Suchergebnisse

Due to the Act of 11 January 2018 on Amending Certain Acts to Increase the Participation of Citizens in the Process of Selecting, Functioning and Controlling some Public Bodies, provisions establishing new competences of chairpersons of the constituting and controlling bodies of local self-government units were introduced to self-governmental systemic acts. They concern the authority of the chairperson of a constituting and controlling body of local self-government unit to issue service instructions to the employees – respectively – of the municipal office, the county office and the marshal office performing organizational, legal and other tasks related to the functioning of the municipal council, the district council or voivodeship council, their committees and councilors, and establishing that these employees are subordinate to the chairman. Despite thelegitimacy of the intentions related to their introduction, the provisions determining the competences in question give rise to numerous interpretative doubts with regard to the personal scope, the subjective scope, as well as the possible effects of the established powers of the chairperson of the constituting and controlling body of a local self-government unit. ; Ustawą z 11 stycznia 2018 r. o zmianie niektórych ustaw w celu zwiększenia udziału obywateli w procesie wybierania, funkcjonowania i kontrolowania niektórych organów publicznych do samorządowych ustaw ustrojowych wprowadzono przepisy ustanawiające nowe kompetencje przewodniczących organów stanowiących i kontrolnych jednostek samorządu terytorialnego. Dotyczą one wydawania przez przewodniczącego organu stanowiącego i kontrolnego jednostki samorządu terytorialnego poleceń służbowych pracownikom – odpowiednio – urzędu gminy, starostwa powiatowego i urzędu marszałkowskiego, wykonującym zadania organizacyjne, prawne oraz inne zadania związane z funkcjonowaniem rady gminy, rady powiatu lub sejmiku województwa, ich komisji i radnych oraz ustanowienia podległości zwierzchnictwu służbowemu przewodniczącego tych pracowników. Przepisy ustalające przedmiotowe kompetencje, pomimo zasadności intencji związanych z ich wprowadzeniem, nastręczają jednak licznych wątpliwości interpretacyjnych odnoszących się do zakresu podmiotowego, zakresu przedmiotowego, jak również możliwych skutków ustanowionych uprawnień przewodniczącego organu stanowiącego i kontrolnego jednostki samorządu terytorialnego.

Helena Grossówna, one of the most popular prewar Polish actresses, at the peak of her popularity got confronted with wartime. Like most people of art after 1st September 1939 she abandoned hitherto lifestyle and participated in the defense of Warsaw as a nurse and cook but did not become a regular soldier at that time. Together with other professional jobless actors she rendered services as a waitress in a café U Filmowców and occasionally performed on a stage. However, in the third year of war she joined the structures of Polish Underground State and fought in the Warsaw Uprising in Battalion Sokół. Consequently Grossówna got sent to POW camp Gross-Lübars and the latter in Oberlangen. After the camp was released in 1945, she came back to the country to struggle with the reality of Poland ruled by the Communist Party. ; Helena Grossówna, one of the most popular prewar Polish actresses, at the peak of her popularity got confronted with wartime. Like most people of art after 1st September 1939 she abandoned hitherto lifestyle and participated in the defense of Warsaw as a nurse and cook but did not become a regular soldier at that time. Together with other professional jobless actors she rendered services as a waitress in a café U Filmowców and occasionally performed on a stage. However, in the third year of war she joined the structures of Polish Underground State and fought in the Warsaw Uprising in Battalion Sokół. Consequently Grossówna got sent to POW camp Gross-Lübars and the latter in Oberlangen. After the camp was released in 1945, she came back to the country to struggle with the reality of Poland ruled by the Communist Party.

Education is one of the basic ways of shaping security. Its level depends on values, attitudes and messages, people's awareness as well as the skills necessary to prevent and deal with threats. Information activities in the field of counteracting threats should be supported by properly prepared education, especially for children and young people, which plays a special role in shaping safe behaviors and attitudes. Education for security of young people in Poland is an important and comprehensive undertaking involving state authorities, relevant services, organizations and the whole society. There is a conviction that only permanent and broad-based activities involving the whole society can bring the expected results, and thus raise the level of citizens' awareness of security.

