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The article examines the peculiarities of emotive vocabulary functioning in the hagiographic texts of the 17 th –18 th centuries based on the material of short and lengthy editions of the Life of the locally venerable Saint Paisius of Uglich. The research paper aims to describe the semantics of emotives and identify the features of their functions implementation in the regional text. Whilst analyzing the lexical meaning of linguistic units, special attention was paid to additional senses that are actualized in the lexical structure of the text. Thus, contextual analysis made it possible to distinguish between close synonyms with the meanings of "joy" – "fun" and "sadness" – "sorrow" through the establishment of a hierarchy of antonymic oppositions: "joy" – "sadness" as related to the divine, always socially approved feelings experienced by the subject within himself, and "fun" – "sorrow" as often having external manifestations associated with everyday life, not always socially approved emotional experiences. The main linguistic functions of emotives are characterological, which is found in the description of emotional experiences of characters, and text-forming, explicated through the correlation of emotives that denote dominant emotions in the text of the function. The connection of the emotives used in the Life with a certain territory is noted to be indirect, as the realization of plot-forming and ideological functions that allow recreating a special cultural code, understandable and recognizable by the reader.

In professional English vocabulary collocations are being formed, the semantics requiring clarification. The subject of the research is the semantic meanings of word-combinations with the "organic" concept, used in the fields of agriculture, construction, business such as organic farming (organic agriculture), organic food; organic architecture; organic grows, organic business, organic business grows. The objective of the study is to identify the individual semantic fields of each group of word-combinations and their common semantic meanings. Research methods-analysis and systematization of semantic meanings of given word-combinations based on foreign language paper, identifying common elements of semantic meanings. Conclusions: the semantic fields of each collocation in professional English vocabulary have been determined. It was revealed that it is due to the presence of the "organic" concept that the collocation acquires the meaning of the adaptability of the professional activity (agriculture, business, construction) to the environment without breaking its balance, environmental friendliness and sustainability; success and prosperity due to harmonizing actions with the environment. The results obtained contribute to the development of linguistics, to the comprehension of professional English-language vocabulary and are useful in the training of translators in the field of professional communication.

It is pointed out that in order to use an electronic machine designed for data-processing we must be able to communicate with it. The term language is applied to any org'ed system of signs calculated to bring about such COMM, & the words syntax & semantics are used in reference to languages of this kind. It is suggested that although linguistics, mathematical logic & data-processing cover entirely diff fields, the problems arising in each of them in connection with the relations between syntax & semantics must be formulated on lines which, if not exactly the same, are at least fairly similar in each field. A given machine is equipped, by its very design & the fitting together of its components, for the direct `comprehension' of one particular language: its own machine language, the one to which it is obliged, in the last analysis, to reduce all others. An instruction may therefore be represented as a sequence with the alphabet (0, 1). In the case of MLX (machine language of machine X), attention should be drawn to the following: (a) a kind of positioned morphology or syntax, (b) a dualism of form & meaning which, unlike the situation in natural languages, rules out almost entirely the arbitrary quality of the sign, & (c) a group of problems referring to the referent & the sense. Direct programming in a machine language is shown to have serious drawbacks. The main conditions to be satisfied by a programming language are outlined. It is stressed that it Is impossible, in the various fields considered, to draw a strict dividing line between syntax & semantics, & that it is probably in mathematical logic that this permeability of the syntaxsemantics frontier is most difficult to recognize. E. Weiman.

There is an age-old tradition in linguistics and philosophy to identify the meaning of a entence with its truth-conditions. This can be explained by the fact that linguistic and philosophical investigations are usually carried out in a logical framework that was originally designed to characterize valid reasoning. Indeed, in order to determine whether an argument is valid, it suffices to know the truth-conditions of the premises and conclusion. However, argumentation is neither the sole, nor the primary function of language. One task that language more widely and ordinarily fulfils is to enable the exchange of information between conversational participants. Inquisitive semantics is a new logical framework for the analysis of this fundamental usage of language. Information exchange can be seen as a process of raising and resolving issues. Inquisitive semantics provides a new formal notion of issues, which makes it possible to model various concepts that are crucial for the analysis of linguistic information exchange in a more refined and more principled way than has been possible in previous frameworks. This book provides a detailed exposition of inquisitive semantics, and demonstrates its benefits with a range of applications in the semantic analysis of questions, coordination, modals, conditionals, and intonation.

The article examines the system of meanings of the verbal prefix o-/ob- as participating in the formation of dialectal denominations of consciousness disorders. In the course of study, the lexical data were divided depending on the nature of the motivating word stem. O-/ob- denominal and verbal derivatives were also divided into subgroups. Certain types of semantic relations between the original word and the derivative were studied within the subgroups. The meanings of the affix identified on the basis of the standard language data are mostly relevant to dialect vocabulary; however, the noted models often turn out to be more productive in vernacular dialects: the meaning 'to become like the object named by the motivating stem' (c. f. the standard language word okamenе́t', i. e., to become like a stone 'because of surprise, fear, etc., to freeze') is embodied in the Northern ostolо́pit'sya (because of fright, amazement, etc.), which means to 'become like a stolо́p', i.e., a pillar (Novg., Leningr., Zaonezh., Olon., North., Kalin.), in the Yaroslav., Olon. ostozhít' 'to become motionless because of fright, amazement, etc.' ('to become like a hay stack'), etc. In cases of de-etymologization of the inner form, we propose an interpretation of the linguistic fact. For example, the Arkh. lexeme oburе́t' (obyrе́t') 'to come to one's senses' is referred to the subgroup of the perfectivation meaning (bring to an end) since there should be restored the prefix ob- and the root -vyr- (with the general meaning of a positive internal change) (c. f. the Tver., Novg. word vyrе́t' 'get used to, acquire skills in something'). The root has undergone transformations on the morphemic seam. The 'activation' of different meanings of the prefix during word formation leads to the polarization: the Olon. obumе́t' 'to go out of mind, to become stupid, to become forgetful' and the Murman. obumе́t' 'to get smart'.

This action research sought ways to maximize secondary social studies teachers' instructional time and merge their core functions as literacy, content and social-justice instructors. Drawing on a wide literature demonstrating potent correlation between requisite vocabulary knowledge and reading comprehension, this action research investigated the potential interface between explicit literacy instruction, particularly robust vocabulary instruction, and democratic citizenship, while keeping in mind the intent of the Common Core Standards. In other words: is it possible to fuse robust vocabulary instruction to achieve transformative citizenship? Data collection included multiple in-person and digital interviews with veteran K-12 teachers, administrators and university professors about their views on social justice, literacy instruction, and potential connections between the two. Results indicated that while secondary social studies educators value both literacy and social justice, they do not employ systematic literacy or social justice pedagogy to achieve their goals. However, the limited sample, in terms of numbers, convenience, and lack of racial diversity calls for further investigation.