Suchergebnisse

В настоящей работе раскрыты сущность и признаки необходимой обороны, условия правомерности её применения. Приведены различные точки зрения о полезности или вредности необходимой обороны. Необходимая оборона, её виды были рассмотрены с точки зрения закона, а также приведены научные мнения на этот счёт. Особое внимание в статье обращено на пределы необходимой обороны, рассмотрена возможность их превышения. В этой связи обращено внимание на важность тщательного рассмотрения всех обстоятельств конкретного дела, где можно применить законодательство о необходимой обороне. Выявлены трудности применения норм о необходимой обороне, в частности установления её пределов у практических работников, а также предложено решение данной проблемы. ; In the article reveals the essence and signs of necessary defense, the conditions for the legality of its application. Various points of view on the usefulness or harmfulness of necessary defense are presented. The necessary defense, its types were considered from the point of view of the law, and scientific opinions on this matter were given. Particular attention in the article is paid to the limits of necessary defense, the possibility of exceeding them is considered. In this regard, attention is drawn to the importance of careful consideration of all the circumstances of a particular case, where the legislation on necessary defense can be applied. The difficulties of applying the norms on necessary defense, in particular, the establishment of its limits for practitioners, are revealed, and a solution to this problem is proposed.

Раздел "Международное право" - рубрика "Вопросы теории" ; Статья посвящена рассмотрению вопроса правомерности упреждающего и превентивного применения вооруженной силы. На основе различных аспектов проводится анализ, позволивший раскрыть содержание терминов, выявить основные проблемы в понимании превентивной и упреждающей самообороны и предложить практические рекомендации. Лингвистический аспект. В сложившейся международной практике вышеназванные термины имеют разное значение: упреждение трактуется как ликвидация непосредственной или близкой угрозы, а превенция рассматривается как ликвидация угрозы, не являющейся непосредственной или близкой, т. е. угрозы, которая только формируется. Историко-правовой аспект. До принятия Устава ООН существовало право государств на войну. Однако в XX в. стали формироваться нормы международного права, ограничившие, а потом и запретившие войну. Завершился процесс отказа от войн принятием Устава ООН, запретившего прибегать к применению или угрозе силой. Доктринальный аспект. Выделяют три основных подхода относительно оснований и толкования самообороны: 1) «узкое» толкование самообороны. Основанием для самообороны является исключительно вооруженное нападение; 2) расширенное толкование права на самооборону. Основанием для самообороны признается также неминуемая угроза вооруженного нападения; 3) концепция превентивной самообороны: основанием для самообороны также являются отдаленные, только формирующиеся угрозы. Юридический аспект. На основании анализа Устава ООН и других документов делается вывод о возможности применения силы государством в качестве самообороны только в ответ на вооруженное нападение, в то время как упреждающие и превентивные меры являются исключительной компетенцией Совета Безопасности ООН. Военно-политический аспект. Проводится анализ Стратегий национальной безопасности США 2002 и 2006 гг. Таким образом, одним из путей решения разногласий по поводу толкования оснований для самообороны является восполнение существующих пробелов и исправление неточностей формулировок. = The present article considers the legality of pre-emptive and preventive use of armed force. On the basis of various aspects an analysis is carried out, which enabled to reveal the contents of terms to identify the main problems in the understanding of preventive and pre-emptive self-defense and to make practical recommendations. Linguistic aspect. In the prevailing international practice, the above-mentioned terms meanings are different: pre-emption is interpreted as the elimination of direct or close threat and prevention is seems as the elimination of the threat, which has just formed. Historical aspect. Prior to the adoption of the UN Charter all states had the right to war. However, the XX century began to form norms of international law, at first, to limit the right of war, but then to prohibit war. The process of renunciation of war was completed by the UN Charter adoption, which prohibits the use or threat of force. Doctrinal point. There are three main approaches to the grounds and the interpretation of self-defense: 1) the narrow interpretation of self-defense. The basis for self-defense is an armed attack; 2) the expanded interpretation of the right to self-defense. The basis for self-defense is recognized to be an imminent threat of armed attack; 3) the basis for self-defense is also a remote threat — the concept of preventive self-defense. Legal aspect. On the basis of analysis of the UN Charter and other documents, the conclusion was made on the possibility of the use of force by a State only in response to an armed attack, while the pre-emptive and preventive measures are within the exclusive competence of the UN Security Council. Military-political aspects. This part analyses «The National Security Strategy of the United States» for 2002 and 2006. Thus, one of the ways of resolving problems in interpretation of the grounds for self-defense is to fill gaps and to correct inaccuracies of formulations.

