Suchergebnisse

The article is devoted to the study of one of the grounds for exemption from responsibility of international intergovernmental organizations - self-defense. It is provided by Art. 21 Draft articles on the Responsibility of international organizations, adopted by the UN International Law Commission in 2011. The wording of the norm significantly differs from the relevant provision providing a similar right to sovereign states. In particular, it states that "The wrongfulness of an act of an international organization is precluded if and to the extent that the act constitutes a lawful measure of self-defence under international law". It does not have a direct reference to the United Nations Charter, which is contained in Art. 21 Draft Articles on the Responsibility of the States in 2001. Currently there are no international agreements that envisage the right to self-defense of international organizations. Consequently, the basis for its application can be only an international law custom. Defining it is a complex scientific issue. Present analysis is based on the legal nature of international organizations. It is pointed out that, unlike sovereign states, they do not have their own territory, which in the vast majority of cases is the main purpose of military attacks by aggressor countries. Consequently, the grounds for applying the right to self-defense of international organizations are quite limited. They are mainly related to the negative circumstances in which police and peacekeeping units operate acting on the mandate of the relevant international organization and on its behalf. In other cases, international organizations are protected by agreements with the states on its territory their headquarters are located, where the guarantees of their safety and integrity are expressly provided. It is pointed out that it is highly likely that some of new means of direct and indirect intervention that are already being used to interfere in internal and external affairs of states will probably be applied to international organizations in the future. ; В статье даётся толкование ст. 21 Проекта статей об ответственности международных организаций, принятого Комиссией международного права ООН в 2011 г., предусматривающей право на самооборону как одно из условий, исключающих их противоправное поведение на международной арене. Содержание права на самооборону международных организаций сопоставлено с содержанием права на самооборону суверенных государств. Определена сфера практического применения права на самооборону международными организациями. ; У роботі надано тлумачення ст. 21 Проекту статей про відповідальність міжнародних організацій, що був прийнятий Комісією міжнародного права ООН у 2011 р., який передбачає право на самооборону, як одну із підстав, що виключають їх протиправну поведінку на міжнародній арені. Зміст права на самооборону міжнародних організацій зіставлений зі змістом права на самооборону суверенних держав. Визначено сферу практичного застосування права на самооборону міжнародними організаціями.

The article is devoted to the study of one of the grounds for exemption from responsibility of international intergovernmental organizations - self-defense. It is provided by Art. 21 Draft articles on the Responsibility of international organizations, adopted by the UN International Law Commission in 2011. The wording of the norm significantly differs from the relevant provision providing a similar right to sovereign states. In particular, it states that "The wrongfulness of an act of an international organization is precluded if and to the extent that the act constitutes a lawful measure of self-defence under international law". It does not have a direct reference to the United Nations Charter, which is contained in Art. 21 Draft Articles on the Responsibility of the States in 2001. Currently there are no international agreements that envisage the right to self-defense of international organizations. Consequently, the basis for its application can be only an international law custom. Defining it is a complex scientific issue. Present analysis is based on the legal nature of international organizations. It is pointed out that, unlike sovereign states, they do not have their own territory, which in the vast majority of cases is the main purpose of military attacks by aggressor countries. Consequently, the grounds for applying the right to self-defense of international organizations are quite limited. They are mainly related to the negative circumstances in which police and peacekeeping units operate acting on the mandate of the relevant international organization and on its behalf. In other cases, international organizations are protected by agreements with the states on its territory their headquarters are located, where the guarantees of their safety and integrity are expressly provided. It is pointed out that it is highly likely that some of new means of direct and indirect intervention that are already being used to interfere in internal and external affairs of states will probably be applied to international organizations in the future. ; В статье даётся толкование ст. 21 Проекта статей об ответственности международных организаций, принятого Комиссией международного права ООН в 2011 г., предусматривающей право на самооборону как одно из условий, исключающих их противоправное поведение на международной арене. Содержание права на самооборону международных организаций сопоставлено с содержанием права на самооборону суверенных государств. Определена сфера практического применения права на самооборону международными организациями. ; У роботі надано тлумачення ст. 21 Проекту статей про відповідальність міжнародних організацій, що був прийнятий Комісією міжнародного права ООН у 2011 р., який передбачає право на самооборону, як одну із підстав, що виключають їх протиправну поведінку на міжнародній арені. Зміст права на самооборону міжнародних організацій зіставлений зі змістом права на самооборону суверенних держав. Визначено сферу практичного застосування права на самооборону міжнародними організаціями.

