Suchergebnisse

Diese Arbeit widmet sich der Frage nach dem Einfluss einer im Senegal gegründeten Sufi-Bruderschaft auf die Entwicklung der Politik und der Gesellschaft in einem Land mit der vorherrschenden Religion des Islam in Afrika. Auffällig ist der Sonderweg der senegalesischen Muriden innerhalb der islamischen Welt, in der sonst fast überall Machtkämpfe verschiedenster religiöser, ethnischer oder politischer Gruppen gegeneinander eine friedliche und geordnete Entwicklung behindern oder gar ausschließen. Der Gründer der Muridenbruderschaft, Scheich Ahmadou Bamba, hat um 1880 zur Zeit der französischen Kolonialherrschaft mit seiner bisher nicht gekannten Auslegung des Koran eine Lehre verkündet, die primär mit friedlichen Mitteln gegen die koloniale Beherrschung seines Volkes der Wolof richtete. Diese Lehre gab aber auch gleichzeitig einen Impuls für den Aufbau einer modernen senegalesischen Gesellschaft, der sich bis unsere Zeit hinein ausgewirkt hat. ; Alors que le monde islamique est aujourd'hui caractérisé par différents conflits religieux, ethniques et politiques qui écartent presque toute chance à une paix durable, le Mouridisme de Cheikh Ahmadou Bamba défie ces réalités et offre l'image d'un islam de paix et de développement. Cette dissertation traite de l'influence de la confrérie des Mourides dans l'évolution politique et sociale du Sénégal. Face à la domination coloniale française, le fondateur de la confrérie des Mourides, Cheikh Ahmadou Bamba, a développé une stratégie de lutte reposant sur les enseignements du Coran et qui a permis à son peuple (les Wolof) de préserver son identité culturelle et en même temps de participer à la construction d'une société sénégalaise moderne.

The Population Council embarked on a three-year project to explore the acceptability of the progesterone vaginal ring (PVR) among women in sub-Saharan Africa and its potential introduction. This technical report presents results from assessments undertaken to map the existing landscape of family planning programs and new contraceptive technologies in Senegal in an effort to identify national priorities and assess the level of interest in the PVR among stakeholders and to design appropriate preintroductory activities. This country mapping exercise confirms that Senegal is a promising context for the introduction of the PVR: the government is committed to repositioning family planning and has created an enabling environment and there are various encouraging sociocultural trends which suggest potential for acceptance of the PVR. Some key accompanying measures will need to be taken to ensure proper execution of the acceptability study and subsequent introductory efforts, including early involvement of the Ministry of Health, development and dissemination of literature in French on the PVR and the project, and establishment of an appropriate communication plan to name a few. Its innovative, long- and mid-acting, user-controlled design will introduce a unique dimension to the current method mix and is a promising prospect for provision at the community level in Senegal.

In Senegal, the government's engagement in the nutrition sector and the fight against malnutrition have steadily increased over the past two decades, translating into, among other things, (1) the establishment in 2001 of the Cellule de Lutte contre la Malnutrition (Nutrition Coordination Unit) (CLM) and its Bureau Exécutif National (National Executive Bureau); (2) an increase in the government's budget allocation to nutrition from an estimated US$0.3 million per year i

Senegal is known for having one of the most effective and far-reaching nutrition service delivery systems in Africa. Government commitment to improving the nutritional status of the population has increased over time and has been marked, among other things, by the creation in 2001 of the CLM and its Bureau Exécutif National (National Executive Bureau) (BEN); an increase in annual budget allocations to nutrition (from $0.3 million in 2002 to $5.7 million in 2015); and intensificationof community-based nutrition interventions. These commitments are reflected in the improvementof nutrition indicators, notably a 46 percent reduction in under-five stunting from 1992 to 2014.Unfortunately, these improvements have not led to greater visibility of nutrition sensitive interventions in relevant sectors such as agriculture, livestock, education, social protection and health. This shortfall, combined with a recent series of exogenous shocks, has led to recurrent fragmentation of nutrition approaches, paradigms and interventions, resulting in the absence ofa general framework that provides guidance on both nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive investments.Meanwhile, progress in reducing stunting has slowed,and low birthweight, iron-deficiency anemia, adolescent undernutrition, and maternal undernutrition have received little attention. These shortcomings threaten the achievements of recent decades. Recognizing this challenge, the government of Senegal joined the Mouvement pour le Renforcement de la Nutrition (Scaling Up Nutrition) SUN Movement in 2011 and adopted the United Nations Approach to Renewed Efforts Against Child Hunger and Undernutrition (REACH) in 2014. These initiatives aim to strengthen institutional capacity and facilitate a multisectoral process to help governments plan, prioritize and more efficiently manage nutrition actions involving multiple stakeholders. With respect to national policy, the government of Senegal has adopted the Politique Nationale de Développement de la Nutrition (National Policy for the Development of Nutrition)(PNDN)2 covering the period 2015 to 2025, which will be operationalized through a multisectoral nutrition strategy, outlined in the Plan Stratégique Multisectoriel de la Nutrition (Multisectoral Nutrition Strategic Plan) (PSNM). These policies aim to expand coverage and improve the quality of nutrition services in sectors whose functional prerogatives affect the prevention and management of malnutrition.

