Suchergebnisse

Koncept ljudske sigurnosti prvi put je istaknut u izvješću UNDP-a (United Nations Development Programme: Razvojni program Ujedinjenih naroda) 1994. i bazira se na slobodi od oskudice (freedom from want) i slobodi od straha (freedom from fear). Na Svjetskom samitu o hrani (World Food Summit) 1996. sigurnost hrane je definirana na način koji naglašava dostupnost hrane, pristup hrani te korištenje i stabilnost kao ključne dimenzije sigurnosti hrane. Iako najčešće nije jedini uzrok sukoba, nesigurnost hrane predstavlja sigurnosnu prijetnju jer služi kao pokretač nasilnog djelovanja. Glad i nesigurnost hrane povećavaju vjerojatnost da će doći do prosvjeda i nereda što potiče nesigurnost među stanovništvom i ostavlja dugotrajne posljedice na cjelokupan razvoj zajednice. S druge strane, sukobi uzrokuju degradaciju okoliša, raspad ekonomije i prisilno raseljavanje stanovništva što u konačnici uzrokuje glad i, naposljetku, bolest i smrt. U posljednjem desetljeću mnoge zemlje ulažu napore u provođenje zakona i strategija usmjerenih na rješavanje problema gladi. Nastoji se potaknuti i društvene skupine da aktivno sudjeluju kako bi uz pomoć međunarodne zajednice unaprijedili sigurnost hrane i osigurali pozitivne transformacije. ; The concept of human security was first highlighted in the UNDP report of 1994 and is based on two freedoms; freedom from want and freedom from fear. The widely accepted World Food Summit definition from 1996 emphasizes the importance of food availability, food access, food use and stability of food as key dimensions of food security. Although usually not the only cause of conflict, food insecurity represents a security threat since it serves as an initiator of violent actions. The presence of hunger and food insecurity increase the probability of protests and riots, which further causes insecurity among the population and leaves long-term consequences to the overall development of the community. On the other hand, conflicts cause the degradation of environment, economic disruption, forced displacement of the population which, in the end, causes hunger and ultimately disease and death. In the last decade, many countries have invested their efforts in law enforcement and strategies aimed at solving the problem of hunger. Countries also seek to activate social groups for participating actively in cooperation with international communities in order to enhance food security and ensure positive transformation.

Sintagma energetska sigurnost toliko je često korištena da se čini jasnom i razumljivom. To je samo privid, jer je njezina upotreba ustvari kontroverzna, često i preholistička, što upućuje na nedovoljnu razvijenost koncepta. Pod pojmom energetske sigurnosti raspravlja se o najrazličitijim pitanjima, koje na okupu drži pojam "energija" kao zajednički nazivnik. U ovome se radu polazi od toga da je aktualni rast važnosti koncepta posljedica nove uloge koju je plinska trgovina između EU-a i RF-a dobila nakon 2000., kao svojevrsna eksternalija njezina korištenja u politici moći, njezine politizacije i pokušaja sekuritizacije. Pokazat će se da je koncept uvriježen semantički konstrukt, no analitički prazan – pokriven je sektorom ekonomske, još više (vanjsko)političke sigurnosti. Razjašnjenje i redefiniranje koncepta energetske sigurnosti u aktualnom kontekstu pridonosi boljem teorijskom definiranju i dubljem razumijevanju empirijskih posljedica korištenja koncepta, koji već kao diskurzivna praksa određuje što se smatra problemom i može otežati ekonomsku suradnju. ; The term 'energy security' has been so ubiquitous that it seems transparent and understandable. But that is just an illusion – the usage of the term is controversial, often too holistic, indicating underdevelopment of the concept itself. Most diverse questions have been discussed under the term 'energy security' – they are, however, bound together only by the term 'energy' as their common denominator. In this paper, it is assumed that this concept is currently growing in importance as the consequence of a new role assigned to the gas trade between the EU and the Russian Federation since 2000, as an externality of the use of this trade in power politics, of its politicization and attempts at securitization. It will be shown that this concept is a semantically ingrained construct; as an analytical concept it is empty – its meaning is already contained in the economic security sector, and even more so in the (foreign) political security sector. Explication and redefinition of the concept of energy security in the current context contribute to the improvement of theoretical delineation and deeper understanding of empirical implications of its usage. As a discursive practice, the concept determines what is to be considered a problem, and it may cause difficulties in economic cooperation.

