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In "The Idea of Justice" (2009), Sen firmly criticizes "transcendental" theories of justice, the archetype of which is to be found in Rawls' works and he suggests substituting for them a more pragmatic "comparative" approach. In "Macrojustice" (2005), Kolm defends his conception of an "endogenous social choice", which induces him to keep at a distance Rawlsian concepts, such as "original position" and "veil of ignorance", he considers as too abstract. Concerning Rawls himself, he has offered a philosophical formulation of the second principle of justice ("fair equality of opportunity" and "principle of difference") but that sole formulation remains too vague to contain precise proposals in the field of economic and social policy. In spite of real differences at a epistemological level about the meaning of their own normative ideas, Sen, Kolm and Rawls can be considered as "liberal egalitarians", but economics of this school of thought is still to be specified (1): The Rawlsian hierarchy between the principles de justice would give our essay its general framework (2), whereas Sen's "capability approach" would legitimize a more ambitious conception of "fair equality of opportunity" (3) and Kolm's distributive "ELIE transfers" would be a suitable application of the "principle of difference" (4). As a conclusion, the scope and limits of our essay are subject to a first examination (5). ; Dans "The Idea of Justice" (2009), Sen formule une critique systématique des théories « transcendantales » de la justice, dont l'archétype se trouve dans l'œuvre de Rawls et propose de leur substituer une approche « comparative », plus pragmatique. Dans "Macrojustice" (2005), Kolm défend une conception du « choix social endogène » qui le conduit, lui aussi, à se démarquer des notions rawlsiennes trop abstraites de « position originelle » et de « voile d'ignorance ». Quant à Rawls lui-même, la formulation philosophique qu'il a pu donner de son second principe de justice (« juste égalité des chances » et « principe de différence ») ...

Legal Effectiveness of Social rights is an old issue of legal sociology. The Authors propose to develop a ACapability Approach of rights, inspired by Amartya Sen but complted by legal sociology. The example of parental leave in the European Union is examined as an empirical application of this approach. This Working Paper is the translation of a paper in French, published in 2008 in Jean De Munck and Bénédicte Zimmermann (eds.), La liberté au prisme des capacités. Amartya Sen au-delà du libéralisme, Paris : ed. de l'EHESS.

In "The Idea of Justice" (2009), Sen firmly criticizes "transcendental" theories of justice, the archetype of which is to be found in Rawls' works and he suggests substituting for them a more pragmatic "comparative" approach. In "Macrojustice" (2005), Kolm defends his conception of an "endogenous social choice", which induces him to keep at a distance Rawlsian concepts, such as "original position" and "veil of ignorance", he considers as too abstract. Concerning Rawls himself, he has offered a philosophical formulation of the second principle of justice ("fair equality of opportunity" and "principle of difference") but that sole formulation remains too vague to contain precise proposals in the field of economic and social policy. In spite of real differences at a epistemological level about the meaning of their own normative ideas, Sen, Kolm and Rawls can be considered as "liberal egalitarians", but economics of this school of thought is still to be specified (1): The Rawlsian hierarchy between the principles de justice would give our essay its general framework (2), whereas Sen's "capability approach" would legitimize a more ambitious conception of "fair equality of opportunity" (3) and Kolm's distributive "ELIE transfers" would be a suitable application of the "principle of difference" (4). As a conclusion, the scope and limits of our essay are subject to a first examination (5). ; Dans "The Idea of Justice" (2009), Sen formule une critique systématique des théories « transcendantales » de la justice, dont l'archétype se trouve dans l'œuvre de Rawls et propose de leur substituer une approche « comparative », plus pragmatique. Dans "Macrojustice" (2005), Kolm défend une conception du « choix social endogène » qui le conduit, lui aussi, à se démarquer des notions rawlsiennes trop abstraites de « position originelle » et de « voile d'ignorance ». Quant à Rawls lui-même, la formulation philosophique qu'il a pu donner de son second principe de justice (« juste égalité des chances » et « principe de différence ») semble trop floue pour contenir à elle seule des propositions précises de politique économique et sociale. En dépit des profondes différences d'ordre épistémologique sur le sens qu'ils donnent à leur réflexion normative respective, Sen, Kolm et Rawls sont pourtant tous des représentants d'un « égalitarisme libéral », dont l'économie générale reste toutefois à préciser (1) : si la hiérarchie rawlsienne des principes de justice fournit à notre essai son armature générale (2), l'approche des capacités de Sen légitime une conception plus ambitieuse de l'égalité des chances (3) et les transferts redistributifs « ELIE » de Kolm constitue une traduction possible du principe de différence (4). Portée et limites de notre essai font l'objet en conclusion d'un premier examen (5).