Doing Business 2020 is the 17th in a series of annual studies investigating the regulations that enhance business activity and those that constrain it. Doing Business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 190 economies— from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe—and over time. Regulations affecting 12 areas of the life of a business are covered: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts, resolving insolvency, employing workers, and contracting with the government. The employing workers and contracting with the government indicator sets are not included in this year's ranking on the ease of doing business. Data in Doing Business 2020 are current as of May 1, 2019. The indicators are used to analyze economic outcomes and identify what reforms of business regulation have worked, where and why. This economy profile presents indicators for Senegal; for 2020, Senegal ranks 123.

Der Country Report beschäftigt sich mit der Ausweitung agrarindustrieller Projekte und industrieller Minen im Senegal und damit in Verbindung stehender Konflikte. Die Studie arbeitet die Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede von Konflikten im senegalesischen Bergbau- und Agrarsektor heraus. Der Country Report bietet zunächst einen Überblick über die wichtigsten agrarindustriellen und Bergbau-Projekte, die in den letzten Jahren im Senegal umgesetzt wurden. Anhand zweier Beispiele zeigt der Bericht dann auf, welche Gegenstände in den Konflikten verhandelt werden; welche Akteure aktiv sind, welche Narrative und Protestformen sie einsetzen und wie sich die Konflikte im Bergbau und Agrarsektor voneinander unterscheiden. Dies ermöglicht ein tiefergehendes Verständnis von Konflikten um Land in verschiedenen Sektoren und bietet erste Ansatzpunkte dafür, wie sich zivilgesellschaftliches Engagement in den beiden Sektoren besser miteinander verknüpfen lässt. ; Le Country Report se consacre à l'expansion des projets agro-industriels et des mines industrielles au Sénégal ainsi qu'aux conflits liés. L'étude identifie des similarités et différences entre les conflits dans le secteur minier et agricole au Sénégal. D'abord, le rapport donne un aperçu des projets agricoles et miniers les plus importants qui ont été mis en œuvre au Sénégal au cours des dernières années. Ensuite, il élabore à l'aide de deux conflits exemplaires quelles questions font l'objet de négociations, quels sont les acteurs, à quelles narrations et formes de protestation ils ont recours, et comment les conflits dans le secteur minier et agricole diffèrent les uns des autres. Cela permet de mieux comprendre les conflits fonciers dans les différents secteurs et constitue un point de départ pour mieux relier l'engagement de la société civile dans ces deux secteurs.

Results presented in this STEP UP Research Report show that over half of women having unmet need for family planning in Senegal did not intend to use family planning in the future and this was consistent across all population strata. Reasons for non-use confirm the existence of widespread opposition to the use of modern contraception. Unfamiliarity and lack of information is likely to be a reason for such opposition; initial suspicion of contraception has also been documented. Thus a first policy priority, and one that is relatively easy to achieve, is to increase knowledge through the mass media and localized awareness-raising activities. An equally important, but more difficult objective, is to improve the climate of opinion about contraception. The Senegal government now has a strong policy in place, awaiting effective implementation.

This research paper explores the evolution of the Senegalese government immediately after independence and the various factors contributing to its remarkable stability. It begins with a brief look at Senegal's history, both pre-colonial and colonial. The research then discusses the foundations of the Senegalese government structure and party system from just before independence to 1978. The highlighted elements of the story are the role of political parties and single-party dominance, Senghor's platform based on African socialism and négritude, and the formation and failure of the Mali Federation. This work also features party building, social groups that influence politics, the urban-rural cleavage, and some constitutional development. The focus of the research is on Léopold Sédar Senghor, the key figure in the stable governmental establishment in Senegal. It explores his relations with other key figures including Lamine Guèye, the facilitator of socialism's rise in Senegal and a major party leader, and Mamadou Dia, once a friend of Senghor's and his Prime Minister, who attempted a nonviolent coup; he was foiled and jailed in 1962. The various clans of Senegal (based on heredity) and the Islamic Brotherhoods, powerful religious organizations that have much sway over their members' political attitudes, also play an important role. This paper concludes with an exploration of Senghor's dynamic leadership as a foundation for political stability in Senegal, focusing on two major events: the disintegration of the extremely short-lived Mali Federation and the resulting independence of Senegal, and Dia's attempted coup and resulting arrest. The constitution was amended after Dia's jailing in 1962 to remove the post of prime minister, leaving the president as the sole head of government, and increasing Senghor's power and influence. The remainder of the research after the failed coup consists of exploring the ways in which Senghor made his party completely dominant and his role and contributions as president.

