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Abstract Serial order is fundamental to perception, cognition and behavioral action. Three experiments investigated infants' perception, learning and discrimination of serial order. Four‐ and 8‐month‐old infants were habituated to three sequentially moving objects making visible and audible impacts and then were tested on separate test trials for their ability to detect auditory, visual or auditory‐visual changes in their ordering. The 4‐month‐old infants did not respond to any order changes and instead appeared to attend to the 'local' audio‐visual synchrony part of the event. When this local part of the event was blocked from view, the 4‐month‐olds did perceive the serial order feature of the event but only when it was specified multimodally. In contrast, the 8‐month‐old infants perceived all three kinds of order changes regardless of whether the synchrony part of the event was visible or not. The findings show that perception of spatiotemporal serial order emerges early in infancy and that its perception is initially facilitated by multimodal specification.

Background: The study examines effects of social difficulties such as invalidating and stressful relationships and lack of social support on cognitive processes in psychosis.Methods: Biographical and ethnographic methods deriving insights from personal experience of psychosis; interactions with patients in hospital and hostel care and from group work.Conclusions: Social stresses can damage the self, resulting in disarray to executive control, serial ordering, organizational and retrieval processes. Negative social experiences also skew probability judgements of the likelihood of threat/ betrayal which may be confirmed by coincidences – resulting in the adoption of a risky decisional style. This maximizes perceptions confirming of a delusional belief.

AbstractThis study presents power‐of‐two policies for a serial inventory system with constant demand rate and incremental quantity discounts at the most upstream stage. It is shown that an optimal solution is nested and follows a zero‐inventory ordering policy. To prove the effectiveness of power‐of‐two policies, a lower bound on the optimal cost is obtained. A policy that has a cost within 6% of the lower bound is developed for a fixed base planning period. For a variable base planning period, a 98% effective policy is provided. An extension is included for a system with price dependent holding costs. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2007

Abstract
Human beings move coherently as individual selves, body and mind adapted to perform complex activities with imagination, knowledge, and skill; perceiving the environment by engaging it with discrimination and care. Human beings live intersubjectively in communitiesl each with the rituals, beliefs, and language of a culture, along with a history of affective relationships and agreed habits for acting in cooperation. These attachments and cultural habits depend upon an ability to sense the intentions, interests, and feelings of other human selves through sympathetic response to motives and emotions as displayed in the shapes and rhythms of body movement: an ability that infants possess from birth. No brain theory explains this 'felt immediacy' of others' life experience, which philosophers of the Scottish Enlightenment accepted as proof that human beings are 'innately sympathetic'. An innate time sense, capacity to 'attune' to the dynamics of body movement, and ability to recognise serial ordering in 'stories' all appear essential. A theory of 'communicative musicality' employs key parameters of pulse, quality of movement, and narrative, applying them to poetry, music, dance, the prosody and rhetoric of language, and the regulation of skillful practices of all kinds. These elements - present in foetal movements and engaged in through joyful intersubjective 'story-telling' from birth - give direct information on how the human brain orchestrates reflex functions to move the body with sensations of grace and efficiency. Their age-related development leads to mastery of language and cultural rituals. They conduct all cognitive functions and all meaning making.

Die kaufmännischen Berufe, wie sie auf der Grundlage des Berufsbildungsgesetzes in Aus- und Fortbildungsordnungen geregelt sind, als umfassende "Berufsfamilie" und nicht als Einzelberufe zu untersuchen war die besondere Aufgabe des GUK-Projekts ["Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede kaufmännisch-betriebswirtschaftlicher Aus- und Fortbildungsberufe"]. Der Autor gibt in seinem einleitenden Beitrag einen Überblick über die maßgeblichen Fragestellungen und das daraus abgeleitete methodische Gesamtdesign des Projekts und stellt dieses in Verbindung zum Selbstverständnis des Bundesinstituts im Hinblick auf ordnungsbezogene Berufsforschung. Anschließend legt er detailliert das Vorgehen bei der computergestützten Inhaltsanalyse dar und bezieht es auf vorangegangene Forschungsansätze im Feld der Ordnungsmittelforschung. Die Ausführungen verdeutlichen die vielen Maßnahmen zur Absicherung der Datenqualität, die notwendig waren, um aus qualitativem Entscheidungshandeln der beteiligten Codiererinnen und Codierer zu verlässlichen Daten für die künftige Ordnungsarbeit im Feld der kaufmännischen Berufe zu kommen. Abschließend gibt er selbstkritische Hinweise zum methodischen Vorgehen und führt positiv den vielfältigen Ergebnistransfer in Forschung, Politik und Ordnungspraxis an, der bereits parallel zur Forschungsarbeit im Projekt stattgefunden hat. (DIPF/Orig.)