The article is devoted to the study of one of the grounds for exemption from responsibility of international intergovernmental organizations - self-defense. It is provided by Art. 21 Draft articles on the Responsibility of international organizations, adopted by the UN International Law Commission in 2011. The wording of the norm significantly differs from the relevant provision providing a similar right to sovereign states. In particular, it states that "The wrongfulness of an act of an international organization is precluded if and to the extent that the act constitutes a lawful measure of self-defence under international law". It does not have a direct reference to the United Nations Charter, which is contained in Art. 21 Draft Articles on the Responsibility of the States in 2001. Currently there are no international agreements that envisage the right to self-defense of international organizations. Consequently, the basis for its application can be only an international law custom. Defining it is a complex scientific issue. Present analysis is based on the legal nature of international organizations. It is pointed out that, unlike sovereign states, they do not have their own territory, which in the vast majority of cases is the main purpose of military attacks by aggressor countries. Consequently, the grounds for applying the right to self-defense of international organizations are quite limited. They are mainly related to the negative circumstances in which police and peacekeeping units operate acting on the mandate of the relevant international organization and on its behalf. In other cases, international organizations are protected by agreements with the states on its territory their headquarters are located, where the guarantees of their safety and integrity are expressly provided. It is pointed out that it is highly likely that some of new means of direct and indirect intervention that are already being used to interfere in internal and external affairs of states will probably be applied to international organizations in the future. ; В статье даётся толкование ст. 21 Проекта статей об ответственности международных организаций, принятого Комиссией международного права ООН в 2011 г., предусматривающей право на самооборону как одно из условий, исключающих их противоправное поведение на международной арене. Содержание права на самооборону международных организаций сопоставлено с содержанием права на самооборону суверенных государств. Определена сфера практического применения права на самооборону международными организациями. ; У роботі надано тлумачення ст. 21 Проекту статей про відповідальність міжнародних організацій, що був прийнятий Комісією міжнародного права ООН у 2011 р., який передбачає право на самооборону, як одну із підстав, що виключають їх протиправну поведінку на міжнародній арені. Зміст права на самооборону міжнародних організацій зіставлений зі змістом права на самооборону суверенних держав. Визначено сферу практичного застосування права на самооборону міжнародними організаціями.

The article deals with the correlation between the European Union law and international law. Constant participation of the European Union and its members in international organizations gave a rise to the need for establishment of interrelation between the sources of international law particularly international agreements and customs and sources of European Union law such as regulating agreements and acts of the EU institutions as well as necessity to identify which norms should be applied in a certain case and which hierarchical connections exist in these sources. This issue was research by numerous Ukrainian and foreign scholars such as T.V. Komarova, O.V. Plotnikov, K. Zigler, I.I. Maryniv, R. Jennigs, K. Tomushat and others. But unlike scientific research EU agreements do not have any provisions which would identify the type of relations between EU law and international law. It is also necessary to note that the only subject which position is important in this sphere is EU Court. In order to answer the mentioned questions decisions of the EU Court which had an impact on the formation of a new law and order on international level such as the one of the European Union (for example decision in case Van Gend en Loos) and decision of the Court which established fundamental positions regarding correlation of EU law and international law (for example in case Kadi v Council and Commission) were researched into. Provisions of EU regulating agreements related to international agreements and their place in the system of norms of the European Union were analyzed. To see the procedure of applying customary law in European law case law of the EU Court was researched. The article provides modern position of the EU Court regarding interaction between European and international law.