Texte à paraître dans le recueil: A. Fagot-Largeault (dir.), La philosophie et l'état du monde, Paris, Vrin, 2011. ; International audience ; In the « Europa » workshop of Société Française de Philosophie, we have had an opportunity to discuss the principles of social policy evaluation, in connection with current evolutions of the Welfare-State model. It is possible to use Amartya Sen's capability approach, given that we are to consider positive achievements concerning (1) personal welfare and (2) choice capacities. We'll stress that A. Sen's approach is rooted in philosophical elaborations about the connections between ethics and information. Some political limits of the theory will be discussed, starting from the links with the United Nations's Human Development Index. ; Dans l'atelier « Europe » de la Société Française de Philosophie, nous avons été conduits à réfléchir sur les principes du jugement concernant les politiques sociales et ce que l'on peut appeler les évolutions du modèle (ou de l'ancien modèle) de l'État social dans l'Union Européenne. L'approche par les capacités au sens d'A. Sen peut être mobilisée à partir de la conviction qu'il faut tout à la fois tenir compte (1) des réalisations positives concernant le bien-être des personnes et (2) des capacités de choix des personnes. Nous soulignerons l'enracinement de l'approche d'A. Sen dans une réflexion philosophique sur les rapports entre éthique et information. Certaines limites politiques de cette approche seront discutées à partir d'une discussion du lien avec l'indicateur de développement humain des Nations-Unies.

Texte à paraître dans le recueil: A. Fagot-Largeault (dir.), La philosophie et l'état du monde, Paris, Vrin, 2011. ; International audience ; In the « Europa » workshop of Société Française de Philosophie, we have had an opportunity to discuss the principles of social policy evaluation, in connection with current evolutions of the Welfare-State model. It is possible to use Amartya Sen's capability approach, given that we are to consider positive achievements concerning (1) personal welfare and (2) choice capacities. We'll stress that A. Sen's approach is rooted in philosophical elaborations about the connections between ethics and information. Some political limits of the theory will be discussed, starting from the links with the United Nations's Human Development Index. ; Dans l'atelier « Europe » de la Société Française de Philosophie, nous avons été conduits à réfléchir sur les principes du jugement concernant les politiques sociales et ce que l'on peut appeler les évolutions du modèle (ou de l'ancien modèle) de l'État social dans l'Union Européenne. L'approche par les capacités au sens d'A. Sen peut être mobilisée à partir de la conviction qu'il faut tout à la fois tenir compte (1) des réalisations positives concernant le bien-être des personnes et (2) des capacités de choix des personnes. Nous soulignerons l'enracinement de l'approche d'A. Sen dans une réflexion philosophique sur les rapports entre éthique et information. Certaines limites politiques de cette approche seront discutées à partir d'une discussion du lien avec l'indicateur de développement humain des Nations-Unies.

