Suchergebnisse

In this article a presently existing public administration system in Lithuania as well as the position of municipalities (subjects of local self–government) in that system are described, the features of the "real" local self–government are being formulated, potentially possible groups of problems of local self–government are distinguished and currently main problems of municipalities of Lithuania are indicated. The author of the article notes that in Lithuania up till now the concept of the "real" local self–government has not been clearly and unambiguously defined yet. That makes the formulation of target goals, tasks and means as well as their implementation developing the system of local self–government more difficult. Seeking at least partly to fill the existing gap, the author of the article formulates eight features of the "real" local self–government. Having defined the problem of local self–government as a deviation from the "normal" conditions for the functioning of the local self–government system that cause negative changes in the system, the author of the article shows the relationship between the "normal" conditions for the functioning of local self–government and the formulated features of the "real" local self–government. According to this relationship the author of the article indicates eight potentially possible groups of problems of local self–government. On the basis of the accumulated knowledge and acquired experience the author of the article points out five groups of currently particularly important problems for local self–government of Lithuania, which are conditionally named as follows: 1) suppressed independence; 2) insufficient constructiveness of the relationship among different levels of government; 3) economic problems of municipalities; 4) not involving community members in managing local affairs; 5) inertness of municipalities.

In this article a presently existing public administration system in Lithuania as well as the position of municipalities (subjects of local self–government) in that system are described, the features of the "real" local self–government are being formulated, potentially possible groups of problems of local self–government are distinguished and currently main problems of municipalities of Lithuania are indicated. The author of the article notes that in Lithuania up till now the concept of the "real" local self–government has not been clearly and unambiguously defined yet. That makes the formulation of target goals, tasks and means as well as their implementation developing the system of local self–government more difficult. Seeking at least partly to fill the existing gap, the author of the article formulates eight features of the "real" local self–government. Having defined the problem of local self–government as a deviation from the "normal" conditions for the functioning of the local self–government system that cause negative changes in the system, the author of the article shows the relationship between the "normal" conditions for the functioning of local self–government and the formulated features of the "real" local self–government. According to this relationship the author of the article indicates eight potentially possible groups of problems of local self–government. On the basis of the accumulated knowledge and acquired experience the author of the article points out five groups of currently particularly important problems for local self–government of Lithuania, which are conditionally named as follows: 1) suppressed independence; 2) insufficient constructiveness of the relationship among different levels of government; 3) economic problems of municipalities; 4) not involving community members in managing local affairs; 5) inertness of municipalities.

The aims of this article are to describe the fundamental connection between State government, counties and municipalities and to expose peculiarities of interaction of State government subjects and Local Self-government institutions. The survey method is grounded on the systemic research and analysis of the Lithuanian legal acts: Law on the Local Self-government, Law on the Governing of the County and Law on the Regional Development. The main conclusions of the article are following: a) the objects, functions and responsibility of Regional institutions and Counties are separated by legal acts, but in fact Regional institutions and Counties are indivisible unit; b) in reality municipalities become subordinate to the State government and restraint from Self-government institutions appreciable by limited liberty of decision making and finance resources, and intensive state inspection of procedures; c) there is not fully realized principle of decentralization. In the future State government system and Local Self-government reforms could take the way of self-governmental regions making and the power, functions and decision making competence of municipalities could be extended

The aims of this article are to describe the fundamental connection between State government, counties and municipalities and to expose peculiarities of interaction of State government subjects and Local Self-government institutions. The survey method is grounded on the systemic research and analysis of the Lithuanian legal acts: Law on the Local Self-government, Law on the Governing of the County and Law on the Regional Development. The main conclusions of the article are following: a) the objects, functions and responsibility of Regional institutions and Counties are separated by legal acts, but in fact Regional institutions and Counties are indivisible unit; b) in reality municipalities become subordinate to the State government and restraint from Self-government institutions appreciable by limited liberty of decision making and finance resources, and intensive state inspection of procedures; c) there is not fully realized principle of decentralization. In the future State government system and Local Self-government reforms could take the way of self-governmental regions making and the power, functions and decision making competence of municipalities could be extended

One of today major problems of public administration – defense system of the state and planning of her strategy. Sucha situation is, because too small attention was paid for it in literature of public administration, like a specific problem that belong to sector of public administration. This problem often is solved only in military aspect, and is hold as a part of military defense system. There are not enough competitive specialist and experts who would understand sucha problem and would take part solving it as well. It is very important to understand, that defense system is systematic objekt and all problematic should be taken as a whole system that integrate and accumulate different, even opposite elements. Spectrum of methods is very wide, and amount is very large, and for realization well-organized and effective management should be involved. Effectiveness of defense system depends on ability to use all possible resources that are in the state. That is why defense system and control of he implementation should belong to public administration.

