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This thesis is the result of an ethnographic study conducted between 2011 and 2012, primarily through participant observation, on certain defense practices that have emerged in recent years in Egypt and contributed to a "revolutionary" security market. Self-defense classes (difā'a 'an al-nafs), the popularity of which has continued to grow since 2011 in socially affluent districts of Cairo, are at the heart of this research. The dissertation conceives of self-defense trainings as not only revealing but also producing "revolutionary" physical and technical repertoires in which the emotional, gendered, social and moral dimensions of the period's political upheavals are embodied. Women – but sometimes also men – come to the self-defense classes to acquire combat skills such as throwing kicks and punches, learning to face aggressors using specific objects and bodily techniques. The notion of "play" is used as a theoretical tool for drawing together and analyzing the different levels of meaning of the paradoxical experiences observed in these classes. The ethnography allows for a better understanding of the evolution of urban sociability, the transformation of representations and uses of violence, and the reconfiguration of gender and class relations in contemporary Egyptian society. By making visible the technical dimension of how individuals deal with power and the socially and sexually situated modalities by which categories such as "legitimacy" and "illegitimacy" are produced with respect to violence, self-defense constitutes a valuable vantage point from which to contribute to an anthropology of the Egyptian revolution. ; Depuis 2011, la révolution égyptienne et ses contrecoups ont suscité au Caire l'émergence d'un véritable marché de la sécurité. Cette thèse est le fruit d'une enquête ethnographique, menée en observation participante, relative à différentes pratiques de défense ayant émergé dans ce cadre. Les cours de self-défense (difā'a 'an al-nafs), dont le succès ne cesse de se confirmer dans les quartiers ...

This thesis is the result of an ethnographic study conducted between 2011 and 2012, primarily through participant observation, on certain defense practices that have emerged in recent years in Egypt and contributed to a "revolutionary" security market. Self-defense classes (difā'a 'an al-nafs), the popularity of which has continued to grow since 2011 in socially affluent districts of Cairo, are at the heart of this research. The dissertation conceives of self-defense trainings as not only revealing but also producing "revolutionary" physical and technical repertoires in which the emotional, gendered, social and moral dimensions of the period's political upheavals are embodied. Women – but sometimes also men – come to the self-defense classes to acquire combat skills such as throwing kicks and punches, learning to face aggressors using specific objects and bodily techniques. The notion of "play" is used as a theoretical tool for drawing together and analyzing the different levels of meaning of the paradoxical experiences observed in these classes. The ethnography allows for a better understanding of the evolution of urban sociability, the transformation of representations and uses of violence, and the reconfiguration of gender and class relations in contemporary Egyptian society. By making visible the technical dimension of how individuals deal with power and the socially and sexually situated modalities by which categories such as "legitimacy" and "illegitimacy" are produced with respect to violence, self-defense constitutes a valuable vantage point from which to contribute to an anthropology of the Egyptian revolution. ; Depuis 2011, la révolution égyptienne et ses contrecoups ont suscité au Caire l'émergence d'un véritable marché de la sécurité. Cette thèse est le fruit d'une enquête ethnographique, menée en observation participante, relative à différentes pratiques de défense ayant émergé dans ce cadre. Les cours de self-défense (difā'a 'an al-nafs), dont le succès ne cesse de se confirmer dans les quartiers ...

Mode of access: Internet. ; French, English, German, Italian. ; "Servant d'organe à l'International law association."

This text gives a general overview of the Code of Private International Law (Act of 16 July 2004, published in the Official Gazette on 27th July 2004), which entered into force on 1st of October 2004. The text focuses primarily on the aspects of the Code which are useful for notaries, such the law of estate and the law of matrimonial property. The text also gives an overview of the general rules of the Code of Private International law, with specific attention to the innovations (such as the escape clause to be found in Article 19).

primauté du droit international et du droit européen en droit fiscal belge / Primacy of international and EU Law in Belgian tax law ; Peer reviewed

The national or the European private international law is taking into a particular accountthe foreign legal systems. The foreign law application is an expression of the attention given to the foreignlegal systems, but applying a law that belongs to a different legal system than the legal system of the forumcountry may provoke a defence reaction caused by the existing differences between the legal systemsinvolved. The foreign law application is therefore confronted to different obstacles that tend to ensure aprimary application of the lex fori. First, the techniques used by the legal system of the forum country toapply the foreign law are not entirely favourable to this kind of application, as evidenced by the recurrentintervention of the international public policy. Furthermore, there are elements that are exogenous to thelegal system of the forum country, such as different understandings of the same legal institution that canobstruct the foreign law application. There is thus a gap between the theory of the private internationalrules, which would appeal a frequent application of the foreign law, and the use that is made of them by theauthorities of the forum country, which often leads to the neutralization of the foreign law. This studydefends a better compliance to the theory of private international law, which would promote the applicationof the foreign law. In this perspective, the private international law of the European Union provides animportant source of « savoir-faire » as it promotes the application of a foreign law belonging to anotherMember States. ; Le droit international privé, tel qu'il résulte des droits nationaux et du droit de l'Unioneuropéenne, accorde une attention particulière aux systèmes juridiques étrangers. L'application de la loiétrangère constitue l'expression de l'importance reconnue aux systèmes juridiques étrangers, mais appliquerune loi qui est extérieure au système juridique du for peut provoquer, du fait de sa différence, des réactionsdéfensives. L'application de la loi ...