As the concept of "territorial development" is still relatively ambiguous, this thesis proposes both a more rigorous and widerapproach than merely identifying it with the "economic development on a local area". Our analysis goes through four distinct phases, each ofthem being dealt with in a different chapter.First, a brief historical analysis of relations between economic and political thoughts, in the sense of community affairsmanagement, emphasizes the reasons which allowed the economic sphere to progressively become more and more influential to the point toestablish itself as the finality of development and go over its status of a "tool". Indeed, upon certain conditions, this shift can be justified,namely in presence of some scarcity of means in order to satisfy one's own needs.Because making the concept of territorial development rely only on the economic aspect leads to implicitly consider the condition ofscarcity as permanent, we wished to verify if the current approaches to the economic theory were capable of taking into account the affluenceof developed countries. To this purpose, we relaxed the non-satiety hypothesis, which is implicit both in the convexity of the indifferencecurves in microeconomics and in the "psychological law" of Keynes' General Theory.The extension of the economic theory to the condition of satiety, which was deeply looked into theoretically and checked against thereality all through the thesis, makes us gain a very unusual insight into economic phenomena. And, once the analysis was opened to therelations between different territories, we were able to demonstrate, from a purely economic point of view, the contradictory nature of theeconomic goals of development.Finally, taking territories as "social constructs", the thesis suggests an alternative proposition, based on the freedoms to be and tomake, and their progressive enlargement, in a way close to Sen's capability approach, yet not being a reduction of it. The proposed approachcouples coherently the economic and the ...

As the concept of "territorial development" is still relatively ambiguous, this thesis proposes both a more rigorous and widerapproach than merely identifying it with the "economic development on a local area". Our analysis goes through four distinct phases, each ofthem being dealt with in a different chapter.First, a brief historical analysis of relations between economic and political thoughts, in the sense of community affairsmanagement, emphasizes the reasons which allowed the economic sphere to progressively become more and more influential to the point toestablish itself as the finality of development and go over its status of a "tool". Indeed, upon certain conditions, this shift can be justified,namely in presence of some scarcity of means in order to satisfy one's own needs.Because making the concept of territorial development rely only on the economic aspect leads to implicitly consider the condition ofscarcity as permanent, we wished to verify if the current approaches to the economic theory were capable of taking into account the affluenceof developed countries. To this purpose, we relaxed the non-satiety hypothesis, which is implicit both in the convexity of the indifferencecurves in microeconomics and in the "psychological law" of Keynes' General Theory.The extension of the economic theory to the condition of satiety, which was deeply looked into theoretically and checked against thereality all through the thesis, makes us gain a very unusual insight into economic phenomena. And, once the analysis was opened to therelations between different territories, we were able to demonstrate, from a purely economic point of view, the contradictory nature of theeconomic goals of development.Finally, taking territories as "social constructs", the thesis suggests an alternative proposition, based on the freedoms to be and tomake, and their progressive enlargement, in a way close to Sen's capability approach, yet not being a reduction of it. The proposed approachcouples coherently the economic and the ...

As the concept of "territorial development" is still relatively ambiguous, this thesis proposes both a more rigorous and widerapproach than merely identifying it with the "economic development on a local area". Our analysis goes through four distinct phases, each ofthem being dealt with in a different chapter.First, a brief historical analysis of relations between economic and political thoughts, in the sense of community affairsmanagement, emphasizes the reasons which allowed the economic sphere to progressively become more and more influential to the point toestablish itself as the finality of development and go over its status of a "tool". Indeed, upon certain conditions, this shift can be justified,namely in presence of some scarcity of means in order to satisfy one's own needs.Because making the concept of territorial development rely only on the economic aspect leads to implicitly consider the condition ofscarcity as permanent, we wished to verify if the current approaches to the economic theory were capable of taking into account the affluenceof developed countries. To this purpose, we relaxed the non-satiety hypothesis, which is implicit both in the convexity of the indifferencecurves in microeconomics and in the "psychological law" of Keynes' General Theory.The extension of the economic theory to the condition of satiety, which was deeply looked into theoretically and checked against thereality all through the thesis, makes us gain a very unusual insight into economic phenomena. And, once the analysis was opened to therelations between different territories, we were able to demonstrate, from a purely economic point of view, the contradictory nature of theeconomic goals of development.Finally, taking territories as "social constructs", the thesis suggests an alternative proposition, based on the freedoms to be and tomake, and their progressive enlargement, in a way close to Sen's capability approach, yet not being a reduction of it. The proposed approachcouples coherently the economic and the ...