One of today major problems of public administration – defense system of the state and planning of her strategy. Sucha situation is, because too small attention was paid for it in literature of public administration, like a specific problem that belong to sector of public administration. This problem often is solved only in military aspect, and is hold as a part of military defense system. There are not enough competitive specialist and experts who would understand sucha problem and would take part solving it as well. It is very important to understand, that defense system is systematic objekt and all problematic should be taken as a whole system that integrate and accumulate different, even opposite elements. Spectrum of methods is very wide, and amount is very large, and for realization well-organized and effective management should be involved. Effectiveness of defense system depends on ability to use all possible resources that are in the state. That is why defense system and control of he implementation should belong to public administration.

Crimes against Humanity is one of the most dynamic categories in the International Criminal Law since it first appearance in the Charter of Nuremberg Military Tribunal in 1945 as an outgrowth of the war crimes. The concept of crimes against humanity in the Charter of Nuremberg Military Tribunal may be characterised by the following elements: crimes shall be carried out towards any civilian population, crimes can be carried out by the civil or military officers or actual agents of the state (policy element), crimes may be committed during the war or in peace time however such crimes requires conjunction with war crimes or crimes against peace. The concept of the crimes against humanity in later sources has developed steadily towards overall protection of fundamental human rights of civil population. First way of development concerns the elements and qualification criteria. First of all the conjunction between crimes against humanity and war crimes has been eliminated. It made crimes against humanity as an independent criminal category. Said development has been affirmed by the Rome Statute of International Criminal Court and were reflected in the Statute of International Criminal Tribunal for the Rwanda (ICTR) and UN Draft Code of Offences Against Peace and Security of Mankind. The jurisprudence of International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) has significantly amended the element of policy. It was established that crimes against humanity may be carried out by the organisation or political group which controls territory and performs civil, military, politic administration de facto as well. The United Nations Draft Code of the Offences Against Peace and Security of Mankind in 1991 has introduced two alternative qualification criteria: requirement of large scale or systematic actions. Large scale (or widespread) criteria has been introduced in order to eliminate an isolated inhumane act committed by a perpetrator acting on his own initiative and directed against a single or couple of victims. According to the said criteria crimes against humanity may be committed only as an massive, frequent, large scale action carried out collectively with considerable seriousness directed against multiplicity of victims. Systematic criteria means that crimes against humanity shall be result of systematic actions as a thoroughly organised and following a regular pattern on the basis of a common policy involving substantial public or private resources. ; Nusikaltimai žmoniškumui yra viena iš dinamiškiausių tarptautinės baudžiamosios teisės kategorijų. Ši sąvoka pirmą kartą buvo pavartota 1945 m. Niurnbergo karo tribunolo įstatuose išplėstiniam karo nusikaltimui įvardyti, tačiau ilgainiui buvo papildoma ir tapo savarankiškesnė. Niurnbergo tribunolo įstatuose pateiktą sąvoką galima apibūdinti šiais požymiais: nusikaltimai žmoniškumui gali būti įvykdyti prieš bet kokius civilius gyventojus tiek taikos, tiek karo metu, juos įvykdyti gali civilinės arba karinės valdžios pareigūnai, arba faktiniai agentai (politikos elementas), jų kvalifikacijai būtina sąsaja su karo nusikaltimais arba nusikaltimais taikai. Nusikaltimų žmoniškumui sąvoka plėtojosi dviem kryptimis. Pirmoji plėtros kryptis apėmė nusikaltimų žmoniškumui požymių ir kvalifikavimo kriterijų pokyčius. Pirmiausia buvo atsisakyta reikalavimo, kad nusikaltimų žmoniškumui kvalifikavimas turi būti siejamas su karo nusikaltimais arba nusikaltimais taikai. Šis pokytis lėmė nusikaltimų žmoniškumui kaip savarankiško nusikaltimo atsiradimą. Šią traktuotę patvirtino ir vėliausias tarptautinės baudžiamosios teisės šaltinis – Tarptautinio baudžiamojo teismo Romos statutas, ji taip pat atsispindėjo Jungtinių tautų nusikaltimų taikai ir žmonijos saugumui kodekso projekte, Tarptautinio tribunolo asmenims, atsakingiems už genocidą ir kitus sunkius tarptautinės humanitarinės teisės pažeidimus Ruandos teritorijoje teisti (Ruandos tribunolo) statute.

Lithuania is one of the few states in the world whose security and defence strategy assigns an important role to civilian resistance (civilian defence) in addition to the usual military defence. This paper explores the historical circumstances and theoretical presuppositions that have influenced the focussing of Lithuania's political elite on this non-traditional form of defence. First, there is a short survey of the development of the theory of civilian defence and an overview of the way some of its elements have been applied in Lithuania's movement for liberation in 1990-91. Next, there is an analysis of the way civilian resistance and civilian defence are conceived in the documents defining Lithuania's security and defence policies. Finally, an attempt is made at identifying the role and the prospects of civilian resistance within contemporary security and defence system of Lithuania; the conclusion made is that under conditions of Euro-Atlantic integration and globalization, civilian resistance, as a way of defending civil rights, remains a viable option of response to any kind of threat.