Civil law provides both general rules that provide the grounds and procedure for liability for damage to a person, and special grounds for bringing or release from such liability in the event that the person causing such damage carried them out in self-defense or extreme necessity. Therefore, it is important to clarify the specifics of civil liability of a person in the exercise of his right to self-defense and in a state of extreme necessity. The grounds and procedure for bringing a person to such responsibility are determined, the peculiarities of the subject composition are determined. A thorough study of the Civil Code of Ukraine to determine their compliance with the general principles of civil law and the need for appropriate changes and clarifications for proper legal regulation of grounds for liability and release from liability for damage caused by a person exercising his right to self-defense and in a state of extreme necessity . The development of civil legislation of Ukraine in terms of compensation for damage caused by a person in the exercise of his right to self-defense, in conditions of extreme necessity and necessary defense in order to identify gaps and contradictions and formulate proposals for recoding the Civil Code of Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to define the concept of self-defense and extreme necessity, as well as to determine the grounds and conditions of civil liability for damage caused by a person exercising his right to self-defense or in extreme necessity, as well as sanctions applied to a person. The object of the study is the legal relationship arising from the prosecution of a person who caused harm in a state of extreme necessity or in the exercise of his right to self-defense and the application of civil sanctions. To achieve this goal, the following methods were used: formal-legal to study the legal regulation of legal relations; analytical for the correct interpretation of the scope of legal content; system-structural to determine the legal nature of the studied legal relations; historical and legal for the analysis of the development of civil legislation; dialectical to identify contradictions in legal relations and legal regulation. It is noted that in determining the content of self-defense committed by a person, it is necessary to take into account the legal nature of legal relations, as the performance of self-defense actions of a legal nature are mainly contractual obligations, and self-defense actual actions – noncontractual obligations, including tort obligations. The prevailing position in civil science is that self-defense is a way of protecting civil rights and a non-jurisdictional form of realization of this protection. It is noted that self-defense can be carried out in the form of both factual and legal actions, which can be both legal and illegal. Manifestations of self-defense are measures of operational influence, which in science are called operational sanctions. They are designed to prevent specific offenses, usually in contractual obligations and can be applied by a unilaterally authorized person out of court. Varieties of such sanctions are unilateral withdrawal from the contract; unilateral termination of the obligation; actions of the commission agent, aimed at unilateral retention of the thing to be transferred to the principal, in order to ensure their claims under the contract; actions of the commission agent aimed at unilateral deduction of the amounts due to him under the contract, received by him for the principal. Illegal active and passive actions of self-defense can lead to harm to the life, health of the offender, his property, which can lead to prosecution of the person for the damage. The analysis of the norm of Art. 1169 of the CCU, which regulates liability for damage caused by a person in the exercise of his right to self-defense. It is noted that the norm of Part 2 of Art. 1169 of the Civil Code is formulated unsuccessfully, because it does not contain information about "another person" who was harmed by a person who carried out self-defense against unlawful encroachments, and therefore it is not clear who may be obliged to compensate him. In this regard, it is proposed to make appropriate changes to the norm under study in terms of clarifying the person who may be obliged to compensate, introducing the term "causer" of the damage along with the term in the article "person who committed an illegal act". As a general rule, damage caused by a person in cases of exercising his right to self-defense is reimbursed only if the limits of necessary defense are exceeded. In this case, the right to apply a sanction for damages has a person whose actions have become the basis for the application of self-defense. Damage caused to third parties in ways not prohibited by law and which do not contradict the moral principles of society, is compensated by the person who committed the illegal act, and in other cases – by the person who carried out self-defense. That is, in the first case, the third party has the right to apply sanctions for recovery. Keywords: sanctions, liability, protection, compensation for damage, tort, operational measures.

The article deals with the issue of the conflicts of laws in international private law. It has been found out that each state has its own legal regulation of the relations which leads to conflicts of material norms of various states and complicates legal regulation of international relationships. The law of the states has many differences in regulation of various relations which provides for application of a connecting factor as one of the ways to solve the problem. It has been proved that international private law has a significant role in regulation of relations with a foreign element. As for international private law which norms are formed independently by each state, compliance with treaty obligations as well as rules and principles of international law by each state is significant to each state. At the same time, codification of international private law is the main way for systematization and legislative implementation of conflict of laws, material and procedural provisions designated for regulation of private relations with foreign element. Qualification of legal definitions which are applied in formulation of the rule of the conflict of laws is a burning issue as well. It has been established that the procedure for qualification in international private law should identify the model of relations and consists of three stages which are: interpretation of the rule; analysis of relations; comparison of the rule and relations. It has been clarified that the situation of a mobile conflict and the issue of acceptance or failure to accept remission and remission to the law of the third state relate to the issue regarding application of the rule of the conflict of laws in international private law. We think that the first priority task is to bring national laws on international private law in compliance with modern conditions of international civil and trade turnover. For the future development it is necessary to introduce a single legislative act which will take into account all these issues and the mechanism ...

