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Beginning in 2014, high-level German politicians spoke plainly about a more responsible and more substantial German foreign policy—including stronger German (military) contributions and commitments on the African continent. In light of these public statements, three years of mixed policy outcomes have raised questions about the factors that determine Germany's decision making on military engagements in Africa (and elsewhere) and the extent to which Germany's engagement in Africa since 2011 corresponds with Berlin's desire to take greater responsibility in matters of global security. Anchored in the case studies of Libya and Mali, this thesis argues that within a complex interplay of determinants on three interrelated levels, six factors—strategic approaches (if applicable), multilateral imperatives, the mission framework, cultural and conceptual axioms, domestic politics, and policy-makers—chiefly inform Germany's decision-making process on whether and how German soldiers should be deployed in a certain mission. Based on this matrix of considerations, each such participation must be externally required, politically desired and indispensable, militarily affordable and feasible, and domestically justifiable. The thesis concludes that it is exactly the interrelated tenets of empower others, being restrained, and being responsible that drive German foreign and security policy and contributed to Germany's active but modest military engagements in Africa after Libya. ; http://archive.org/details/germforeignndsec1094545864 ; Lieutenant Colonel, German Army ; Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

The аrticle аddresses the essentiаl meаning of the strаtegic culture аs а phenomenon аnd its importаnce for nаtionаl security policy-mаking. Аcаdemic literаture аnаlysis hаs аllowed to offer аuthor's definition of multidimensionаl "strаtegic culture" term аnd to give аn outline of key factors to influence the nаtionаl strаtegic culture development. Strategic culture thus is viewed as a nucleus of strategic thinking underlying the state strategic planning which enables integral national security policy-making.
The аrticle provides with аn аttempt to elucidаte the key chаrаcteristics of Ukrаine's strаtegic culture, considering phylogenetic development of the Ukrаiniаn mindset in view of the key territorial and geographic, historical, civilizational factors that influenced the evolution of the Ukrainian national identity and statehood. Apart from that, the article also highlights the chаllenges аnd hindrаnces for further development of Ukrаiniаn strаtegic culture.
The emphasis is placed on the fact that the lack of monolithic strategic culture is one of the main reasons for unbalanced foreign policy of Ukraine, which in its turn poses a serious threat for state's national security.
Special attention is paid to the analysis of the political elite's role, as a national strategic culture carrier, in the processes of strategic culture forming and developing. The key features of the Ukrainian elite and their influence on political and strategic culture of Ukraine are defined.
Revolution of Dignity and Russian Federation's armed aggression against Ukraine are identified as catalysts of the integral strategic culture of Ukraine formation inasmuch as these events enhanced the processes of reformatting the national identity and renewing the system of values.
The outcomes of the research focuses attention on the need of developing by the Ukrainian political elite the strategy of Ukraine's strategic culture development in order to form a balanced and consistent national security policy.

'Der vorliegende Bericht analysiert die wichtigsten inneren und äußeren Einflußfaktoren der Sicherheitspolitik Armeniens, das seit dem Ende der militärischen Auseinandersetzungen mit Aserbaidschan um Berg-Karabach (Mai 1994) in den westlichen Medien nur noch wenig Aufmerksamkeit findet, obwohl der nunmehr seit zwölf Jahren akute Konflikt von einer definitiven Lösung weit entfernt ist. Die gesamte Entwicklung Armeniens seit 1988 wird vom Karabach-Konflikt überschattet. Aserbaidschan hat mit einer Wirtschaftsblockade nicht nur gegen das militärisch erfolgreich operierende Karabach, sondern auch gegen das Mutterland Armenien versucht, dieses zur Einstellung seiner Unterstützung für die armenische Enklave auf dem Territorium Aserbaidschans zu zwingen. Trotz verheerender Auswirkungen - zeitweiliger Kollaps der Wirtschaft (Deindustrialisierung), Energie- und Versorgungskrise, demographische Verschiebungen - ist Armenien unbeugsam geblieben.' (Textauszug)

