Suchergebnisse

Li Chi Yin. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-80). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 ; Chapter 1.1 --- Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) --- p.1 ; Chapter 1.2 --- Unidimensional Scaling (UDS) --- p.15 ; Chapter 1.3 --- Circular Unidimensional Scaling (CDS) --- p.17 ; Chapter 1.4 --- The Goodness of fit of models --- p.24 ; Chapter 1.5 --- The admissible transformations of the MDS configuration --- p.26 ; Chapter 2 --- "Computational Methods on MDS, UDS and CDS" --- p.29 ; Chapter 2.1 --- Classical Scaling --- p.29 ; Chapter 2.2 --- Guttman's updating algorithm and Pliner's smoothing algorithm --- p.36 ; Chapter 2.3 --- Circular Unidimensional Scaling/Circumplex Model --- p.43 ; Chapter 3 --- A new algorithm for CDS --- p.45 ; Chapter 3.1 --- Method of choosing a good starting value in Guttman's updating algorithm and Pliner's smoothing algorithm --- p.46 ; Chapter 3.2 --- A new approach for circular unidimensional scaling --- p.54 ; Chapter 3.3 --- Examples --- p.62 ; Chapter 3.3.1 --- Comparison of the new approach to existing method --- p.62 ; Chapter 3.3.2 --- Illustrations of application to political data --- p.64 ; Chapter 4 --- Conclusion and Extensions --- p.67 ; Chapter A --- Figures and Tables --- p.70 ; Chapter B --- References --- p.78

This article provides a look at the main turning points in research on educational inequalities, both at the level of the fi eld's subject matter and its methodology. The text focuses on authors and concepts that in their time constituted a major innovation, signifi cantly advancing analysis and knowledge in the fi eld of research on educational inequalities. In the article the authors propose viewing researchers in the fi eld of educational inequalities through the lens of their era and in relation to the major turning points between them, which can be identifi ed in terms of subject matter and methodology, and even chronologically. The authors define three basic periods, and for each one present two key concepts. The first period is represented by the basic model of the stratification process and by the socio-psychological model. The second period is characterised by the concept of educational allocation and the theory of 'maximally maintained inequality' (MMI). Presented for the third period are the multinomial transition model and the theory of 'effectively maintained inequality' (EMI). Across these stages of development the authors highlight three of the cited concepts as ground-breaking methodological innovations (the basic model of the stratification process, the concept of educational allocation, and the multinomial transition model) and the other three as innovations in subject matter (interpretive), though closely tied to the advancement of quantitative methods used in the analysis of educational inequalities (the socio-psychological model and the MMI and EMI theories).