This article is devoted to the main problems in the institute of the death penalty. Nowadays, our society concentrates on the humanization of the rule-making framework, and especially on the loyal application of the punishment to the defendants. The State by establishing the death penalty takes away human life and it denies the honor, dignity and social value of human beings as the main goal of the states and social existence. The main idea of this article to analyze the institute of the death penalty, to explore and make statistics of states where it still exists and to determine reasons for its application. Therefore, the author considered the main aspects of the institution of the death penalty and the right to life, their legislative consolidation and concluded that the problem of the death penalty is one of the biggest problems in international law. In today's society, a lot of issues concerning the rightness and legality of the use of the death penalty exist. In this regard, the article focuses on the main regulations in which the prohibition of the death penalty is enshrined, these include the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and Protocol No. 13 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms on the Abolition of the Death Penalty and the like. The concept of the death penalty, history and current state of its development in the world are also revealed. Also, the author analyzed the doctrine of scholars on this issue and consented that the death penalty is contrary to the principle right to life, which is the major one in international law. The author noted that many countries refuse to recognize international standards in this sphere and refuse to ratify the Protocols to international treaties abolishing the death penalty. Analyzing the issue of the death penalty, the author outlined numerous problems raised during conducting the study and noted that the international community has the task of solving the problems mentioned ...

The article researches development of trust property institute in continental law states and investigates possible development of national legislation in this sphere. The article also characterizes modern state of trust property in Ukraine and proposed models of its improvement. In all researched continental law states it is possible to trace personal way of development of trust property institute as well as a special mean of trust implementation. Approaches of foreign legislators distinguish and can be seen in implementation of single-level and two-level changes. The first one is ratification of the Hague Trust Convention (Italy) as well as enshrining of its own trust like constructions (France, Germany). Two-level changes are represented by first Ratification of the Hague Trust Convention and then adoption of special acts to regulate legislative collisions in regulation of trust relations (Switzerland). The article has also researched prospects in development of Ukrainian national legislation. Draft laws which are registered in the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and consider trust property as one more way to ensure performance of duties along with other ones provided for by p. 1 of Art. 546 of the Civil Code of Ukraine such as forfeit, bailment, guarantee, collateral/pledge, retention, deposit (down payment) have been investigated. Reasons for enlarging legislation on trust relations through ratification of conventions and creation of a wide legal regulation of the researched sphere have been provided.

The article is devoted to the study of the problems of the application of law of unrecognized states in international law. The concept of application of foreign law in general and the legislation of unrecognized states in particular is defined. It is indicated that the relation to foreign law, as an actual circumstance or as a legal category, is determined by the method of foreign law application, which varies depending on the legal family to which a particular state belongs. Two main theories concerning recognition are investigated: declarative and constitutive. The notions of "unrecognized states" and "unrecognized governments" are delimited.The peculiarities of the application of the law of unrecognized states in international law are defined. Key words: application of foreign law, establishment of content of foreign law, qualification of foreign law, unrecognized states, unrecognized governments, international recognition, sovereignty. кандидат філологічних наук, доцент, Мясоєдова С. В., Комлик А. В. Проблеми застосування права невизнаних держав в міжнародному праві/ Національний юридичний університет імені Ярослава Мудрого, Україна, Харків;Стаття присвячена дослідженню проблем застосування права невизнаних держав в міжнародному праві. Визначено поняття застосування іноземного права загалом та невизнаних держав зокрема. Вказано на те, що відношення до іноземного права як до фактичної обставини чи як до правової категорії визначається методом застосування іноземного права, що різниться залежно від того, до якої правової сім'ї належить певна держава. Досліджено дві основні теорії щодо визнання: декларативну і конститутивну. Розмежовано поняття «невизнані держави» та «невизнані уряди». Встановлено особливості застосування права невизнаних держав в міжнародному праві.Ключові слова: застосування іноземного права, встановлення змісту іноземного права, кваліфікація іноземного права, невизнані держави, невизнані уряди, міжнародне визнання, суверенітет.