Sigurnost je temeljni preduvjet opstanka, djelovanja i razvoja čovjeka, države i društva. Suvremene studije sigurnosti uključuju vojno, političko, socijetalno, gospodarsko i ekološko područje. Unatoč bitnom proširenju i produbljenju interesa, sigurnosne studije u područje interesa nisu uključile socijalnu sigurnost. U radu se propituju razlozi za teorijsko (ne)uključenje socijalne sigurnosti u suvremene sigurnosne studije. Analiza empirijskog činjeničnog obilja upućuje na zaključak o potrebi preispitivanja takvog stajališta. Socijalna sigurnost jest »sigurnosno područje«. Teorijski, analitički i empirijski u radu se dokazuje da socijalna sigurnost i njezini akteri imaju sigurnosne dimenzije zbog čega socijalna sigurnost treba biti dio sigurnosnih studija. ; Security is a fundamental prerequisite for existence, functioning and development of the human, state and society. The contemporary security studies include political, military, societal, economic and environmental sectors. In spite of the substantial widening and deepening of the approaches to security, social security is not included into security studies. This article critically examines the issues and reasons for the lack of inclusion of social security in the contemporary security studies. The analysis of abundant empirical facts suggests the need to reassess this view. This article theoretically, analytically and empirically proves that social security and its actors have a security dimension. Social security should be incorporated into security studies.

Izvršena je analiza reforme organizacije Ujedinjenih naroda, a posebice reforme Vijeća sigurnosti. Reforma Vijeća sigurnosti poistovjećuje se isključivo s njegovim proširenjem, pri čemu se ne razmatraju alternativne metode razvoja efikasnosti i funkcionalnosti. Analizama relevantnih rezolucija Ujedinjenih naroda, različitih interesnih skupina poput skupine G-4 te pokušajem shvaćanja procesa dosadašnjih promjena Povelje Ujedinjenih naroda postaje jasno kako nije potrebno samo jačanje transparentnosti i legitimnosti Vijeća sigurnosti njegovim proširenjem, nego je potrebna i dubinska reforma Ujedinjenih naroda koja uključuje redefiniranje uloge veta. Zaključak je ovoga rada kako ni jedna vrsta reforme nije moguća bez postojanja širokoga konsenzusa među državama članicama Ujedinjenih naroda koje bi oko toga ključnog pitanja tre-bale postupiti kao i 1963. godine, kad je u Općoj skupštini Ujedinjenih naroda izglasana najznačajnija rezolucija o potrebi reforme Vijeća sigurnosti. ; Author analyzes the reform of the United Nations, in particular the Security Council. The Security Council reform is identified exclusively with its expan-sion, without having taken into account alternative methods of development of efficiency and functionality. After analysis of relevant resolutions of the United Nations, of different interest groups, such as the G-4, and by grasping the processes of past changes of the United Nations Charter, it becomes obvio-us that it is not necessary only to strengthen the transparency and legitimacy the Security Council by its expansion, but that a deep reform of the United Nations, which includes redefinition of the role of the veto, is also necessary. The conclusion of this study is that no reform is possible without reaching a broad consensus among Member States of the United Nations, which should approach this crucial question in a similar way it was done in 1963, when General Assembly of the United Nations voted in favour of most important resolution about reform of the Security Council.

In this article I will examine the powers and activities of NATO-led Kosovo forces (KFOR) and their impact on human rights protection in Kosovo. Through this examination, I seek to answer the following questions: which KFOR actions affected the human rights of Kosovars? Does KFOR carry out responsibilities and abide by the obligations normally imposed upon nation-states? And is there a solution available when the alleged violator is KFOR? KFOR is responsible for carrying out military tasks and for 'shouldering' UNMIK and local security forces in some civilian peace-building tasks. In the course of the exercise of its mandate, there were alleged complaints of human rights violations by KFOR. The legal implications of these alleged complaints against KFOR (in)actions will also be discussed. ; In this article I will examine the powers and activities of NATO-led Kosovo forces (KFOR) and their impact on human rights protection in Kosovo. Through this examination, I seek to answer the following questions: which KFOR actions affected the human rights of Kosovars? Does KFOR carry out responsibilities and abide by the obligations normally imposed upon nation-states? And is there a solution available when the alleged violator is KFOR? KFOR is responsible for carrying out military tasks and for 'shouldering' UNMIK and local security forces in some civilian peace-building tasks. In the course of the exercise of its mandate, there were alleged complaints of human rights violations by KFOR. The legal implications of these alleged complaints against KFOR (in)actions will also be discussed.