Zygmunt Hübner was the minister of internal affairs in a very important period in the history of Poland (March 21 – November 17, 1924). It was during his term in office that a great economic and currency reform began in Poland; the currency was changed from the Polish mark to the Polish zloty. At that time, there were major organizational changes in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, improving the activities of the State Police. Well, in April 1924, a specialized service called Political Police, which significantly contributed to the effective fight against the so-called subversive groups (KPRP) directly threatening public order and peace in the state. The services subordinate to Minister Z. Hübner also fought against anti-state attacks by national minorities, especially Slavic (Ukrainian, Belarusian) minorities. However, the forms of fighting these protests so far, especially their partisans supported by the communist partisans, have not been successful. Consequently, a decision was made that a special formation organized in the form of a military model, i.e. the Border Protection Corps, would be created within the Ministry of Internal Affairs. As a result of his actions, at the end of 1924 order and peace began to return to the Eastern Borderlands. Minister Z. Hübner also paid a lot of attention to the Jewish minority, which fought for national and cultural autonomy, the German minority, and to the issues of Polish citizenship. ; Zygmunt Hübner był ministrem spraw wewnętrznych w bardzo ważnym okresie dziejów Polski (21 marca – 17 listopada 1924 r.). To podczas jego urzędowania rozpoczęła się w Polsce wielka reforma gospodarczo-walutowa; nastąpiła zmiana waluty z marki polskiej na złotego polskiego. W tym czasie w resorcie spraw wewnętrznych nastąpiły poważne zmiany organizacyjne, usprawniające działalność Policji Państwowej. Otóż w kwietniu 1924 r. powstała wyspecjalizowana służba pn. Policja Polityczna, która w znaczącym stopniu przyczyniła się do skutecznego zwalczania tzw. ugrupowań wywrotowych (KPRP) ...

It is often being argued that Russia, China, and other unfriendly nations are developing a wide range of counter-space systems that are able to degrade the U.S. capabilities in space. Among the other measures to address this problem, the separate service has recently been created within the U.S. military, the United States Space Force. It is tasked to combine space-related capabilities to form a unifi ed and so more eff ective service than the existing ones scattered across the armed forces. This article depicts and assesses the primary rationale behind the decision to create USSF, against the broad background of the United States security strategy with particular attention to the role of outer space in it. We will, therefore, fi rstly describe in brief the role of outer space in the security strategy of the United States. Secondly, we will present the current state and mission of the U.S. Space Force and its perspectives. And fi nally, we will address some controversies related to the creation of the new military branch. ; Często argumentuje się, że Rosja, Chiny oraz inne nieprzyjazne USA państwa rozwijają różne środki służące zanegowaniu amerykańskich zdolności do działania w przestrzeni kosmicznej. Obok innych działań nakierowanych na przeciwstawienie się temu zagrożeniu, niedawno powołano Siły Kosmiczne Stanów Zjednoczonych jako osobny rodzaj sił zbrojnych. Ich zadaniem jest połączenie systemów kosmicznych działających na rzecz bezpieczeństwa narodowego w jeden, zunifi kowany, a zatem bardziej efektywny podmiot niż w przypadku rozrzucenia tych systemów po różnych rodzajach sił zbrojnych. Artykuł opisuje i ocenia podstawowe założenia stojące za tą decyzją na szerokim tle strategii bezpieczeństwa Stanów Zjednoczonych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem roli przestrzeni kosmicznej. Dlatego w pierwszej kolejności krótko omówiono rolę przestrzeni kosmicznej w strategii bezpieczeństwa USA, a następnie przedstawiono aktualny stan i zadania Sił Kosmicznych USA. Na koniec odniesiono się do niektórych kontrowersji związanych z utworzeniem nowego rodzaju sił zbrojnych.

This paper discusses Helena Radlinska's (1879-1954) international activity. Helena Radlińska was the initiator of social pedagogy in Poland but her activities abroad in 1918-1939 is not yet known. Her works, their scope, aims and directions were interconnected with the largest european centres of education: International Congress of Moral Education in London, International Office of Education in Geneva, International Leuge of New Socialization in Geneva, Association of International Conferences of Adult Education in England and International Conferences of Social Services in Paris. Her engagement for many years in these organizations led to multiple social and institutional achievements together with scientific, methodological and methodical developments. Along this route the main life achievement in Radlinska's life- the development of a discipline of social pedaogogy, connects the development of individuals with insvestment in social and cultural spehere of life. Radlinska's activity makes Warsaw of her times one of the core places of international cooperation in the field of education, socialisation and social work.

Public perception of healthcare personnel in Poland and some other European countries in view of selected studiesThe paper presents current trends in the perception of healthcare in Poland and other European countries. The authors present the results of numerous surveys conducted both in Poland and abroad, which demonstrate significant changes in the way healthcare is perceived by the public in individual countries. As the diagnosis of how the medical profession is perceived in Poland gives no grounds for optimism, factors affecting its perception must be identified. This shows healthcare evaluation to be contextually-based, depending on the performance of both individual healthcare establishments and of the whole healthcare system in Poland. Demography has a heavy impact on the evaluation, as the medical services are being rated by the ageing society.