The morphology of creole languages (guest editor: Ingo Plag) -- Introduction: The morphology of creole languages -- Pidgin inflectional morphology and its implications for creole morphology -- The emergence of productive morphology in creole languages: the case of Haitian Creole -- How transparent is creole morphology? A study of Early Sranan word-formation -- Tonal morphology in a creole: High-tone raising in Saramaccan serial verb constructions -- Truncation -- Monosyllabicity in prosodic morphology: the case of truncated personal names in English -- Morphology in truncation: the role of the Spanish desinence -- Affix ordering -- Suffix ordering in Bantu: a morphocentric approach -- The interaction of morphology and syntax in affix order.

ABSTRACTThis article describes a classroom tool to teach the impact of supply chain disruptions and mitigation strategies based on information sharing and collaboration. The tool is an adaptation of the Beer Distribution Game, is easy to play, and can be hosted online or on local servers. The game considers several scenarios based on the location of the disruptions (i.e., upstream or downstream) and the information available to supply chain partners. Students play the roles of managers who make ordering decisions in a serial supply chain and experience decision‐making under disruptions.

The emergence of the mass market as a concept ordering distinctions in urban space is investigated through newspaper reporting and promotion of early movie‐going in Toronto, 1907–1916. The analysis builds upon a revision of Chicago Sociology's text on The City, shifting the method and theoretical weight to rest more on Park's Natural History of the Newspaper than Burgess' Growth of the City. The metropolitan newspaper is both document and agent of urbanization, and is used here to describe how modernity was grounded in mass culture. The newspaper provides a sensible version of urban living for city dwellers, a map or menu of the city's rhythms and spaces. Specific to the movies, there is a shift from journalism to promotion, from trying to understand the audience to letting advertising for ever‐changing film titles stand in for the urban practice. In particular, the brief fad of serial films with accompanying stories in newspapers perhaps marks when a mass audience was first assumed. Serial films provided an umbrella text to explicitly show how the variety of spaces, times, prices, and classes of audiences encompassed a common practice, a mass practice.

In order to demonstrate why it is important to correctly account for the (serial dependent) structure of temporal data, we document an apparently spectacular relationship between population size and lexical diversity: for five out of seven investigated languages, there is a strong relationship between population size and lexical diversity of the primary language in this country. We show that this relationship is the result of a misspecified model that does not consider the temporal aspect of the data by presenting a similar but nonsensical relationship between the global annual mean sea level and lexical diversity. Given the fact that in the recent past, several studies were published that present surprising links between different economic, cultural, political and (socio-)demographical variables on the one hand and cultural or linguistic characteristics on the other hand, but seem to suffer from exactly this problem, we explain the cause of the misspecification and show that it has profound consequences. We demonstrate how simple transformation of the time series can often solve problems of this type and argue that the evaluation of the plausibility of a relationship is important in this context. We hope that our paper will help both researchers and reviewers to understand why it is important to use special models for the analysis of data with a natural temporal ordering.

