Recognizing unsafe abortion as a serious health problem, the government of Senegal adopted a national health strategy in 1997 that aims to halve the number of unsafe abortions by 2001. In 1997, the Center for Training and Research in Reproductive Health (CEFOREP) and the Obstetrics and Gynecology clinic (CGO) at Le Dantec University Teaching Hospital in Dakar introduced new clinical techniques to improve emergency treatment for women with complications from miscarriage or abortion. CGO and two other teaching hospitals served as pilot sites. Physicians, nurses, and midwives at the three sites received training in manual vacuum aspiration, family planning, and counseling. To measure the impact of the training, CEFOREP interviewed 320 women receiving emergency treatment and 204 providers before the intervention, and 543 patients and 175 providers after. This brief states that improving postabortion care services can result in shorter hospital stays, decreased patient costs, better communication between providers and patients, increased acceptance of contraceptive use by women treated for abortion or miscarriage, and that local anesthesia is needed for pain control.
Gegenstand der Arbeit ist die Analyse des mauretanisch-senegalesischen zwischenstaatlichen Konfliktes im Frühjahr 1989, der gleichzeitig und ursächlich innergesellschaftlichen Ursprungs ist. Ein Konflikt ist politischen Charakters, wenn er Ausdruck konfligierender Gruppeninteressen ist. Im vorliegenden Fall wurde Gewalt als Mittel zur Durchsetzung von Interessen durch Gegnerschaft zielgerichtet, weswegen diese Arbeit nicht nur die Entstehung der konfligierenden Interessen, sondern auch ihre eruptive Dynamik analysiert. Diese Arbeit möge einen Beitrag dazu leisten, den "Mauretanisch-Senegalesischen Grenzkonflikt 1989" als Teil eines komplexen Ganzen zu verstehen, in dem Historie, Ethnizität und politisch-gesellschaftliche Verteilungskämpfe vor dem Hintergrund der Reibung von Tradition undkapitalistischer Modernisierung zu einer konkliktgenerierenden Mischung verschmolzen. The subject of this paper is the analysis of the Mauritanian-Senegalese interstate conflict in the spring of 1989, which is simultaneously and causally of intra-societal origin. A conflict is of a political nature when it is an expression of conflicting group interests. In the present case, violence was used targeted as a means of enforcing interests through opposition, which is why this paper analyzes not only the emergence of conflicting interests but also their eruptive dynamics. This work may contribute to understanding the "Mauritania-Senegal Conflict of 1989" as a part of a complex whole in which history, ethnicity, and politico-social distribution struggles against the background of the friction between tradition and capitalist modernization merged into a conflict-generating mixture.
Metadata only record ; Although many African nations are engaged in the process of democratization, Senegal is one of the few generally considered to be successfully making the transition to a fully democratic state. The African Governance Program of the Carter Center of Emory University has developed an eight-point scale for measuring phases of the transition to democracy, eight being the final stage, consolidation of democracy. Senegal receives a seven on this scale - the legitimization stage, the highest rating ever received by an African country - indicating that "the legitimacy of the government as well as the constitutional democratic system is generally accepted." It should also be noted that Senegal is the only one of the five states to receive such a rating (the others being Gambia, Mauritius, Namibia, and Botswana) which is not a micro-state in terms of either size or population. While it cannot be said that democracy has been fully institutionalized in Senegal, clearly some very important steps have been taken in that direction. -- Author's Introduction ; Available in SANREM office, FS
International audience ; Objectives Description and analysis of the Senegalese Antiretroviral Drug Access Initiative (ISAARV), the first governmental highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) treatment programme in Africa, launched in 1998.Methods and results ISAARV was initially an experimental project designed to evaluate the feasibility, efficacy and acceptability of HAART in an African context. It was based on four principles: collective definition of the strategy, with involvement of the health professionals who would be called on to execute the programme; matching the objectives to available means (gradual enrollment according to drug availability); monitoring by several research programmes; and ongoing adaptation of treatment and follow-up according to the latest international recommendations.Persons qualifying for antiretroviral (ARV) therapy are selected on the basis of immunological and clinical criteria, regardless of economic and social considerations. A system of subsidies was created to favor access to ARV. Following the ARV price reductions that occurred in November 2000, 100% subsidies were created for the poorest participants. Optimal adherence was ensured by monthly follow-up by pharmacists and support groups held by social workers and patient associations. The chosen supply and distribution system allowed drug dispensing to be strictly controlled.Conclusion The ISAARV programme demonstrates that HAART can be successfully prescribed in Africa. This experience has served as the basis for the creation of a national treatment programme in Senegal planned to treat 7000 patients by 2006.