第三次民主化浪潮及其所代表的世界性民主化转型使得许多人相信民主不仅具有其本身的价值,而且有助于提高大众的福利水平。不少学者曾研究过民主制度与社会福利产出之间的关系。然而,在解释两者关系时并未得到一致性的结论。在很多情况下,民主制国家在改善人类发展指标和提高福利水平方面并没得到社会所期待的结果,而且经常被非民主制国家所超越。政治制度如何影响社会福利表现?民主化和社会福利发展之间是否存在取舍矛盾?如果这种取舍矛盾存在,如何将民主化的社会代价减到最小? ; 本研究试图加深我们对政治制度性质与社会福利产出水平之间关系的理解。为此,本文以维度路径分析政治制度的不同维度如何影响政府采取不同类型的政策选择。本文的核心问题是:民主制的哪些方面有利于/不利于哪种公共政策的实现?民主的不同维度能够促进/抑制哪些政策?竞争性选举和公众参与形成本研究的两个自变量维度。本研究应变量的两个维度是两种政府回应性:政府对公民基本需求(basic needs)的回应,即代表了社会福利表现的改进,以及政府对公民要求(wants and demands)的回应,即代表了满足群体所呼吁的而非客观上对其有利的政策福利。两者在概念上有所不同。本文首先在理论上分析自变量和应变量不同维度之间的关系,继而引用实证科学的定量和定性基本方法来检验所建立的理论关系。 ; 本研究证明,并非所有的导致回应要求(wants)的民主属性也有助于使政府回应基本需求(basic needs)。公众要求和公众客观需求作为公共政策所回应的目标具有不同的特征。从委托-代理理论框架来看,回应公众基本需求的政策需要政府采取不同于在回应主观要求时所采取的措施。由于这些不同点,在两个民主维度(政治竞争和公众参与)当中,只有后者对基本需求有积极影响,而前者往往会阻碍以回应基本需求为目的的政策。在政治竞争压力之下,追求选票最大化的政治家更倾向于采取回应社会现有要求的短期措施,且往往以忽视客观需求为代价。因此,为了避免民主化的高成本,需要促进民主的参与维度,且同时要缓解其竞争维度的激烈性。 ; The shift towards democracy globally under the "third wave" of democratization has stirred the conviction that democracy is not only a good thing in itself but also a promoter of general welfare. A considerable amount of research has been conducted to explore the effects of democracy on social outcomes. However, unequivocal conclusions regarding democracy's impact on health, education, life expectancy and other aspects of human well-being have not been achieved. Many democracies do not perform as good as they are expected to and are often outperformed by non-democratic regimes. Questions appear: How does political regime affect social performance? Is there a trade-off between democratization, on the one hand, and social development, on the other? If there is, how should democratization be carried out so as not to inhibit human well-being? ; This dissertation attempts to enhance our understanding of the impact of political regime on social outcomes by applying a dimensional approach. Instead of asking whether democracy is good or bad, it asks: which dimensions of political regime are good for which kinds of outcomes? What kinds of policies are promoted and what ...

Mass Communication and Media play an integral part in modern societies. This publication reflects on fundamental theoretical works and recent key texts from different backgrounds such as political analysis, feminism, media studies or Cultural Theory. It is designed as a workbook in European-Chinese intercultural studies. Therefore thorough descriptions of the texts in Chinese language are backed up by additional information and questions to ponder to deepen the understanding. This book is part of the series "interKULTUR European-Chinese intercultural Studies" which consists of teaching material for intercultural studies in higher education and research results of such studies.

Survey-based measures of subjective well-being are more and more often analyzed cross-culturally. However, international comparison of these measures requires measurement invariance. Therefore, the major goal of this study was to investigate the cross-country comparability of the five-item subjective well-being scales used in the International Social Survey Programme (2011, 2017). This study applied both the traditional exact and the more recent Bayesian approximate approach to assess whether the subjective well-being scales were measurement invariant. The Bayesian approach detected several non‑invariant items that were problematic for cross-national comparison and could be dropped from the scales. Consequently, measurement invariance was established in all countries for the reduced scales, allowing researchers to meaningfully compare their latent mean scores and the relationships with other theoretical constructs of interest. Thus, the study highlighted the advantages of using multiple indicators and the necessity of measurement invariance testing in subjective well-being research.

The article focuses on an analysis of the situation in which information is obtained from respondents in questionnaire surveys. From the perspective of the cognitive aspects of survey methodology the article takes a complex view of this situation and applies theoretical concepts and empirical evidence in order to explain the close connection between the interview situation and the quality of the information obtained. The interview situation is portrayed in its twofold form: personal aspects (the mental operations of respondents) and social aspects (the interaction and communication between the interviewer and the respondent). The analysis of the interactive aspects of the interview situation draws attention to the rules of standard communication, which interfere with the ordinary concept of the standardised interview and the course of mental processes. The cognitive aspect of responding to questions is analysed from the perspective of the wider understanding of context effects, the author refers to the most important theoretical concepts relating to individual effects and empirical evidence of some effects that infl uence the response process. The article takes a somewhat untypical approach to some aspects of data collection in questionnaire surveys and into the Czech context introduces the cognitive aspects of the methodology of questionnaire surveys.