Research on sensor-based signaling systems suggests that false alarms and misses affect operator dependence via two independent psychological processes, hypothesized as two types of trust. These two types of trust manifest in two categorically different behaviors: compliance and reliance. The current study links the theoretical perspective outlined by Lee and See (2004) to the compliance-reliance paradigm, and argues that trust mediates the false alarm-compliance relationship but not the miss-reliance relationship. Specifically, the key conditions to allow the mediation of trust are: The operator is presented with a salient choice to depend on the signaling system and the risk associated with non-dependence is recognized. Eighty-eight participants interacted with a primary flight simulation task and a secondary signaling system task. Participants were asked to evaluate their trust in the signaling system according to the informational bases of trust: Performance, process, and purpose. Half of the participants were in a high risk group and half were in a low risk group. The signaling systems varied by reliability (90%, 60%) within subjects and error bias (false alarm prone, miss prone) between subjects. Generally, analyses supported the hypotheses. Reliability affected compliance, but only in the false alarm prone group. Alternatively, reliability affected reliance, but only in the miss prone group. Higher reliability led to higher subjective trust. Conditional indirect effects indicated that individual factors of trust mediated the relationship between false alarm rate and compliance (i.e., purpose) and reliance (i.e., process), but only in the high risk groups. Serial mediation analyses indicated that the false alarm rate affected compliance and reliance through the sequential ordering of the factors of trust, all stemming from performance. Miss rate did not affect reliance through any of the factors of trust. The theoretical implications of this study suggest the compliance-reliance paradigm is not the reflection of two independent types of trust. The practical applications of this research could be to update training and design recommendations that are based upon the assumption of trust causing operator responses regardless of error bias.

Spätestens seit dem letztjährigen Auftritt von Conchita Wurst mit ihrem provokanten Mix aus männlichen und weiblichen Zügen hat der Eurovision Song Contest (ESC) in ganz Europa Aufmerksamkeit erregt. Neben der großen öffentlichen Teilnahme existieren aber auch eine ganze Reihe wissenschaftlicher Untersuchungen zu möglichen Einflussfaktoren der Punktevergabe beim ESC. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, auf Grundlage einer eigenen empirischen Datenerhebung verschiedene Faktoren hinsichtlich ihres Einflusses auf die Bewertung der Auftritte beim ESC zu untersuchen. Im Mittelpunkt steht die Frage, ob es systematische Einflüsse gibt, die die Chancen eines Songs Punkte zu erhalten, beeinflussen. Dazu werden alle Teilnehmerländer für den relevanten Zeitraum der Jahre 1999 bis 2014 betrachtet. Im Mittelpunkt stehen drei Hypothesen zum Einfluss (1) des Startplatzes, (2) der Songsprache und (3) eines möglichen Blockvoting. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Untersuchung zeigen, dass der Startplatz den deutlichsten Einfluss auf die Bewertung hat. Das heißt, je später der ESC-Auftritt stattfindet, desto besser wird er bewertet. Sogenanntes Blockvoting oder politisches Voting innerhalb gemeinsamer Kultur- und Sozialräume, bspw. aus Solidarität, Ethnizität oder wegen gemeinsamer politischer Präferenzen, konnte nicht (zweifelsfrei) identifiziert werden. Zusammenfassend spricht dies für dynamische Entwicklungen bei der Punktevergabe, die zum Teil exogen (kulturell, sozial und politisch) determiniert aber auch endogen durch Antizipation der Punktevergabe anderer Länder hervorgerufen werden. Beides verhindert die Ermittlung stabiler Wirkungszusammenhänge und damit auch die Prognose von Punkteresultaten. Insoweit sind Qualität oder zumindest Popularität und zufällige Einflüsse ausschlaggebend für das Abschneiden eines Beitrags. Dies ist im Hinblick auf den Anspruch des ESC ein fairer Wettbewerb zu sein aber ein eher hoffnungsvolles Ergebnis. ; The performance of Conchita Wurst at the European Song Contest (ESC) in 2014 has attracted a lot of public interest and awareness. Her performance intentionally is a statement of tolerance and individual freedom and triggered a debate on the factors influencing the success or failure of a particular song, i.e. the points a performance receives. To what extent the sex of the artist, the language of the song or political preferences and geographical proximity impact aggregate voting behavior and thus the odds of winning the contest? This paper bases on the voting-data from 1999 to 2014 and investigates three hypotheses, i.e. the impacts of (1) the serial position of a performance, (2) the language of the song and (3) the existence of voting blocs. By analyzing a sample of the aggregate points of 394 songs this study shows that ordering effects when judging the songs are at hand: Participants that perform later receive more points on average. There is no - or at least only very weak - evidence for voting bias on the basis of geography and political voting blocs or linguistic preferences. This outcome strikingly contradicts a lot of other empirical studies as to voting patterns in the ESC. Two explanations are put forward: First, the voting behavior is an endogenous variable. If it is well known that a country receives votes due to political preferences and not because of the quality of its song the other countries anticipate this and tend to give less points. Thus at the aggregate level 'logrolling' of points inside voting blocs are cancelled out. Second, a closer look at the literature reveals that a lot of empirical studies identify voting blocs, but these voting blocs are almost always different groups of various countries. Summing up, it emerges that there are very few stable patterns of voting behavior, probably due to dynamic changes of political, cultural and social preferences. Therefore the evidence backs the idea that the quality of a song or at least the popularity of a performance dominate the success. This is certainly a favourable outcome given the goal of a fair and impartial song contest.