International audience ; Objectives Description and analysis of the Senegalese Antiretroviral Drug Access Initiative (ISAARV), the first governmental highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) treatment programme in Africa, launched in 1998.Methods and results ISAARV was initially an experimental project designed to evaluate the feasibility, efficacy and acceptability of HAART in an African context. It was based on four principles: collective definition of the strategy, with involvement of the health professionals who would be called on to execute the programme; matching the objectives to available means (gradual enrollment according to drug availability); monitoring by several research programmes; and ongoing adaptation of treatment and follow-up according to the latest international recommendations.Persons qualifying for antiretroviral (ARV) therapy are selected on the basis of immunological and clinical criteria, regardless of economic and social considerations. A system of subsidies was created to favor access to ARV. Following the ARV price reductions that occurred in November 2000, 100% subsidies were created for the poorest participants. Optimal adherence was ensured by monthly follow-up by pharmacists and support groups held by social workers and patient associations. The chosen supply and distribution system allowed drug dispensing to be strictly controlled.Conclusion The ISAARV programme demonstrates that HAART can be successfully prescribed in Africa. This experience has served as the basis for the creation of a national treatment programme in Senegal planned to treat 7000 patients by 2006.
International audience ; Objectives Description and analysis of the Senegalese Antiretroviral Drug Access Initiative (ISAARV), the first governmental highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) treatment programme in Africa, launched in 1998.Methods and results ISAARV was initially an experimental project designed to evaluate the feasibility, efficacy and acceptability of HAART in an African context. It was based on four principles: collective definition of the strategy, with involvement of the health professionals who would be called on to execute the programme; matching the objectives to available means (gradual enrollment according to drug availability); monitoring by several research programmes; and ongoing adaptation of treatment and follow-up according to the latest international recommendations.Persons qualifying for antiretroviral (ARV) therapy are selected on the basis of immunological and clinical criteria, regardless of economic and social considerations. A system of subsidies was created to favor access to ARV. Following the ARV price reductions that occurred in November 2000, 100% subsidies were created for the poorest participants. Optimal adherence was ensured by monthly follow-up by pharmacists and support groups held by social workers and patient associations. The chosen supply and distribution system allowed drug dispensing to be strictly controlled.Conclusion The ISAARV programme demonstrates that HAART can be successfully prescribed in Africa. This experience has served as the basis for the creation of a national treatment programme in Senegal planned to treat 7000 patients by 2006.
International audience ; Objectives Description and analysis of the Senegalese Antiretroviral Drug Access Initiative (ISAARV), the first governmental highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) treatment programme in Africa, launched in 1998.Methods and results ISAARV was initially an experimental project designed to evaluate the feasibility, efficacy and acceptability of HAART in an African context. It was based on four principles: collective definition of the strategy, with involvement of the health professionals who would be called on to execute the programme; matching the objectives to available means (gradual enrollment according to drug availability); monitoring by several research programmes; and ongoing adaptation of treatment and follow-up according to the latest international recommendations.Persons qualifying for antiretroviral (ARV) therapy are selected on the basis of immunological and clinical criteria, regardless of economic and social considerations. A system of subsidies was created to favor access to ARV. Following the ARV price reductions that occurred in November 2000, 100% subsidies were created for the poorest participants. Optimal adherence was ensured by monthly follow-up by pharmacists and support groups held by social workers and patient associations. The chosen supply and distribution system allowed drug dispensing to be strictly controlled.Conclusion The ISAARV programme demonstrates that HAART can be successfully prescribed in Africa. This experience has served as the basis for the creation of a national treatment programme in Senegal planned to treat 7000 patients by 2006.
International audience Objectives Description and analysis of the Senegalese Antiretroviral Drug Access Initiative (ISAARV), the first governmental highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) treatment programme in Africa, launched in 1998.Methods and results ISAARV was initially an experimental project designed to evaluate the feasibility, efficacy and acceptability of HAART in an African context. It was based on four principles: collective definition of the strategy, with involvement of the health professionals who would be called on to execute the programme; matching the objectives to available means (gradual enrollment according to drug availability); monitoring by several research programmes; and ongoing adaptation of treatment and follow-up according to the latest international recommendations.Persons qualifying for antiretroviral (ARV) therapy are selected on the basis of immunological and clinical criteria, regardless of economic and social considerations. A system of subsidies was created to favor access to ARV. Following the ARV price reductions that occurred in November 2000, 100% subsidies were created for the poorest participants. Optimal adherence was ensured by monthly follow-up by pharmacists and support groups held by social workers and patient associations. The chosen supply and distribution system allowed drug dispensing to be strictly controlled.Conclusion The ISAARV programme demonstrates that HAART can be successfully prescribed in Africa. This experience has served as the basis for the creation of a national treatment programme in Senegal planned to treat 7000 patients by 2006.