International audience ; This article studies the operationalization of theories of social justice in a public policy evaluation procedure. It seeks to show that questioning the principles of social justice underlying public action presupposes developing appropriate methodologies. From a theoretical point of view, the procedure implemented depends on relating concepts of public policy analysis and Amartya Sen's capability approach. This procedure led to the implementation of an innovative methodological protocol mixing quantitative and qualitative approaches. The principal results obtained highlight an unfinished territo­rialization process which does not take the intensity of the social problems and specifi­cities of the local actors' configurations into account. They underline the weak sharing of cognitive foundations in the regional policy and the limited margin of autonomy among field operators. Lastly, they highlight the weight of behavioural expectations with respect to users of guidance policies and the existence of phenomena of failures to avail themselves of public offers. ; Cet article interroge l'opérationnalisation des théories de la justice sociale dans une démarche d'évaluation de politiques publiques. Il vise à montrer que l'interrogation des principes de justice sociale qui sous-tendent l'action publique suppose de développer des méthodologies adaptées. D'un point de vue théorique, la démarche mise en œuvre s'adosse à l'articulation de concepts d'analyse des politiques publiques et de l'approche par les capabilités d' Amartya Sen. Cette démarche a conduit à la mise en œuvre d'un protocole méthodologique innovant mixant approches quantitative et qualitative. Les principaux résultats obtenus mettent en évidence un processus de territorialisation inabouti qui ne prend pas en compte l'intensité des problèmes sociaux et les spécificités des configurations locales d'acteurs. Ils soulignent un faible partage des fondements cognitifs de la politique régionale et une marge d'autonomie limitée des ...

The advent of MOOCs and the buzz it generates defines e-learning as a main topic in the development strategy of universities. However, very few economic studies have been done about it, even if this type of training has been present in French universities for more than ten years. What are the business models of this form of curriculum, how to mesure its efficiency and impacts?Lifting the constraints of time and space, e-learning reexamines the economic approach to education from the points of view of supply, demand or public policies. This work offers a perspective on the main economic issues for universitary graduating e-learning, from these points of view and through an assessment process. The theoretical corpus in economics of education and Amartya Sen's "capability approach" are used as a reading tool which allows us to highlight one of the major economic issues of e-learning: regional economic development. This educational form allows the reaching of new audiences constrained by geography or employment status. The comparison of two implementations in two different educational policies settings -that of China and France- allows us to report on concrete results and demonstrate the relevance of e-learning in terms of regional development. ; L'avènement des MOOC et le buzz qu'il génère font du e-learning un sujet d'actualité et un enjeu stratégique de développement pour les universités. Cependant, force est de constater le peu d'études économiques traitant de ce sujet alors que cette modalité de formation existe depuis plus de dix ans dans les universités françaises. Quels sont les modèles économiques de ces formations, quelles sont leurs efficacités, quels impacts peuvent-elles avoir et à quelles conditions ?En levant les contraintes liées au temps et les contraintes liées à l'espace, le e-learning réinterroge l'approche économique de l'éducation que ce soit du point de vue de l'offre, de la demande ou des politiques éducatives. Nous proposons la mise en perspective des principaux enjeux économiques du ...