The article contains, preceded by a diagnosis which shows the possibilities of obtaining social support by older people in Poland, conclusions for the ageing policy in terms of forms of satisfying the care needs of seniors. The authors discuss selected results of the Polish national gerontological study PolSenior2, including in particular: family resources of older people, which they can use when they need support, the level of meeting the caring needs of seniors and the care gap. Based on the results of empirical research and the analysis of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the functioning of care institutions, the authors formulate recommendations regarding the process of deinstitutionalization of care services in Poland. They indicate that the family model of care for older people, which is dominant in our country, is conducive to deinstitutionalization, but this process cannot consist in shifting more and more responsibility onto the family, but in supporting its care function towards seniors with the help of increasingly diverse instruments of public policy.

This article provides a scientific reflection on the need for considering the issue of new technologies and their development in contemporary social policy in Poland. The article focuses on three selected areas of social policy, which are most intensively influenced by the development of new technologies: labor market policies, education policies, and telecare, including some elements of senior policies. The publication initiates further discussion on the current challenges and dilemmas faced by social policymakers. It corresponds to the specific experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic related to intensified, technologically mediated forms of communication and remote forms of using social services. It argues that rapid development of new technologies changes the goals and ways of putting social policies into practice. Drawing on theoretical assumptions of technological determinism and new institutionalism, the article aims to conclude that adequate institutional and legislative changes should be the consequence of technological changes and they should lead to greater compatibility of systemic solutions with citizens' everyday practice.

The aim of the article is to analyse the assumptions and results of the reform of the basic territorial division of the state carried out in Norway in 2016–2020, creating a new structure of municipal and regional self-government with a simultaneous change in some of the tasks carried out at both levels. The analysis is based on the assumptions and categories of neo-institutional methodology. The main thesis of the article is contained in the statement that the process of structural consolidation of local government units is theoretically and practically inevitable, because it is carried out in order to optimise the implementation of public services and increase the welfare of local communities. Its pragmatic and efficient execution with the participation of local communities is necessary to follow the contemporary stage of socio-economic and political development.

The article presents sectoral policy in the common judiciary during the COVID-19 pandemic. Problems related to its implementation. He discusses the process of modernization of the common judiciary and refers to examples from abroad. It presents proposals and implemented projects aimed at modernizing the judiciary, with particular emphasis on computerization.

The article describes the results obtained in the research conducted in the form of an analysis of online secondary sources (websites of organizations supporting people with disabilities). The study covers websites of ten major European organizations whose main activity is to help people with disabilities. The research question is: "What topics and issues dominate in the web content created by organizations, and what is overlooked, unnoticed?". The analysis of websites makes it possible to identify five significant thematic categories that dominate the content published by the selected organizations; these categories are - education, legal issues, architectural barriers, financial issues, social activities. In addition, the research makes it possible to diagnose the absence of several critical disability-related topics in the published content. Essential issues omitted on the institutions' websites include adulthood and sexuality of people with disabilities, everyday life of people with disabilities and their families, and individual perspectives of people with disabilities (presentation of topics from the group's point of view, lack of personal viewpoint). According to research result there is also a hierarchy of disabilities in the content published on the websites (e.g., a small number of articles devoted to intellectual disabilities or mental disorders).