The Government of Senegal is attempting to liberalize the groundnut market. In the past, this market was highly regulated with government-set producer prices, groundnut oil processing mills owned by parastatals, and requirements that all groundnuts be sold to these quasi-governmental organizations. In recent years, these rules are being relaxed, and farmers are allowed to sell groundnuts on the open market. However, farmers continue to sell most of their groundnuts, as before, to the mills. This study attempts to shed light on the effects of this market liberalization. First, an attempt is made to provide estimates of the farmers' short-run output supply and input demand responses to price changes. A quadratic profit function model is estimated using data collected for the current study and a similar dataset collected by Akobundu [1997]. Second, a quadratic programming model is used to examine the effects of eliminating pan-territorial prices. Results indicate that the elimination of the pan-territorial price system will have an overall benefit to Senegalese society. However, as expected, groundnut producers in areas remote from the groundnut oil processing mills would face lower prices. The effects on producers and consumers in the major producing regions, however, were found to be minimal. Finally, the dissertation provides an extensive description of the economic activities of small-scale farm households in Senegal's Groundnut Basin. Differences between males and females and between household heads and other males in the household are also examined. Although females are not as involved in groundnut production, they do not seem to face discrimination in either the official or the open market. The description of the situation facing small-scale farmers provided in this dissertation is not encouraging. The quantity and timing of the rains in the Groundnut Basin add an unwelcome uncertainty to farming. Increases in population are adding pressure to the environment and are placing heavy demands on wood and grazing lands. Only eight percent of the farmers had groundnut seed multiplication ratios less than one, and sixty-seven percent had ratios less than five. The dissertation also indicates that farmers are not producing enough to feed their families. Fewer than twelve percent of the households produce a caloric surplus. Sixty percent produced less than fifty percent of their caloric needs. The study indicates that farmers are not earning enough from agricultural production to take care of normal expenses throughout the year. Thus, when combined with uncertain rains and a worsening environment, the farmers have little margin of safety. Therefore, any government policies affecting groundnut production in particular or agricultural production in general should take into account the situation already facing the farmers. ; Ph. D.
La naturaleza del emplazamiento de San Luis marca lo urbano. El crecimiento de la ciudad de estos últimos años, marcadamente caracterizado por la modificación de las estructuras urbanas y por la ampliación de los espacios edificados, se inscribe en un ecosistema binario en el que la acción del agua determina las composiciones, recomposiciones y descomposiciones de los territorios urbanos. A este respecto, la gestión llevada a cabo por los poderes públicos, que altera los métodos de aprovechamiento del espacio, produce un efecto peculiar sobre la morfología de la ciudad, que constituye una marca de identidad de lo urbano en relación con la naturaleza. Las grandes ordenaciones del espacio y el nacimiento de los barrios de la ciudad se adecuan a las condiciones naturales, sin poder revocarse en numerosas situaciones, debido al control que ejerce, entre otros, el elemento hídrico. Sin embargo, parece que el ecosistema, en favor de su propio equilibrio, deja sus huellas en el urbanismo de la ciudad, al que merma en lo que se refiere a los valores urbanos. Palabras clave: emplazamiento, . ; La naturalesa de l'emplaçament de Saint-Louis marca el que és urbà. El creixement de la ciutat d'aquests darrers anys, marcadament caracteritzat per la modificació de les estructures urbanes i per l'ampliació dels espais edificats, s'inscriu en un ecosistema binari en el qual l'acció de l'aigua determina les composicions, recomposicions i descomposicions dels territoris urbans. Pel que fa a aquesta qüestió, la gestió portada a terme pels poders públics, que altera els mètodes d'aprofitament de l'espai, produeix un efecte peculiar sobre la morfología de la ciutat, que constitueix una marca d'identitat del que és urbà en relació amb la natura. Les grans ordenacions del seu espai i el naixement dels barris s'adeqüen a les condicions naturals sense poder revocar-se en gaires situacions, atès el control que exerceix, entre d'altres, l'element hídric. No obstant això, sembla que l'ecosistema, a favor del seu propi equilibri, deixa les seves empremtes en l'urbanisme de la ciutat, que és minvat pel que fa als seus valors urbans. ; La nature du site de la ville de Saint-Louis marque l'urbain. La croissance urbaine de ces dernières années qui est fortement caractérisée par une modification des structures urbaines et par l'extension des espaces urbanisés, s'inscrit dans un écosystème binaire ou les incidences de l'eau règlent les compositions, recompositions et décompositions des territoires urbains. A cet effet, l'action des pouvoirs publics qui transforme les modes