The advent of MOOCs and the buzz it generates defines e-learning as a main topic in the development strategy of universities. However, very few economic studies have been done about it, even if this type of training has been present in French universities for more than ten years. What are the business models of this form of curriculum, how to mesure its efficiency and impacts?Lifting the constraints of time and space, e-learning reexamines the economic approach to education from the points of view of supply, demand or public policies. This work offers a perspective on the main economic issues for universitary graduating e-learning, from these points of view and through an assessment process. The theoretical corpus in economics of education and Amartya Sen's "capability approach" are used as a reading tool which allows us to highlight one of the major economic issues of e-learning: regional economic development. This educational form allows the reaching of new audiences constrained by geography or employment status. The comparison of two implementations in two different educational policies settings -that of China and France- allows us to report on concrete results and demonstrate the relevance of e-learning in terms of regional development. ; L'avènement des MOOC et le buzz qu'il génère font du e-learning un sujet d'actualité et un enjeu stratégique de développement pour les universités. Cependant, force est de constater le peu d'études économiques traitant de ce sujet alors que cette modalité de formation existe depuis plus de dix ans dans les universités françaises. Quels sont les modèles économiques de ces formations, quelles sont leurs efficacités, quels impacts peuvent-elles avoir et à quelles conditions ?En levant les contraintes liées au temps et les contraintes liées à l'espace, le e-learning réinterroge l'approche économique de l'éducation que ce soit du point de vue de l'offre, de la demande ou des politiques éducatives. Nous proposons la mise en perspective des principaux enjeux économiques du ...

Our analysis of the Territorial Poles of Economic Cooperation (PTCE) - approached as multi-partner territorialized collective actions and questioned with regard to the mode of sustainable development of which they are, or should be, carriers - is in line with the tradition of thought and action of the Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE), at the intersection of social and economic practice, ethical and political reflection, theoretical and applied research. By identifying the elements of convergence and divergence between the epistemological, theoretical and methodological frameworks of Amartya Sen (capability approach), Elinor Ostrom (common analysis) and the SSE tradition of thought, as well as by proposing enlargements, we are building a framework for analysing the institutional dynamics of the TCEPs from the perspective of a sustainable development goal. Following Sen's thinking, and considering that the capability approach is not operationalized in a metric but by the influence it can have on individual and collective action, we develop the concept of common capabilities by the "rhetorical" operationalization of the conceptual framework of the capability approach within the common analytical framework. The complex notion of social capital, central to Ostrom's analysis, then makes it possible to explain the comings and goings between the individual and collective levels, the driving force behind collective instituent actions. The construction of a tool operationalizing the concept of common capabilities and its mobilization to empirically analyze the institutional dynamics of four cases of TCEP allows us, in a logic of political economy, to identify recommendations to increase its transformative potential. ; Notre analyse des Pôles Territoriaux de Coopération Economique (PTCE) – approchés comme des actions collectives multi-partenariales territorialisées et questionnés au regard du mode de développement durable dont ils sont, ou devraient être porteurs - s'inscrit dans la tradition de pensée et d'action de ...

Our analysis of the Territorial Poles of Economic Cooperation (PTCE) - approached as multi-partner territorialized collective actions and questioned with regard to the mode of sustainable development of which they are, or should be, carriers - is in line with the tradition of thought and action of the Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE), at the intersection of social and economic practice, ethical and political reflection, theoretical and applied research. By identifying the elements of convergence and divergence between the epistemological, theoretical and methodological frameworks of Amartya Sen (capability approach), Elinor Ostrom (common analysis) and the SSE tradition of thought, as well as by proposing enlargements, we are building a framework for analysing the institutional dynamics of the TCEPs from the perspective of a sustainable development goal. Following Sen's thinking, and considering that the capability approach is not operationalized in a metric but by the influence it can have on individual and collective action, we develop the concept of common capabilities by the "rhetorical" operationalization of the conceptual framework of the capability approach within the common analytical framework. The complex notion of social capital, central to Ostrom's analysis, then makes it possible to explain the comings and goings between the individual and collective levels, the driving force behind collective instituent actions. The construction of a tool operationalizing the concept of common capabilities and its mobilization to empirically analyze the institutional dynamics of four cases of TCEP allows us, in a logic of political economy, to identify recommendations to increase its transformative potential ; Notre analyse des Pôles Territoriaux de Coopération Economique (PTCE) – approchés comme des actions collectives multi-partenariales territorialisées et questionnés au regard du mode de développement durable dont ils sont, ou devraient être porteurs - s'inscrit dans la tradition de pensée et d'action de ...