prepared by Chu Yan-kit. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 125-145). ; Abstract also in Chinese. ; Acknowledgments --- p.iii-iv ; List of Tables and Figures --- p.vii-ix ; List of Abbreviations --- p.x ; Abstract --- p.xi-xiv ; Chapter Chapter One: --- Introduction --- p.1-39 ; Chapter 1.1 --- Scope and Purpose --- p.1-2 ; Chapter 1.2 --- Literature Review --- p.3-18 ; Chapter 1.2.1 --- Public Budgeting Researches in Hong Kong --- p.3-4 ; Chapter 1.2.2 --- On-Hand Budgeting Theories --- p.5-12 ; Chapter 1.2.3 --- Neo-Institutional Approach --- p.13-18 ; Chapter 1.3 --- Conceptualization --- p.19-27 ; Chapter 1.3.1 --- Premises of the Explanatory Model --- p.19 ; Chapter 1.3.2 --- Rationale of the Model --- p.20-27 ; Chapter 1.4 --- Operationalization --- p.28-36 ; Chapter 1.4.1 --- Working Definitions --- p.28-29 ; Chapter 1.4.2 --- Operationalization of the Research --- p.29-32 ; Chapter 1.4.3 --- Indicators and Hypotheses --- p.32-34 ; Chapter 1.4.4 --- Methodology --- p.35-36 ; Chapter 1.5 --- Organization of the Research --- p.37 ; Notes --- p.38-39 ; Chapter Chapter Two: --- The Background --- p.40-69 ; Chapter 2.1 --- Characteristics of the Colonial Public Finance System & Marco-Economic Context for the Public Finance System --- p.40-47 ; Chapter 2.1.1 --- Revenue Aspect of the Public Finance System --- p.40-41 ; Chapter 2.1.2 --- Expenditure Aspect of the Public Finance System 42- --- p.47 ; Chapter 2.2 --- Macro Economic Context for the Two Institutional Levels from the 1970s to the 1990s --- p.48-53 ; Chapter 2.2.1 --- Financially Non-Stringent & Stringent Periods for the First Level Institutions --- p.48-50 ; Chapter 2.2.2 --- Non-Hostile & Hostile Periods for the Second Level Institutions --- p.51-53 ; Chapter 2.3 --- Composition and Characteristics of the Actors in the Two Institutional Levels --- p.54-59 ; Chapter 2.3.1 --- Actors in the First Level Institutions and the Second Level Institutions --- p.54 ; Chapter ...

Lee Chun Sing. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 64-68). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Abstract --- p.i-ii ; Acknowledgment --- p.iii ; Contents --- p.iv ; Lists of Tables --- p.vi ; Lists of Figures --- p.vii ; Chapter Chapter One --- Introduction --- p.1 ; Chapter Chapter Two --- The Basic Model with Exogeneous Real Interest Rate --- p.6 ; Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.6 ; Chapter 2.2 --- Benchmark Model --- p.9 ; Chapter 2.3 --- Discussion of Results --- p.18 ; Chapter 2.3.1 --- Agent Behaviour --- p.19 ; Chapter 2.4 --- Numerical Examples --- p.23 ; Chapter 2.4.1 --- Base Results --- p.25 ; Chapter Chapter Three --- The Basic Model with Endogeneous Real Interest Rate --- p.28 ; Chapter 3.1 --- Numerical Examples --- p.30 ; Chapter 3.1.1 --- Base Results --- p.30 ; Chapter 3.2 --- Government Policy Evaluation --- p.33 ; Chapter 3.2.1 --- Education Subsidies --- p.35 ; Chapter 3.2.2 --- Wage Subsidy --- p.35 ; Chapter 3.2.3 --- Base Case Outcome --- p.36 ; Chapter Chapter Four --- Conclusions --- p.40 ; Appendix A --- p.41 ; Appendix B --- p.42 ; Appendix C --- p.42 ; Tables --- p.47 ; Figures --- p.58 ; References --- p.64