This thesis is the result of an ethnographic study conducted between 2011 and 2012, primarily through participant observation, on certain defense practices that have emerged in recent years in Egypt and contributed to a "revolutionary" security market. Self-defense classes (difā'a 'an al-nafs), the popularity of which has continued to grow since 2011 in socially affluent districts of Cairo, are at the heart of this research. The dissertation conceives of self-defense trainings as not only revealing but also producing "revolutionary" physical and technical repertoires in which the emotional, gendered, social and moral dimensions of the period's political upheavals are embodied. Women – but sometimes also men – come to the self-defense classes to acquire combat skills such as throwing kicks and punches, learning to face aggressors using specific objects and bodily techniques. The notion of "play" is used as a theoretical tool for drawing together and analyzing the different levels of meaning of the paradoxical experiences observed in these classes. The ethnography allows for a better understanding of the evolution of urban sociability, the transformation of representations and uses of violence, and the reconfiguration of gender and class relations in contemporary Egyptian society. By making visible the technical dimension of how individuals deal with power and the socially and sexually situated modalities by which categories such as "legitimacy" and "illegitimacy" are produced with respect to violence, self-defense constitutes a valuable vantage point from which to contribute to an anthropology of the Egyptian revolution. ; Depuis 2011, la révolution égyptienne et ses contrecoups ont suscité au Caire l'émergence d'un véritable marché de la sécurité. Cette thèse est le fruit d'une enquête ethnographique, menée en observation participante, relative à différentes pratiques de défense ayant émergé dans ce cadre. Les cours de self-défense (difā'a 'an al-nafs), dont le succès ne cesse de se confirmer dans les quartiers ...

International audience ; To fight against illegal practices that infringe trademarks, Morocco has aligned with international standards in this area, by enshrining in its legislation various administrative and judicial actions to ensure better defense of the rights of trademark owners ; Pour lutter contre les pratiques illégales portant atteinte à la marque de fabrique, de commerce et de service, le Maroc s'est aligné sur les standards internationaux en la matière, en consacrant dans sa législation divers actions administratives et judiciaires à même d'assurer une meilleure défense des droits des titulaires des marques.

Cette contribution dresse un panorama général des questions de droit international privé (en particulier la détermination du juge compétent et du droit applicable) aux libéralités, avec une attention particulière pour les contrats de donation. La contribution s'intéresse d'abord aux donations réalisées en Belgique pour examiner ensuite les donations effectuées à l'étranger, notamment sous l'angle de la fraude à la loi

In this paper I review the operation of the exception clause provided in Article 19 of the Belgian Code of Private International Law (Act of 16 July 2004 entered into force on 1st of October 2004). Much has been written on the need but also on the risks associated with such exception clauses. The introduction of this mechanism has been much criticized in Belgian scholarly works (among others by Barnich). I attempt to downplay or nuance some of the criticisms by showing that when properly applied, the exception clause does not call into question the operation of other conflict of laws rules. In order to do so, I analyze the main requirements of Article 19, in the light of the foreign experiences with similar mechanisms (inter alia the Swiss experience and the experience of the 1980 Rome Convention).

In the 2000s, as French society was experiencing a rise in postcolonial demands, politicised French rappers focused their writing on themes such as the history of relationships between Europe and Africa, slavery, colonisation, and the history of immigration. Médine, who is one of these rappers, is committed to defending the cause of victims of exclusion. His keen interest in history makes him think that we have much to learn from the past so as not to repeat the same mistakes in the present. He has made it his duty to keep alive our collective memory and warn us against some official truncated versions of history. His rap "Self Defense", from the album Arabian Panther (2008), features historical leaders who fought against various forms of oppression and defended their people's rights.Throughout this rap, Médine establishes a close link between these leaders' fights and his own, bringing their people together in a kind of symbolic 'community of the oppressed'. Mixing provocation and political demands all along his rap, he draws our attention to his call for the duty of remembrance, which he finally legitimises by quoting the Taubira law promoting the recognition of the slave trade and slavery as a crime against humanity and asking for the inclusion of these historical facts in school and university curricula.