l'utilisation de l'espace joue sur les formes de la ville qui sont autant de marques identitaires de l'urbain par rapport à la nature. Les grands aménagements de l'espace et l'émergence des quartiers de la ville suivent une localisation calquée sur les conditions naturelles, sans être en mesure de s'en défaire dans de nombreuses situations, entre autres, par la maîtrise de l'élément hydrique. Mais, tout se passe comme si l'écosystème, pour son équilibre, inscrit ses empreintes sur l'urbanisme de la ville en le rendant médiocre eu égard aux valeurs urbaines. ; The nature of the site of the city of saint-louis marks iturban character. the urban growth of the recent years, heavily characterized by a modification of the urban structures and by the increase of urbanized spaces, is part of a binary ecosystem where water regulate the composition, recompositions and decompositions of urban territories. For this purpose, the action of autorities that transforms the mode of use of the space touches on form of the city, which are urban identity marks in relation to the nature, the important space planning and the emergence of the quarters of the city follow a localization copied on the natural conditions, without being able to get rid of a great deal of situations, such as, the control of the hydrous element. But, everything happens as if the ecosystem, for its equilibrum, put its marks on the town planning in making it mediocre in relation to urban values.
Metadata only record ; L'enjeu foncier est la fois un problme d'intensification agricole pour nourrir la population, de dfinition d'une politique sociale cohrente pour garantir un environnement social scurisant et favorable l'investissement productif et la gestion durable des ressources naturelles. ; Available in SANREM office, FS
This paper discusses concerns about the impact of climate change on agriculture. Methods for assessing the impacts of climate change and the results from impact assessments in Mali, Kenya, Uganda, and Senegal are presented.
Metadata only record ; This chapter explores the role of factors beyond the physical and financial means of the state as they affect the state's capacity to management the use and conservation of natural resources. The social and political-economic dynamics that occurs between official environmental management policies and actual management practice are examined. ; Available in SANREM office, FS
Authoritarian incumbents in democratizing countries choose electoral rules to retain power while accommodating opposition demands for increased participation and representation. We clarify the political logic of this institutional choice and its consequences in Senegal by employing a 'whole system' approach that emphasizes the intricate but often hidden relationships between elections and the rules governing them at multiple levels — presidential, legislative and local. Success at one level depends on performance at all levels. In the short run, multiple-level electoral reforms preserve the ruling party in power while expanding opportunities for, but also fragmenting, the opposition. In the long run, they encourage splits within the ruling party and help the opposition develop increased ability to coalesce around a single opposition candidate, resulting in the defeat of the authoritarian incumbent and a democratic transfer of power through competitive elections.
This work is based on a year and a half of field research conducted in the middle valley of Senegal. It attempts to describe how a Haalpulaar conceives the social category to which he belongs, and what notions he uses to distinguish it from others. The first part describes the categories of Rima nobles: Fulani, fishermen, political advisors, warriors and religious. The first part describes the categories of Rieme nobles: Fulani, fishermen, political advisors, warriors and clerics. The Fulani and fishermen work in different parts of the valley and have different knowledge. The accumulation of this knowledge is experienced as anti-social and dangerous. The problem is then that of complementarity. The Fulani leaders have secured the services of two other categories. One is closely related to them (the political advisors); it has scrupulously watched over the safeguarding of its own interests. The other, made up of foreigners, assumes the role of warriors with total dedication. It is here the question of the dependence which is posed. As for the fifth group of nobles, the religious, they come from all the other categories of the society. The second part, devoted to the nyeenybe craftsmen and lauders, examines the traditions of each of these groups. It reveals important differences, particularly in matrimonial practices. The goldsmiths, who belong to a Fulani lineage, see the "red shoemakers", also of Fulani origin, as the only group likely to make them renounce endogamy, whereas the non-Fulani artisans claim equality between the various Nyeenybe and affirm that they take wives from any group of artisans. Finally, a hypothesis is presented concerning the historical evolution of the institution of artisanal castes in Haalpulaar society, based on historical and genealogical data. ; Ce travail repose sur une recherche de terrain d'un an et demie, menée dans la moyenne vallée du Sénégal. Il s'attache à décrire comment un Haalpulaar conçoit la catégorie sociale à laquelle il appartient, à quelles notions il a recours pour ...