Lithuania is one of the few states in the world whose security and defence strategy assigns an important role to civilian resistance (civilian defence) in addition to the usual military defence. This paper explores the historical circumstances and theoretical presuppositions that have influenced the focussing of Lithuania's political elite on this non-traditional form of defence. First, there is a short survey of the development of the theory of civilian defence and an overview of the way some of its elements have been applied in Lithuania's movement for liberation in 1990-91. Next, there is an analysis of the way civilian resistance and civilian defence are conceived in the documents defining Lithuania's security and defence policies. Finally, an attempt is made at identifying the role and the prospects of civilian resistance within contemporary security and defence system of Lithuania; the conclusion made is that under conditions of Euro-Atlantic integration and globalization, civilian resistance, as a way of defending civil rights, remains a viable option of response to any kind of threat.

Lithuania is one of the few states in the world whose security and defence strategy assigns an important role to civilian resistance (civilian defence) in addition to the usual military defence. This paper explores the historical circumstances and theoretical presuppositions that have influenced the focussing of Lithuania's political elite on this non-traditional form of defence. First, there is a short survey of the development of the theory of civilian defence and an overview of the way some of its elements have been applied in Lithuania's movement for liberation in 1990-91. Next, there is an analysis of the way civilian resistance and civilian defence are conceived in the documents defining Lithuania's security and defence policies. Finally, an attempt is made at identifying the role and the prospects of civilian resistance within contemporary security and defence system of Lithuania; the conclusion made is that under conditions of Euro-Atlantic integration and globalization, civilian resistance, as a way of defending civil rights, remains a viable option of response to any kind of threat.

Lithuania is one of the few states in the world whose security and defence strategy assigns an important role to civilian resistance (civilian defence) in addition to the usual military defence. This paper explores the historical circumstances and theoretical presuppositions that have influenced the focussing of Lithuania's political elite on this non-traditional form of defence. First, there is a short survey of the development of the theory of civilian defence and an overview of the way some of its elements have been applied in Lithuania's movement for liberation in 1990-91. Next, there is an analysis of the way civilian resistance and civilian defence are conceived in the documents defining Lithuania's security and defence policies. Finally, an attempt is made at identifying the role and the prospects of civilian resistance within contemporary security and defence system of Lithuania; the conclusion made is that under conditions of Euro-Atlantic integration and globalization, civilian resistance, as a way of defending civil rights, remains a viable option of response to any kind of threat.

This paper presents an overview of legal aspects of the Information Society, especially, the role of the governments and new law regulation problems. It considers also what impact has for lawyers new information technology and artificial intelligence. The paper suggests (hat law can support Information Society formation processes or to be the obstacle for such processes. It is necessary as soon as possible to break the monopoly of telecom and to liberalize the market of integrated services. It is also necessary to establish the legal status of electronic documents and solve legal problems in order to protect documents and data in computer networks. It is especially important to avoid the split in the society into skilled professionals and "computer unliterate" people which are unable to work and even to live in new conditions. This problem is a great challenge for Government. The Government has responsibility also for solving other legal regulation problem which hinder to form Information Society. Lawyers must change their work style too. Artificial Intelligence (AI) plays an important role in this process because the legal knowledge is very complex, formalized in great degree and legal reasoning is logically based and uses precedents. AI can be helpful in order to conceptualize and to compare different law theories. It enables to use computers in knowledge management and can support the legislative engineering processes.

This paper presents an overview of legal aspects of the Information Society, especially, the role of the governments and new law regulation problems. It considers also what impact has for lawyers new information technology and artificial intelligence. The paper suggests (hat law can support Information Society formation processes or to be the obstacle for such processes. It is necessary as soon as possible to break the monopoly of telecom and to liberalize the market of integrated services. It is also necessary to establish the legal status of electronic documents and solve legal problems in order to protect documents and data in computer networks. It is especially important to avoid the split in the society into skilled professionals and "computer unliterate" people which are unable to work and even to live in new conditions. This problem is a great challenge for Government. The Government has responsibility also for solving other legal regulation problem which hinder to form Information Society. Lawyers must change their work style too. Artificial Intelligence (AI) plays an important role in this process because the legal knowledge is very complex, formalized in great degree and legal reasoning is logically based and uses precedents. AI can be helpful in order to conceptualize and to compare different law theories. It enables to use computers in knowledge management and can support the legislative engineering processes.