The private actors have always participated in the development of international humanitarian law, even though their participation has reached an unprecedented dimension in recent decades. The legal status of the participating actors, as well as the mechanisms provided for the participation are however heterogeneous. In addition to the ICRC and the NGOs, the international law scholars and the judges, in the case of expressing their own individual or dissenting opinion, seem to contribute to the sources of international law. The influence and the interpretation should be regarded as two forms of the participation of private actors which could take place through the informal means of action as well as the tools provided by accreditation. Nevertheless, the participation remains quite limited, given that the UN consultative provisions and the accreditation process in the international conferences are subject to numerous restrictions. The constraints resulting from the interstate nature of the international legal order as well as those related to the diversity and the legitimacy of private actors also raise the questions about the efficiency of the participation. ; Depuis la création du droit international humanitaire, les personnes privées ont toujours participé à son développement, même si leur participation a atteint une dimension inédite ces dernières décennies. La nature juridique des personnes participantes ainsi que leurs mécanismes de participation sont hétérogènes. Ainsi, outre le CICR et les ONG qui sont les principaux acteurs concernés, les contributeurs de la doctrine et les juges, lorsqu'ils expriment une opinion séparée, apportent une contribution normative aux sources du droit international. La participation prend la forme tantôt de l'influence tantôt de l'interprétation et se réalise par le recours tant aux outils fournis par l'accréditation qu'aux moyens d'action informels. Néanmoins, l'effectivité de cette participation demeure assez limitée dans la mesure où les mécanismes prévus à l'ONU et aux ...

Ce texte donne un aperçu des questions pratiques soulevées par les donations qui s'inscrivent dans un cadre international. Il ne s'intéresse qu'aux questions civiles, en n'abordant pas les aspects de droit fiscal. Le texte est structuré autour de questions qui structurent le raisonnement du praticien. Une attention particulière est accordée aux formes sophistiquées de donation - donation avec charge, donation avec réserve d'usufruit, donation de residuo, etc. Les liens entre la donation et d'autres règles - comme le droit des successions et le droit des incapables - sont analysés.

The search of the law applicable to the company, lex societatis is a must because it isthis law which will depend on the rules of formation, operation and dissolution of thecompany. But the problem of determining the lex societatis in International Business Law isthe identification of a suitable method of attachment of cross-border companies on a nationalterritory. The transboundary nature of today's societies accentuates the conflict between thedifferent companies of connecting systems traditionally retained by the legislation. Theplurality of connecting corporate system is causing conflicts that standardization of the rulesof conflict of laws determining the lex societatis can be a solution.Company law should be a tool for business, not a hindrance to their development andtheir development. So to meet the needs of international business, besides the elimination ofbarriers to trade should be considered an adaptation of the contents of the current conflict oflaws rules that allow the determination of the lex societatis and a change of their source. ; La recherche de la loi applicable à la société, lex societatis, est incontournable carc'est de cette loi dont dépendront les règles de constitution, de fonctionnement et dedissolution de la société. Mais la problématique de la détermination de la lex societatis enDroit International des Affaires réside dans l'identification d'un mode adéquat derattachement des sociétés transfrontalières à un territoire national. Le caractère transfrontalierdes sociétés actuelles accentue le conflit entre les différents systèmes de rattachement dessociétés traditionnellement retenus par les législations. La pluralité de système derattachement des sociétés est à l'origine de conflits auxquels l'uniformisation de la règle deconflit de lois en matière de détermination de la lex societatis peut être une solution.Le droit des sociétés doit être un instrument au service des affaires, et non un frein àleur évolution et à leur développement. Ainsi pour répondre aux besoins des ...

The issue of procedure in private international law seems simple, at first glance, to solve as the jurisdiction of the law of the forum is imbued with evidence. This is from the perspective of private international law methods - especially the conflict method and method of the substantive rules - as part of the action of the European Union that reflection has been developed. The position of the last in the first two sources justifies this position. The evidence of the rule above quickly felt. It conducts to douter the relevance of the use of conflict method to solve the difficulties that regional institution intends to annihilate in disputes involving a foreign element. But the difficulties of definition of the category procedure quickly hold the attention also. It thus appears a first field of action of the Union, already explored, but must be completed. However, the construction of the European judicial area – because there is the objective - seems to require, by the admission of the European authorities, contain procedural disparities. These are the substantive rules themselves that appear often ask questions in cross-border disputes by making it dificult in particular the free movement of judgments. So it is to this second method of private international law that the European Union had to turn. The vocation of the Union to act having been established, and a quick inventory of the achievement have been drawn up, it could be sought substantive rules that seemed necessary. Beyond these, the conflict method ensures the completeness of the system. ; La question de la procédure en droit international privé parait de prime abord simple à résoudre tant la compétence de la loi du for est empreinte d'évidence. C'est sous l'angle des méthodes du droit international privé – et particulièrement la méthode conflictuelle et la méthode des règles matérielles – dans le cadre de l'action de l'Union européenne que la réflexion a été développée. La place de cette dernière dans les sources des deux premières justifie cette ...