Problem setting. Security issues are importantfor contemporary international relations research, since security has been and remains one of the most important aspects in the functioning of international relations. Ensuring security is seen as an important task for both a state and the international community in the broad sense of the term, in particular for the EU. In today's context, the problem of information security of the individual, the state and the society is fundamentally relevant as it needs, primarily, a complex reflection, taking into account the realities of the present. In addition, continuous monitoring of the security situation in the information field, the ranking of threats by the degree of influence on national interests, the rational redistribution of forces and the means to neutralize threats are urgently needed. Recent research and publications analysis. Problems of European politics and defense are constantly in the center of attention of Western scientists, first of all Laura Chappell, David J. Galbreath, Jocelyn Mawdsley, Robert McCabe, Hugo Meijer, Deborah Sanders, Ian Speller, Marco Wyss, and others. In the Ukrainian literature, some solutions to this problem are found in Ya. Tymkiv's manual, in the encyclopedic dictionary-directory «Modern Political Vocabulary», in the Glossary of the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Information Security, articles by Yu. Bytyak and I. Yakovyuk, M. Dmytrenko, E. Nikipelova, O. Poshedin, O. Sosnin and O. Dzioban, M. Trebin which the author of the paper researches and identifies previously unsolved parts of the general problem the article is devoted to. Paper object: to analyze the term «security», to identify the place of security in the European security and defense policy, to characterize the peculiarities of the problem of the Euro-Atlantic security space formation. Paper main body. In the article, based on the conceptualization of the security problem in the aspect of international political issues, the definitions of the security by domestic and foreign ...

The aim of the study. Research of self-regulation institutional frameworks for pharmaceutical practice (SR PP) in the international aspect.Materials and Methods. Scientic publications, related with self-regulation, ofcial websites of international pharmaceutical associations and methodology of institutional dimension.Results and Discussion. According to the references the historical background of the formation of the SR PP is revealed. By studying institutional frameworks of SR PP in the international aspect, it is founded that almost one third of countries, professional organizations of which are members of the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP), represented Europe. It is shown that just over half of the UN members by trade unions are member states of FIP, while two-thirds of European UN member states are members of the FIP. Based on a comparative study of the members' structure of the IPF, Pharmaceutical Group of the European Union (PGEU) and the European association of hospital pharmacists (EAHP). In a total it is found that in three investigated associations are presented 94 pharmaceutical organizations from 39 European countries. Herewith, in each pharmaceutical association the members are pharmaceutical societies of two third countries. Only four professional organizations are members of three pharmaceutical associations simultaneously, namely: Pharmaceutical Chamber of Macedonia, Croatian Pharmaceutical Society, Pharmaceutical Society of Bosnia and Herzegovina Federation and Turkish Pharmacists Association. Data for institutional dimension show signi cantly low participation activity of Ukrainian pharmaceutical societies' in the international associations. Herein, on condition of statutory documents' bringing to the requirements of a specic association, is opened their access not only to the FIP (Ukraine is a member of UN and WHO), but also yet PGEU (our state is a member of the European Free Trade Association) and EAHP (Ukraine is a member of the Council of Europe).Conclusions. The obtained results show different levels of membership in the three international pharmaceutical associations (FIP, PGEU and EAHP) as states, and as well as separate pharmaceutical societies, and extremely low Ukrainian pharmaceutical societies' participation in SR PP in the international aspect. ; Мета роботи. Дослідження інституційних засад саморегулювання фармацевтичної практики (СР ФП) у міжнародному аспекті.Матеріали і методи. Наукові публікації, що стосуються саморегулювання, офіційні сайти міжнародних фармацевтичних асоціацій та методологія інституційного виміру. Результати й обговорення. За даними літературних джерел виявлено історичні передумови становлення СР ФП. Шляхом вивчення інституційних засад СР ФП у міжнародному аспекті встановлено, що майже третина країн, професійні організації яких є членами Міжнародної фармацевтичної федерації (МФФ), представляла Європу. Показано, що трохи більше половини членів ООН через професійні спілки є країнами-членами МФФ, при тому дві третіх європейських країн-членів ООН є членами МФФ. На підставі порівняльного дослідження структури членів МФФ, Фармацевтичної групи Європейського Союзу (ФГЄС) і Європейської асоціації лікарняних фармацевтів (ЄАЛФ) виявлено, що загалом у трьох досліджуваних асоціаціях присутні 94 фармацевтичні організації із 39 держав Європи. Поряд з цим у кожній фармацевтичній асоціації членами є фармацевтичні товариства двох третіх країн і лише чотири професійні організації є членами водночас трьох фармацевтичних асоціацій, а саме: Фармацевтична палата Македонії, Хорватське фармацевтичне товариство, Фармацевтичне товариство Федерації Боснії і Герцеговини та Турецька асоціація фармацевтів. Дані інституційного виміру показують суттєво низьку участь у діяльності міжнародних асоціацій українських фармацевтичних товариств. При цьому, за умови приведення статутних документів до вимог конкретної асоціації, відкрито їх доступ не лише до МФФ (Україна – член ООН і ВООЗ), а й до ФГЄС (наша держава – член Європейської асоціації вільної торгівлі) та ЄАЛФ (Україна – член Ради Європи).Висновки. Отримані результати показують різний рівень членства в трьох міжнародних фармацевтичних асоціаціях (МФФ, ФГЄС і ЄАЛФ) як держав, так й окремих фармацевтичних товариств, а також надзвичайно низьку участь українських фармацевтичних товариств у СР ФП у міжнародному аспекті.

