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The world is being shaped by service. All the world's most advanced economies are dominated by service, with many countries having more than 70 percent of their gross domestic product (GDP) generated by it. The service sector also employs the largest number of people and it is the fastest growing sector, both in number of companies and employees. The questions posed in this book are: (1) How is the service sector growing; (2) what is service innovation; (3) what are the drivers of service innovation; and (4) how can organizations innovate service in a structured way? The book views service as the value creating activity that customers perform in their own context: The role of a company is to provide the resources and knowledge to enable value creation. Based on this view, we develop a model of service innovation. Service innovation is a multifaceted concept dependent on the purpose of the innovation. These purposes could be to: differentiate, finance, help, experience, and streamline the process or offering. In turn, these result in: brand innovation, business model innovation, social innovation, experience innovation, process innovation, and behavioral innovation, respectively. In this book, we develop guidelines for what is required from the organizational perspective, how should an organization view its customers in order to be successful, what does a service development process look like, and how to transform an organization that is goods-centric to become service or solution provider. Despite the heightened focus on service in many business sectors, most models and theories of innovation are based on a goods perspective, assuming that the norm is a physical good. We believe that the norm is actually experiential and service based. This book addresses this mismatch of theory and practice for the benefit of those who are seeking to understand, teach, and practice service innovation.

Front Cover -- Ecosystem Services: From Biodiversity to Society, Part 2 -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface: Ecosystem Services: From Biodiversity to Society, Part 2 -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter One: Learning Ecological Networks from Next-Generation Sequencing Data -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Ecological Interactions Are Drivers of Ecosystem Functioning -- 1.2. Ecological Interactions Are Altered by Anthropogenic Activity -- 1.3. Next-Generation Sequencing Can Be Used for Monitoring Ecological Interactions -- 2. Why Learning Ecological Networks from NGS Data? -- 2.1. Limitations of Classical Methods for Resolving Ecological Interactions -- 2.2. Advantages of NGS for Identifying Species and Their Interactions -- 3. Examples of NGS-Based Ecological Networks and Their Applications -- 3.1. Deciphering Pathobiomes Using NGS-Based Microbial Networks for Improving Biological Control -- 3.2. Studying the Hologenome Theory of Evolution Using NGS-Based Microbial Networks -- 3.3. Testing the Niche Partitioning Theory with NGS-Based Trophic Networks -- 3.4. Challenges to Be Addressed to Get Predictive Insights from NGS-Based Networks -- 4. Theoretical Methods for Deciphering Ecological Networks from NGS Data -- 4.1. The Input Data -- 4.2. Inferring Ecological Interactions Using Statistical Models -- 4.2.1. Bayesian Networks and Dynamic Bayesian Networks -- 4.2.2. Gaussian Graphical Models with Sparse Regularization -- 4.3. Learning Ecological Interactions Using Logic-Based Machine-Learning Algorithms -- 4.3.1. Inductive Logic Programming -- 4.3.2. Meta-Interpretive Learning -- 5. Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Glossary -- References -- Chapter Two: The Visualisation of Ecological Networks, and Their Use as a Tool for Engagement, Advocacy and Management -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Benefits of a Network Approach in Ecology.

How can value cocreation in complex human-centered service systems (HCSSs) like health care be facilitated? We address this question by introducing the novel role of service orchestrators as dedicated actors who facilitate and orchestrate resource integration, and thereby value cocreation, between other interdependent actors in HCSSs. Specifically, we draw on findings from four complementary studies that investigate the role and impact of case managers, an ideal-typical service orchestrator in health care, through the perspectives of HCSS actors (i.e., patients in Study 1 and clinical staff in Study 2) and structures (i.e., clinical departments in Studies 3 and 4). Our findings indicate that orchestrating value cocreation through case managers enhances patient satisfaction as well as the financial and operational performance of clinical departments. Service orchestration also increases the perception of clinical staff that patients are actively involved in the cocreation of their own health service but surprisingly not that of patients themselves. As such, introducing service orchestrators might contribute to reconciling the growing tension between the quality and cost of health care. We conclude by outlining how our work serves as a possible starting point for a novel research stream on effective coordination mechanisms for value cocreation in complex HCSSs.