The article deals with the issue of the concept of restorability as one of the most important technical and operational properties of military vehicles, and on the basis of developing a system image of the process of reconstruction of the properties of military vehicles object and repair, a typical structure of requirements is defined which should be taken into account in the development of tactical and technical the task of creating the latest weapons and military equipment.

The internationalization of national constitutions includes an eventual unification of constitutional rules deemed necessary to intensify international relations. So, in a broader way it is invoked the impact of international law and international relations on constitutional law. The result of the internationalization of national rights is a progressive harmonization of concepts and legal rules. In the current state of international law, constitutions' internationalization corresponds a concrete impact of international law on constitutional norms. The current trend of constitutions is to regulate in a more accurate and comprehensive way the relations between the state and international law. International law does not require any particular form of the conclusion of international treaties. In intensification of international relations, international conventions and integration of states in international organizations, the Parliament carries important consequences for both on normative function and the control function. Such legislative activity is guided by international treaties concluded by the state. While the executive and the legislative are involved in the development of international law, the jurisdictional power intervenes to reconcile domestic and international legal norms. States do not devote supremacy of international law over their constitution. Because international treaties to be part of the national legal order is not enough that the procedure for concluding treaties to be respected. It is also necessary that treaties do not contravene fundamental state constitutional principles of human rights and the relationship between public authorities. The control of international treaties' constitutionality can be mandatory or optional. In the process of ratification of the treaty on EU European constitutional courts tend to create a similar design to establish the limits of European integration. In reality, the issue of constitutionality of international treaties control is a political issue and it is difficult to apply legal principles purely political matters. There are three categories of states in the aspect of national courts on constitutional regularity control concluding treaties.

This article deals with the issues of regulation of property relations of spouses in private international law. The article deals with the conflict issues of marriage, as well as the contractual regime of a property of spouses. The article reveals the content of the Minsk and Chisinau conventions on property relations between spouses. In particular, the conventions say that the property relations between spouses are determined by the legislation of the Contracting Party in whose territory they live together. If the husband lives in one Contracting State and the wife in the other and both have the same nationality, the law of the country of which they are nationals governs their property relations. Attention is paid to bilateral agreements on legal assistance to States in the field of property relations between spouses. For example, such an agreement exists between Russia and Estonia, and it helps to resolve various property issues between spouses. The domestic legislation of different States regulates the issue of determining the regime of matrimonial property in different ways. For example, in the States of the Anglo-Saxon legal system and in most Muslim countries there is only a regime of separate property. On the contrary, in the States of the Romano-German legal system, preference is given to the regime of the common property of spouses, and it is possible to establish a different regime of property relations by agreement of the spouses. According to this principle, and developing family law in Russia.

The relevance of the topic of a scientific article is related to the frequent cases in practice when there is a dispute over the application of the law of a particular state. With the help of the analysis of family law and private international law, a circle of subjects of legal relations is established that is connected with maintenance obligations complicated by a foreign element. In modern times there are many problems, in particular, the consequences of the dissolution of a marriage between spouses (one of whom is a foreign citizen) in the presence of minor children are poorly regulated internationally. The main problem in resolving issues related to alimony relations is the definition of applicable law. That is the law of which country (the right of citizenship of the husband's state or the right of citizenship of the wife's state) will be applied to resolve the dispute. In this paper, we will consider existing problems and offer our own vision of ways to solve such problems.

Russian scientists attach great importance to one of the fundamental principles of private international law – the principle of the closest connection. The concept of the closest connection was developed in England on the basis of case law, the rules of which were created by judges in court decisions on specific cases. The legislator has included the principle of closest connection to the civil code, however, in light of the changes it made in the reforms of 2013, the closest connection principle was assigned a secondary role in relation to the principle of characteristic performance. The main purpose of the principle of the closest connection is to find the law and order that can most effectively regulate cross-border relations. The court will have to determine the will of the parties to the contractual relationship, aimed at choosing the right. Therefore, a close relationship is established based on the court's assumption of what right the parties would have chosen if they had considered this issue. The principle of the closest connection, in connection with this approach, often loses its independent significance. Article 1187 of the civil code of the Russian Federation does not specify the conditions of its application, as well as the scope of its action. For this reason, the category of the closest relationship is universal and applies regardless of the nature of the cross-border civil relationship. Russian legislation does not have clear criteria for determining the closest relationship, which may lead to a subjective decision by the court. In this regard, the study of problems related to the application of the principle of the closest connection in judicial practice is undoubtedly relevant.

In the article there is given a general overview of the sources of the international sport law, which is a new dynamically developing branch of law. The author underlines that international sport law unites norms of international law and national legislation regulating sport relations of international nature.