The aim of the study. Research of self-regulation institutional frameworks for pharmaceutical practice (SR PP) in the international aspect.Materials and Methods. Scientic publications, related with self-regulation, ofcial websites of international pharmaceutical associations and methodology of institutional dimension.Results and Discussion. According to the references the historical background of the formation of the SR PP is revealed. By studying institutional frameworks of SR PP in the international aspect, it is founded that almost one third of countries, professional organizations of which are members of the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP), represented Europe. It is shown that just over half of the UN members by trade unions are member states of FIP, while two-thirds of European UN member states are members of the FIP. Based on a comparative study of the members' structure of the IPF, Pharmaceutical Group of the European Union (PGEU) and the European association of hospital pharmacists (EAHP). In a total it is found that in three investigated associations are presented 94 pharmaceutical organizations from 39 European countries. Herewith, in each pharmaceutical association the members are pharmaceutical societies of two third countries. Only four professional organizations are members of three pharmaceutical associations simultaneously, namely: Pharmaceutical Chamber of Macedonia, Croatian Pharmaceutical Society, Pharmaceutical Society of Bosnia and Herzegovina Federation and Turkish Pharmacists Association. Data for institutional dimension show signi cantly low participation activity of Ukrainian pharmaceutical societies' in the international associations. Herein, on condition of statutory documents' bringing to the requirements of a specic association, is opened their access not only to the FIP (Ukraine is a member of UN and WHO), but also yet PGEU (our state is a member of the European Free Trade Association) and EAHP (Ukraine is a member of the Council of Europe).Conclusions. The obtained results show different levels of membership in the three international pharmaceutical associations (FIP, PGEU and EAHP) as states, and as well as separate pharmaceutical societies, and extremely low Ukrainian pharmaceutical societies' participation in SR PP in the international aspect. ; Мета роботи. Дослідження інституційних засад саморегулювання фармацевтичної практики (СР ФП) у міжнародному аспекті.Матеріали і методи. Наукові публікації, що стосуються саморегулювання, офіційні сайти міжнародних фармацевтичних асоціацій та методологія інституційного виміру. Результати й обговорення. За даними літературних джерел виявлено історичні передумови становлення СР ФП. Шляхом вивчення інституційних засад СР ФП у міжнародному аспекті встановлено, що майже третина країн, професійні організації яких є членами Міжнародної фармацевтичної федерації (МФФ), представляла Європу. Показано, що трохи більше половини членів ООН через професійні спілки є країнами-членами МФФ, при тому дві третіх європейських країн-членів ООН є членами МФФ. На підставі порівняльного дослідження структури членів МФФ, Фармацевтичної групи Європейського Союзу (ФГЄС) і Європейської асоціації лікарняних фармацевтів (ЄАЛФ) виявлено, що загалом у трьох досліджуваних асоціаціях присутні 94 фармацевтичні організації із 39 держав Європи. Поряд з цим у кожній фармацевтичній асоціації членами є фармацевтичні товариства двох третіх країн і лише чотири професійні організації є членами водночас трьох фармацевтичних асоціацій, а саме: Фармацевтична палата Македонії, Хорватське фармацевтичне товариство, Фармацевтичне товариство Федерації Боснії і Герцеговини та Турецька асоціація фармацевтів. Дані інституційного виміру показують суттєво низьку участь у діяльності міжнародних асоціацій українських фармацевтичних товариств. При цьому, за умови приведення статутних документів до вимог конкретної асоціації, відкрито їх доступ не лише до МФФ (Україна – член ООН і ВООЗ), а й до ФГЄС (наша держава – член Європейської асоціації вільної торгівлі) та ЄАЛФ (Україна – член Ради Європи).Висновки. Отримані результати показують різний рівень членства в трьох міжнародних фармацевтичних асоціаціях (МФФ, ФГЄС і ЄАЛФ) як держав, так й окремих фармацевтичних товариств, а також надзвичайно низьку участь українських фармацевтичних товариств у СР ФП у міжнародному аспекті.