Das vorliegende Buch stellt einerseits eine eigenständige Untersuchung zu außen- und sicherheitspolitischen Einstellungen der Bevölkerung im Zeitraum 1954-1993 dar, andererseits versteht es sich als textliches Pendant zu dem von denselben Autoren vorgelegten Datenhandbuch zu außen- und sicherheitspolitischen Umfragen seit 1954. Im Vordergrund der Untersuchung stehen neben der Frage nach der Verteilung von Positionen und Einstellungen in der Öffentlichkeit zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt die Frage nach der Aggregatstabilität bzw. ihrem Wandel von außen- und sicherheitspolitischen Einstellungen. So wird unter anderem untersucht, welche Wichtigkeit und welches Interesse solchen politischen Problemen seitens der Öffentlichkeit entgegengebracht wurde, welche Bedeutung und welches Bild sich die Öffentlichkeit von den westlichen Verbündeten - allen voran den USA - machte, welche Einstellungen und Perzeptionen gegenüber der Gegenseite während des Kalten Krieges herrschte, welche Absichten Verbündeten und Gegnern unterstellt wurde, inwieweit die herrschende Strategie der nuklearen Abschreckung akzeptiert oder abgelehnt wurde, welche Einstellungen gegenüber der eigenen Verteidigungsfähigkeit herrschten und welches Ansehen die Bundeswehr genoss. Eine weitere Forschungsfrage bezieht sich auf die Interaktion von Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik, parteipolitischer Diskussion und öffentlicher Meinung. (ICG2)

"This title was first published in 2001: Byung-ok Kil's thorough analysis deals with both the broad area of public policy and the specific topic of national security policy change in Korea. Using an historical comparative approach, he tests the relative importance of international and domestic developments as determinants of security policy change. Drawing extensively on carefully selected sources of quantitative and qualitative data including original documents and interviews, this engaging text is of theoretical, methodological and applied policy relevance to the academic community and of substantive interest to a broader audience of governmental officials in national security and related policy areas."--Provided by publisher.

Threats to economic security affect national security. The aim of the article is to present the economic security threats taking into account selected determinants of state functioning and economic policy. In shaping economic security, it is important to properly consider threats to this security. Various research methods were used in the work, including the method of critical analysis of the literature as well as the method of analysis and synthesis. Considering the issues of economic security, it is also worth analyzing the threat to this security. In theory and practice, different aspects and types of threats to economic security can be taken into account. Many economic and social indicators should be used in the identification and assessment process of economic security threats. Poland's security is affected by various economic threats, including those related to the international situation.

Includes bibliographical references. ; 1. Prospects for security in the Asia-Pacific region 2000-2010 / H.C. Stackpole -- 2. Changing Japanese attitudes toward security / John H. Miller -- 3. International dynamics of the U.S. military budget / Yan Xuetong -- 4. National security policy-making by the CCP: the role of domestic factors / Boris T. Kulik -- 5. Russia's security debate in 2000: superpower vs. great power / Kyong-wook Shim -- 6. Cross-strait security relations: the role of domestic politics in the PRC and Taiwan / Yasuhiro Matsuda -- 7. South Korea's economic reality after the financial crisis and its impact on South-North relations / Yukiko Fukagawa. ; Mode of access: Internet.

<i>This study analyses various non-military factors in shaping the security policy of the
Russian Federation. This work undertakes to establish their substance, content and scope,
and to draw the conditions and trends in the political, economic and social security of
modern Russia in the context of its international ambitions, role and state security. In
the work theoretical method analysis, synthesis, abstracting and generalization were used.
Based on the results of the research, it was determined that the specificity of its location
definitely exerts an adverse effect on Russian state security. The reconstruction of imperial
Russia is among the key goals set forth by Vladimir Putin in Russia's foreign and military
policy. In fact, the entire economic, political and military activity of Russia is subordinated
to this goal. With regard to the economic and social state, the dependence of the Russian
Federation on the extraction and export of crude oil and natural gas is an obvious indication
of the constraints of its economy. Moscow's particular interests are formulated in official
state documents, such as the Military Doctrine and the National Security Strategy. These
documents identify not only external and internal threats to state security but above all
indicate the means and methods of possible deterrence.</i>

Tax policies are postulated to serve three principal functions: raise revenue, keep incumbent politicians in office, & redistribute income. Data from nineteen industrialized nations were used to attempt to identify determinants of policy choices regarding taxation. Few significant statistical relationships were found between standard political & economic indicators & taxation policy indicators. Such relationships as were found pointed to the importance of economic development in explaining redistributive tax patterns, while political factors were related to the desire of politicians to stay in office -- by making taxes invisible. 1 Table, 1 Figure. Modified HA.