The article discusses the roles played by multilateral diplomacy of the Central European states. These roles have changed following historical developments. In the interwar period Central European states had to establish their diplomatic services. Important role played at that time multilateral diplomacy within the League of Nations. After the II World War the Central European states were part of the Soviet sphere of influence and multilateral diplomats were active in communist organisations such as the Warsaw Pact and the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA). However, multilateral principles such as indivisibility, diffused reciprocity and generalized principles of conduct were not applied. In the UN system and the CSCE Central European diplomats represented interests of Soviet Block. After regaining independence in 1989 Central European states founded regional organisations such as the Visegrad Group and the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA), as well as acceded Western organizations, such as the Council of Europe, economic and financial organizations (World Bank, IMF, OECD), NATO and the European Union. Today multilateral diplomacy plays important role in foreign services of Central European states. ; W artykule przedstawiona została rola wielostronnej dyplomacji państw środkowoeuropejskich. Rola ta zmieniała się wraz z rozwojem historycznym. W okresie międzywojennym nowo powstałe państwa środkowoeuropejskie musiały utworzyć własną służbę dyplomatyczną. Duże znaczenie miała wówczas dyplomacja wielostronna, prowadzona w ramach Ligi Narodów. Po II wojnie światowej, kiedy to państwa środkowoeuropejskie znalazły się w sowieckiej strefie wpływów, dyplomaci wielostronni byli aktywni w komunistycznych organizacjach międzynarodowych, takich jak Pakt Warszawski i Rada Wzajemnej Pomocy Gospodarczej (RWPG). Jednak multilateralne zasady, takie jak niepodzielność, rozszerzona wzajemność i powszechne zasady postępowania, nie były w tych organizacjach przestrzegane. W systemie ONZ i w KBWE środkowoeuropejscy dyplomaci reprezentowali interes bloku sowieckiego. Po uzyskaniu niepodległości w 1989 roku państwa środkowoeuropejskie utworzyły organizacje regionalne, takie jak Grupa Wyszehradzka i Środkowoeuropejskie Porozumienie Wolnego Handlu, oraz przystąpiły do organizacji zachodnich – Rady Europy, organizacji finansowych i gospodarczych (Bank Światowy, Międzynarodowy Fundusz Walutowy, Organizacja Współpracy Gospodarczej i Rozwoju), Sojuszu Północnoatlantyckiego i Unii Europejskiej. Dyplomacja wielostronna w służbach zagranicznych państw środkowoeuropejskich odgrywa dziś ważną rolę.

Drug trafficking is a threat to both social security and economic development. Ensuring internal security involves eliminating threats, avoiding them and reducing the probability of their occurrence in the future. Marijuana, being uncontrolled, unregulated and harmful to people, is transported between countries illegally. This is a problem that has existed for dozens of years around the world, and since the beginning of the twentieth century it is also noticeable in Poland. The activity of international criminal groups forces the security services to react and cooperate at the European level. The article aims to show that cannabis is nowadays a significant problem for society and a major challenge for law enforcement. Drugs are the subject of many debates and deliberations of psychologists, politicians, therapists, teachers, functionaries and environmental activists. Although Polish law prohibits the cultivation and distribution of cannabis, the number of users increases from year to year. To ensure security in Poland, organizations have been established that should counteract the smuggling. The reaction of the security services should be compatible with the existing negative situation in the field of counteracting drug threats. ; Przemyt narkotyków jest zagrożeniem zarówno dla bezpieczeństwa społecznego, jak i dla rozwoju ekonomicznego. Zapewnianie bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego wiąże się z likwidowaniem zagrożeń, unikaniem ich i zmniejszaniem prawdopodobieństwa wystąpienia w przyszłości. Niekontrolowana, nieregulowana oraz szkodliwa dla ludzi marihuana, jest transportowana między państwami nielegalnie. Jest to problem, który istnieje od kilkudziesięciu lat na całym świecie, a od początku XX wieku widoczny jest również w Polsce. Działalność międzynarodowych grup przestępczych wymusza na służbach bezpieczeństwa reakcję oraz współpracę na poziomie europejskim. Artykuł ma na celu ukazanie, że współcześnie konopie stanowią znaczący problem dla społeczeństwa oraz poważne wyzwanie dla organów ścigania. Narkotyki są tematem wielu debat i rozważań psychologów, polityków, terapeutów, nauczycieli, funkcjonariuszy służb oraz działaczy środowiskowych. Mimo, iż prawo polskie zakazuje uprawy i dystrybucji marihuany, z roku na rok zwiększa się liczba jej użytkowników. Dla zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa w Polsce powołano organizacje, które powinny przeciwdziałać przemytowi. Reakcja służb bezpieczeństwa powinna być kompatybilna z zaistniałą negatywną sytuacją, w zakresie przeciwdziałania zagrożeniom narkotykowym.

Civil society organizations and grassroot initiatives have not stopped during the COVID-19 pandemic. As the COVID-19 pandemic swept Poland voluntary organizations and spontaneous civic initiatives have demonstrated huge potential of solidarity embodied in the Polish society and its readiness to genuine, creative and effective responses. The article highlights the irreplaceable role of voluntary organizations and spontaneous citizen led activities during the pandemic and before 2020 in mobilizing social support, providing frontline help and essential services and to mitigate the impact of COVID-19. Civil society organisations and grassroot initiatives provided food, personal protection equipment and essential sanitary items, often filling the gap when public administration was slow to respond. The article outlines the central and local governments policies aimed at creating an enabling environment for the work of civil society to respond to the spread of COVID-19.