The paper examines the evolution of international law on the formation of a general defense policy, the definition of a common defense policy of states on the basis of international norms is formulated, two ways of organizing a common defense policy, forms and limits of its implementation are substantiated. Problematic aspects of the organization of the common defense policy of the states are revealed. The basis for the form of implementation of the common defense policy of the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization with Ukraine is concretized, proposals for improving cooperation between Ukraine and the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in the organization of the common defense policy are given. Proposals for the organization of a common defense policy of the states with the participation of the countries of the Lublin Triangle are given. ; У роботі досліджено еволюцію міжнародного права щодо формування спільної політики оборони держав, сформульовано визначення спільної політики оборони держав на основі міжнародних норм, обґрунтовано два способи організації спільної політики оборони, форми та межі її здійснення. Виявлено проблемні аспекти щодо організації спільної політики оборони держав.Конкретизовано основі форми здійснення спільної політики оборони держав Європейського Союзу та Організації Північноатлантичного договору з Україною, наведено пропозиції щодо покращення взаємодії між Україною та державами Європейського Союзу та Організації Північноатлантичного договору в організації спільної політики оборони держав. Надано пропозиції щодо організації спільної політики оборони держав за участю країн Люблінського трикутника.

The article is devoted to the analysis of current regulations in the field of defense procurement. The importance of the problem of corruption for the people of Ukraine is highlighted.The threat to national security caused by high levels of corruption is mentioned. A number of studies on the spread of corruption in the defense sector are processed, in particular by such public organizations as the Independent Anti-Corruption Committee on Defense, Transparency International UK, Transparency International Ukraine and others.Attention is drawn to the presence of a large number of corruption risks in the defense sector. The Law of Ukraine"On Defense Procurement", adopted by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on July 17, 2020, was analyzed.Attention is paid to the fact that the Law of Ukraine"On Defense Procurement"provides for the purchase of goods, works and services for defense purposes, which is a state secret, through closed procurement, and it also regulates the absence of competitive procedures for procurement by import by making purchases directly through electronic trading platforms. Some aspects of the Law of Ukraine"On Public Procurement"used in defense procurement are considered. Based on the results of the analysis, it was concluded that the Law of Ukraine"On DefenseProcurement"helps to overcome most of the corruption risks identified in the study of the Independent Anti-Corruption Committee on Defense, however, it also needs significant improvement, as some provisions contain gaps that lead to new corruption risks, if they are not corrected. ; У статті проведено аналіз чинних нормативно-правових актів у сфері оборонних закупівель, висвітлено деякі недоліки Закону України "Про оборонні закупівлі", а також проаналізовано корупційні ризики, які можуть з'явитися в результаті реалізації положень Закону "Про оборонні закупівлі".