Suchergebnisse

Abstract
Empowerment refers to the ways in which individuals and groups gain greater control over their lives. To date, the majority of studies focus on empowerment at the individual level. Further, research typically focuses on how to make people feel empowered and not how communities exercise their power. The present study utilizes collective efficacy, a community-level theory, to explore community characteristics that may empower individuals to engage in household activism, and communities to participate in neighborhood activism. The findings suggest that mutual efficacy and social cohesion are key drivers of participation in both household and neighborhood activism. Self-efficacy is associated with household activism only. Findings suggest that it is important to use individual-level skill-building opportunities as a method for fostering a collective identity and train community members to recruit others. In addition, community-building initiatives are more likely to result in activism if they focus on building mutual efficacy in the community.

A large amount of research has focused on job insecurity, but without obtaining consistent results. Some authors have pointed that this variability might be due to the operationalization of job insecurity. Different types of job insecurity can provoke different employee reactions. The aim of this study is to analyse the effect of job insecurity, understood as temporary employment (objective job insecurity) and personal perception (subjective job insecurity), on affective well-being. In addition, the moderator roles of job self-efficacy and collective efficacy are examined in the relationship between job insecurity and employees' affective well-being. This study was carried out with 1435 employees from 138 Spanish and Austrian organizations. The results showed a different effect of job insecurity depending on its conceptualization. Only subjective job insecurity was negatively related to affective well-being. Moreover, both self- and collective efficacy moderated the subjective job insecurity–outcomes relation, ameliorating employees' well-being levels when they perceived job insecurity.

Scholars of contemporary capitalism have argued that the rise of flexible accumulation and precarious employment has left workers disillusioned and adrift, experiencing an erosion of solidarities and human bonds. In contrast, this study uncovers a sense of collective efficacy where existing scholarship would lead us to least expect it: among workers who are, structurally, among the most marginal and vulnerable. The case examined is a Chicago living wage campaign, which for three long years mobilized workers laboring outside of traditional employment relationships. Why would a sense of collective efficacy emerge when participants' ability to make change had remained in doubt for years? Why would workers who lack structural power come to feel so efficacious? Drawing on in-depth interviews with campaign participants, I argue that their understandings of power arose from their experience of collective action. The case sheds new light on our understanding of identity and subjectivity under contemporary capitalism.

The aim of the present study was to examine the predictive effectiveness of self-efficacy in an academic setting. Seventy-six postgraduate students completed a questionnaire to assess efficacy expectations toward competencies perceived to underpin performance on the course. As there
was a 13-week difference in time between completing the self-efficacy questionnaire and completing the performance criterion, it was considered important to assess the stability of self-efficacy measures. To this end, participants completed the same items one week later. Test-retest reliability
results indicated that efficacy to cope with "intellectual demands", "pass first time", and "achieve a specific grade" were relatively stable. Performance was assessed using end of the semester grades. Regression results showed that "self-efficacy
to cope with the intellectual demands of the program" predicted 11.5% of performance variance. Given that there was a 13- week time gap between self-efficacy and performance and that the complexity of the task was high, findings from the present study suggest that self-efficacy
has some utility in an academic setting.

A subset of citizens in a democratic system directly test their political self-efficacy by petitioning government for assistance of one kind or another. Drawing on survey data gathered in India in 1967, this investigation focuses on the consequences of success or failure for perceived self-efficacy and for perceived government responsiveness. The analysis demonstrates that (1) successful petitioners come to enjoy a somewhat enhanced sense of self-efficacy but do not view government as particularly responsive, (2) unsuccessful petitioners do not see themselves as inefficacious but—possibly instead—do see government responsiveness in distinctly negative terms, and, (3) the kind of evidence that can help sustain a positive sense of self-efficacy will not suffice to undergird a belief in system responsiveness.

Purpose
This study aims to (1) test the effects of Generation Z (Gen Z) customers' perceived collective efficacy and self-efficacy toward food waste reduction on their food waste reduction intentions in restaurants, (2) examine the mediating role of customers' self-efficacy in conveying their perceived collective efficacy for food waste reduction intentions and (3) explore the moderating roles of Gen Z restaurant customers' interdependent self-construal and independent self-construal.


Design/methodology/approach
Data were collected from an online survey distributed to Gen Z restaurant customers in China in April and May of 2022. The snowball sampling approach was used to collect the data, and the final sample included 214 participants. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was applied to examine the hypotheses.


Findings
The study found that Gen Z restaurant customers' perceived collective efficacy and self-efficacy toward food waste reduction were positively related to their food waste reduction intentions. Self-efficacy also played a mediating role in the relationship between perceived collective efficacy and food waste reduction intentions. Moreover, Gen Z restaurant customers' interdependent self-construal negatively moderated the relationship between perceived collective efficacy and self-efficacy.


Originality/value
This study contributes to the literature on social cognitive theory, self-construal theory and customers' ethical decision-making processes. It integrates Gen Z restaurant customers' perceived collective efficacy and self-efficacy toward food waste reduction into the ethical decision-making process and investigates how the two types of efficacy determine food waste reduction intentions.

AbstractCollective efficacy is a prominent explanation for neighborhood crime concentrations. Just as crime is concentrated in particular neighborhoods, within‐neighborhoods crime is concentrated in particular criminogenic locations. Research suggests criminogenic locations are determined by features of the built environment. This study links collective efficacy with situational opportunity to propose that collective efficacy facilitates the removal of criminogenic features of the built environment. I test this by examining associations 1) between past collective efficacy and present criminogenic features of the built environment, as well as 2) between those built environment features and crime, net of present collective efficacy. These are modeled using piecewise structural equations with generalized linear mixed‐effect regressions on data from 1,641 blocks in 343 Chicago neighborhoods. Four types of police‐reported crime are modeled using eight block‐level built environment features in the 2003 Chicago Community Area Health Study (CCAHS; N = 3,074) and neighborhood collective efficacy from the CCAHS and the 1995 Project in Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN) Community Survey (N = 7,672). Findings suggest neighborhoods with high collective efficacy maintain low rates of crime in part by limiting criminogenic built environment features, in particular, abandoned buildings. This crime control pathway is important because changes to the built environment are long lasting and reduce the need for future interventions against crime.

Social media, unlike other resources, is nowadays an organizational resource. The reason can be attributed to its vast and extensive usage in sharing relevant information within a group and its influence on communication and organizational dynamics. The study investigates the role of individual social media self-efficacy (SMSE) and social media participation (SMP) on E-Leadership self-efficacy (ELSE). It further explores the mediating role of individual social media collective efficacy (SMCE) and SMP on SMSE and ELSE. Data for the study were collected from the employees of ITES firms in Delhi NCR, Bengaluru and Pune, India by the online survey method. A total of 478 respondents who were actively engaged in social media activities such as sending and sharing relevant information on different social media groups were included. Structural Equation Modelling followed by mediation analysis was conducted using AMOS 22 and Process Macro software, respectively, to analyse the structural and mediation relationship among the different constructs. The findings confirmed the positive influence of SMSE and participation on collective efficacy and e-leadership efficacy. The study extends the current literature and integrates social media self, collective efficacy, and participation to investigate ELSE in the perspective of IT organizations.