões estatais, seja na esfera administrativa, seja na esfera judicial, sob uma ótica subjetiva, quer dizer, vinculada à proteção do ato jurídico perfeito, do ...