By analysing Amartya Sen's writings, the dissertation aims at answering the following question: is a rational ethics of economics possible? The first aspect of the answer is epistemological: what were the arguments in favour of the exclusion of value judgements from economics in the first half of the 20th century and what was Sen's position on it? Secondly, I analyse the ethical propositions that emerge from Sen's writings. The main hypothesis here is that Sen's conception of capability was developed as an alternative to welfarism and utilitarianism as a way of introducing value judgements into economics analysis. Finally, the third part of the thesis examines the limits of Sen's ethics by comparing it with three normative theories that were particularly influential: social choice theory, the Rawlsian theory of justice and Martha Nussbaum's capability approach. This comparison shows that the incompleteness of Sen's ethical propositions results from a tension between two contradictory norms. The first one, which requires normative frameworks to be based on better ethical foundations and the second one which limits the normative content of this framework by requiring it to be pluralist, i.e. to allow different value systems, sometimes conflicting with one another. ; Cette thèse analyse la contribution des travaux d'Amartya K. Sen à l'économie normative, à partir de la question suivante : une éthique économique rationnelle est-elle possible ? La thèse éclaire tout d'abord la réponse épistémologique apportée par Sen à cette question, à la lumière des débats qui traversent l'économie normative de la première moitié du XXe siècle : quels ont été les différents arguments pour justifier, ou au contraire exclure, les jugements de valeurs de la théorie économique. On étudie ensuite, la conception de l'évaluation de Sen en tant qu'elle représente une réponse aux failles de l'économie normative. A travers sa critique constante de l'utilitarisme et par le développement de l'approche par les capabilités, Sen propose un ensemble de normes pour évaluer le bien-être, élaboré en dialogue constant avec la philosophie politique et morale contemporaine. Enfin, la thèse analyse les limites de l'approche par les capabilités à partir du miroir que forment trois théories qui l'influencent plus particulièrement: la théorie du choix social arrowienne, la théorie de la justice de John Rawls et l'approche par les capabilités de Martha Nussbaum. Cette confrontation permet de montrer que la forme inachevée de l'approche par les capabilités provient d'une tension entre deux normes en partie contradictoires : une exigence de libéralisme d'une part et le souhait de renouveler l'économie normative par une définition du bien-être plus adéquate, de l'autre.

This dissertation examines the philosophical foundations of social choice theory. Social choice theory is the area of normative economics which is concerned with the aggregation of individual preferences. The aim of this work is to investigate the philosophical assumptions of social choice theory in order to understand to what extent it can contribute to a theory of justice based on capabilities. Therefore, the dissertation is build up on Amartya Sen's idea of a "comparative approach" of justice, as opposed to the Rawlsian "transcendental approach". It is an attempt to precise which understanding of social choice theory is required to specify the capability approach, especially the evaluation and the indexing of capabilities. In this dissertation, we argue that the apparent tension between preference aggregation and capability approach is due to a narrow interpretation of social choice theory's conceptual framework. Capability approach is generally conceived as non-compatible with the preferentalism of social choice theory: after all, capabilities are seen as a response to the recurring problem of adaptive preferences. This dissertation thus consists in widening the scope of interpretations of social choice theory framework. This research deals mainly with the informational basis of social choice theory.This dissertation is in three parts. The first part tackles the following problem: are preferences determined by an individual source that can be thought independently of its social and economic position? To answer these questions, three kinds of informational basis in social choice theory and normative economics are investigated: cardinal utilities, ordinal preferences and capabilities.The second part aims at defining what preferences do describe in this context. Firstly, the nature of preference itself is examined: can it be assimilated to choice? Or is it a mere evaluation? A desire? A mental state? This analysis points out the comparative structure of preferences. Secondly, the various ethical criteria of ...