Current global developmental frameworks, including the Millennium Development Goals and Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers, require recent and reliable data to measure the achievement of targets. At the same time, increased decentralization and democratization have expanded the role that data play in informing development policies and evaluating development interventions at the national level. Increasingly, programs and policies are assessed by their ability to reach goals that have evidence-based indicators, placing a greater demand on countries to produce clear, timely, reliable, and relevant data. The Senegal case study that forms the basis of this report aimed to develop a general picture of the demand for data by policymakers and other data users. It also aimed to elicit views on barriers to data access, quality of available data, and potential interventions to improve the demand and supply of data. Similar case studies were conducted in three other countries: Ethiopia, Ghana, and Uganda. These countries were chosen based on their upcoming censuses, identified statistical capacity, active engagement in the production of important data, and participation in international data initiatives.

Background Over the past 20 years the DHS data show that current use of modern contraceptives among all married or cohabiting women increased very slowly from 5% to 12% and unmet need remained unchanged at about 30%. The total demand for contraception (unmet need plus use) slightly increased from 36% to 43% over the same period. Any advances in our understanding of the causes of unmet need could have profound implications for programmes. Objectives This study aims to establish the relative importance of lack of access and attitudinal resistance towards use of contraception in different population and geographical strata of Senegal. It is intended to inform policy makers on the priority that should be given to behaviour change communication or improved access/information, and also helpful in the design of interventions to reduce health concerns and fear of side effects, such as provision of broader method mix and better counseling. Methods The data from the Senegal DHS 20010-11 were used for the analysis. All analyses were based on married or cohabiting fecund women who were exposed to risk of pregnancy at the time of the survey. We identified whether women with unmet need have access (defined by knowledge of pills and injectables, and a supply source) and attitudinal acceptance (defined by intention to use in the future). We assessed variations in unmet need across different strata by bivariate and multivariate analyses. Self-reported reasons for unmet need were assessed. Results Among exposed women, 41% had unmet need, 22% were using any modern contraceptive and 36% wanted a child within 2 years. Those with unmet need fell equally into three main groups: had access and positive attitude; had access but lacked positive attitude; and lacked access. Most of those lacking access had no intention to use family planning. The main self-reported reasons for non-use were respondent's opposition (18.6%) and infrequent sex (17.7%) followed by breastfeeding and health concerns. The evidence suggests that infrequent sex results in part from the fact that many women were not living in the same households as their husbands. It may also be regarded by couples as an alternative to contraception. Regional and educational variations were substantial. The least educated, the poorest those living in rural areas, Northern, Central and Southeastern areas were more likely to have unmet need without access or positive attitude than their counterparts. Breastfeeding women had high unmet need. Discussion and implications Over half of women having unmet need for family planning in Senegal did not intend to use family planning in the future and this was consistent across all population strata. Reasons for non-use confirm the existence of widespread opposition to use of modern contraception. Unfamiliarity and lack of information is likely to be a reason for such opposition. In societies with low levels of adult education, as in Senegal, initial suspicion of contraception has also been documented. Positive endorsement of family planning by political, religious and traditional leaders may help alleviate these suspicions. The fact that one-third of those with unmet need lacked even basic access testifies to the historic weak implementation of family planning programmes in Senegal. Mass media messages, together with community-based informational efforts, may reduce lack of knowledge of methods and sources of supply. The high level of unmet need among breastfeeding women calls for a sharper focus on postpartum contraception.

The performance of Senegal's agricultural performance exemplifies the impact of unmanaged risk on productivity among vulnerable smallholder crop producers and pastoralists. The government of Senegal has historically responded to drought and other shocks with direct financial support to farmers as well as general assistance to the rural population. The World Bank, with support from the group of eight (G-8) and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Equipment (MARE), commissioned the present study. The objective of this assessment was to assist the government of Senegal to: (1) identify, analyze, quantify, and prioritize principal risks facing the agricultural sector; (2) analyze the impact of these risks; and (3) identify and prioritize appropriate risk management interventions that may contribute to improved stability, reduced vulnerability, and increased resilience of agricultural supply chains in Senegal. This report presents a summary of the assessment's key findings. Chapter one gives introduction. Chapter two provides an overview of the agricultural sector in Senegal and a discussion of key growth constraints. An assessment of the main agricultural risks is presented in chapter three. Chapter four analyzes the frequency and severity of highlighted risks and assesses their impact. Chapter five presents some stakeholder perceptions of risks and evaluates levels of vulnerability among various livelihood groups. The study concludes in chapter six with an assessment of priorities for risk management and a broad discussion of possible risk management measures that can help to strengthen the resiliency of agricultural supply chains and the livelihoods they support.