Spätestens seit dem letztjährigen Auftritt von Conchita Wurst mit ihrem provokanten Mix aus männlichen und weiblichen Zügen hat der Eurovision Song Contest (ESC) in ganz Europa Aufmerksamkeit erregt. Neben der großen öffentlichen Teilnahme existieren aber auch eine ganze Reihe wissenschaftlicher Untersuchungen zu möglichen Einflussfaktoren der Punktevergabe beim ESC. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, auf Grundlage einer eigenen empirischen Datenerhebung verschiedene Faktoren hinsichtlich ihres Einflusses auf die Bewertung der Auftritte beim ESC zu untersuchen. Im Mittelpunkt steht die Frage, ob es systematische Einflüsse gibt, die die Chancen eines Songs Punkte zu erhalten, beeinflussen. Dazu werden alle Teilnehmerländer für den relevanten Zeitraum der Jahre 1999 bis 2014 betrachtet. Im Mittelpunkt stehen drei Hypothesen zum Einfluss (1) des Startplatzes, (2) der Songsprache und (3) eines möglichen Blockvoting. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Untersuchung zeigen, dass der Startplatz den deutlichsten Einfluss auf die Bewertung hat. Das heißt, je später der ESC-Auftritt stattfindet, desto besser wird er bewertet. Sogenanntes Blockvoting oder politisches Voting innerhalb gemeinsamer Kultur- und Sozialräume, bspw. aus Solidarität, Ethnizität oder wegen gemeinsamer politischer Präferenzen, konnte nicht (zweifelsfrei) identifiziert werden. Zusammenfassend spricht dies für dynamische Entwicklungen bei der Punktevergabe, die zum Teil exogen (kulturell, sozial und politisch) determiniert aber auch endogen durch Antizipation der Punktevergabe anderer Länder hervorgerufen werden. Beides verhindert die Ermittlung stabiler Wirkungszusammenhänge und damit auch die Prognose von Punkteresultaten. Insoweit sind Qualität oder zumindest Popularität und zufällige Einflüsse ausschlaggebend für das Abschneiden eines Beitrags. Dies ist im Hinblick auf den Anspruch des ESC ein fairer Wettbewerb zu sein aber ein eher hoffnungsvolles Ergebnis. ; The performance of Conchita Wurst at the European Song Contest (ESC) in 2014 has attracted a lot of public interest and awareness. Her performance intentionally is a statement of tolerance and individual freedom and triggered a debate on the factors influencing the success or failure of a particular song, i.e. the points a performance receives. To what extent the sex of the artist, the language of the song or political preferences and geographical proximity impact aggregate voting behavior and thus the odds of winning the contest? This paper bases on the voting-data from 1999 to 2014 and investigates three hypotheses, i.e. the impacts of (1) the serial position of a performance, (2) the language of the song and (3) the existence of voting blocs. By analyzing a sample of the aggregate points of 394 songs this study shows that ordering effects when judging the songs are at hand: Participants that perform later receive more points on average. There is no - or at least only very weak - evidence for voting bias on the basis of geography and political voting blocs or linguistic preferences. This outcome strikingly contradicts a lot of other empirical studies as to voting patterns in the ESC. Two explanations are put forward: First, the voting behavior is an endogenous variable. If it is well known that a country receives votes due to political preferences and not because of the quality of its song the other countries anticipate this and tend to give less points. Thus at the aggregate level 'logrolling' of points inside voting blocs are cancelled out. Second, a closer look at the literature reveals that a lot of empirical studies identify voting blocs, but these voting blocs are almost always different groups of various countries. Summing up, it emerges that there are very few stable patterns of voting behavior, probably due to dynamic changes of political, cultural and social preferences. Therefore the evidence backs the idea that the quality of a song or at least the popularity of a performance dominate the success. This is certainly a favourable outcome given the goal of a fair and impartial song contest.