Objectives: This paper highlights lessons from introductory efforts and presents new data on community, provider and key opinion leader perspectives to support expanded use of emergency contraception (EC) in Senegal. Sources of information: The paper draws on four data sources: (i) a literature review; (ii) a secondary analysis of a household survey conducted by the Urban Reproductive Health Initiative; (iii) in-depth interviews with key opinion leaders; and (iv) a quantitative survey of healthcare providers from a range of service delivery points. Analysis of data: Knowledge of EC among women is low in urban areas, with only 20% of women having heard of the method and 4% having ever used it. There were serious gaps in providers' technical knowledge about EC; only 57% knew its mode of action and 34% were aware of the need for timely use (within 120 h). Moreover, nearly half reported reluctance to provide EC to married women and even fewer were willing to provide it to youths, particularly to adolescent girls. Responses from key opinion leaders were mixed, demonstrating ambivalence about EC and how it could be offered. Conclusion: In Senegal, the current positive political climate for family planning provides a good opportunity for strengthening EC programming to address knowledge and attitudinal barriers among providers, key opinion leaders and communities.

Growing Jatropha curcas for energy applications has been established through several initiatives in Senegal. The government of Senegal launched the National Jatropha Programme (NJP) in 2006 with the goal of planting 321,000 ha of Jatropha curcas, with an average of 1000 hectares (ha) in each rural locality. This paper reviews existing policies with relevance to Jatropha curcas L production in Senegal. It assesses the NJP implementation, identifies potential gaps and provides recommendations with regards to planning, institutional management, regulation, and implementation. The potential of Jatropha and other biodiesel crop options, based on findings from an agro-environmental mapping exercise have been shown. Findings show that prior policies in agricultural and energy sectors had been instrumental in developing the NJP. It highlights significant challenges in the value chain, the implementation of NJP and on the importance of using empirical assessment of evidence to inform on the biodiesel crop type compared to a focus on only one crop, Jatropha. Agro-environmental mapping was identified as useful technique prior to biodiesel cultivation. The work reported here indicates Jatropha having the largest suitability of land areas equating to almost thirty times (30) the original estimations in the NJP followed by Pongamia and sunflower with 6,796,000 ha and 5,298,900 ha respectively. Recommendations are provided suggesting, scientifically sound analysis from agro-environmental mapping to inform on the suitability of areas for Jatropha cultivation and on environmentally, socially and culturally sensitive areas. Policy options have been suggested for environmentally benigned sustained biodiesel activities in Senegal.

Das internationale Bildungsprogramm Bildung für Alle (Education for All/EFA) definiert sechs Schlüsselziele für den weltweiten Ausbau der Grundbildung, die Reduzierung des Analphabetismus und den Ausgleich des Geschlechtergefälles im Bildungsbereich bis 2015. Dieser Artikel untersucht die Fortschritte, die Senegal beim Erreichen dieser Ziele macht. Nach grundlegenden Informationen über das Land und sein Bildungssystem, werden die Fortschritte für jedes der Ziele mithilfe der Daten aus dem aktuellen Weltbildungsbericht abgeprüft. Der Artikel versucht die Ergebnisse durch nationale Faktoren zu erklären. (DIPF/Orig.) ; The international "Education for All"-program (EFA) defines six goals which aim to improve basic education, reduce illiteracy and eliminate the gender gap in education by 2015. This article examines the progress Senegal makes in the EFA-process. At first it obtains some basic information about the country and its education system. After that the progress for each goal will be examined with data from the recent Global Monitoring Report. The article tries to explain the results by referring to national factors. (DIPF/Orig.)

Recognizing unsafe abortion as a serious health problem, the government of Senegal adopted a national health strategy in 1997 that aims to halve the number of unsafe abortions by 2001. In 1997, the Center for Training and Research in Reproductive Health (CEFOREP) and the Obstetrics and Gynecology clinic (CGO) at Le Dantec University Teaching Hospital in Dakar introduced new clinical techniques to improve emergency treatment for women with complications from miscarriage or abortion. CGO and two other teaching hospitals served as pilot sites. Physicians, nurses, and midwives at the three sites received training in manual vacuum aspiration, family planning, and counseling. To measure the impact of the training, CEFOREP interviewed 320 women receiving emergency treatment and 204 providers before the intervention, and 543 patients and 175 providers after. This brief states that improving postabortion care services can result in shorter hospital stays, decreased patient costs, better communication between providers and patients, increased acceptance of contraceptive use by women treated for abortion or miscarriage, and that local anesthesia is needed for pain control.