The aim of this article is to propose and examine a quantitative method of determining the degree of compatibility between municipal services. Provision of services and facilities maintenance are usually two biggest expenditures of local governments. Traditionally, facilities host only one service, whereas the challenge and opportunity lies in combining various, compatible services and offering them together under one roof. Such a combination decreases municipal expenditure and has a strong positive impact on the general service quality. For this purpose, we take advantage of the City-block distance formula to calculate the degree of compatibility between municipal services. The method is examined and discussed on a sample of 30 real municipal services. This allows us to find possible combinations of strongly compatible services that should be offered together in Multi-Service Facilities and, at the same time, avoid an unwanted combination of services that are incompatible

The standard of adoption services across local authorities and the voluntary sector has steadily improved in recent years, bucking the overall trend in Ofsted inspections, social care report shows

This book invites the reader on a journey of discovery of service systems. From a Service-Dominant-Logic perspective, such systems are the building blocks of all economic activity, and innovation of new service systems holds the promise of a new industrial revolution. Users navigating websites, customers interacting with intelligent mobile retail applications, patients interpreting advice from health-care professionals and other sources, students interacting with teachers and learning materials, city dwellers invoking smart service applications for transportation routing, and the unlimited variations of smart service systems that will be enabled by the Internet of Things and other technologies provide ample evidence of the need for service innovation. Fundamentally human centered and cocreative, these services must engage actors in personalized journeys directed by their decisions. Hence, understanding the performance of service systems and designing better service systems require an understanding of how actors or their agents make decisions and how service systems should enable and respond to these decisions. Service science is the study of such systems and decisions. This book presents an overview of the foundational constructs of service science and models of cocreative systems, with the aim of enabling the reader to be a service innovator. Consequently, the book's title expresses the purpose of the book in terms of initiating the reader in the action of modeling as opposed serving as a presentation of models for observation. Some readers may possess in-depth knowledge of some aspects of service systems that this text only surveys. That's fine. The value proposition of this book is the opportunity to fill each reader's knowledge gaps and offer a comprehensive, coherent, and introductory overview of service system modeling.

Purpose– Applying "modularity" principles in services is gaining in popularity. The purpose of this paper is to enrich existing service modularity theory and practice by exploring how services are being decomposed and how the modularization aim and the routineness of the service(s) involved may link to different decomposition logics. The authors argue that these are fundamental questions that have barely been addressed.Design/methodology/approach– The authors first built a theoretical framework of decomposition steps and the design choices involved that distinguished six decomposition logics. The authors conducted a systematic literature search that generated 18 empirical articles describing 16 service modularity cases. The authors analysed these cases in terms of decomposition logic and two main contingencies: modularization aim and service routineness.Findings– Only three of the 18 articles explicitly addressed the service decomposition by reflecting on the underlying design choices. By unravelling the decomposition in each case, the authors were able to identify the decomposition logic and found four of the six theoretically derived logics: single-level process oriented; single-level outcome oriented; multilevel outcome oriented; and multilevel combined orientation. Although the authors did not find a direct relationship between the modularization aim and the decomposition logic, the authors did find that single-level decomposition logics seem to be mainly applied in non-routine service offerings whereas the multilevel ones are mainly applied in routine service offerings.Originality/value– By contributing to a common understanding of modular service decomposition and proposing a framework that explicates the design choices involved, the authors enable an enhanced application of the modularity concept in services.

As more and more technologies are infused into service delivery, service providers must continuously renegotiate the ways in which they understand service delivery across increasingly high-tech, low-touch modalities. This exploratory qualitative study examines what health care service providers experience when offering separated services in the empirical context of telehealth. In-depth phenomenographic interviews sourced across multiple hospital and health care sites revealed that service providers experience (1) depersonalization, (2) clinical voyeurism, (3) intangibility negotiation, and (4) a need to manage change around identities and roles. These emergent understandings highlight the individual and qualitatively distinct differences in the ways in which service providers experience service separation in telehealth. Our findings address current service science priorities to leverage technology for service delivery as a way to advance separated service design. Further they provide an understanding-based approach toward building new theories from the service provider's perspective on separation in technology-infused services. Our findings suggest strategies and tactics service providers use to overcome the potential challenges arising from not being physically colocated with their customers during service separation.

This book takes the position that organizations, such as businesses and government agencies, form a special class of living system. As such they come into being, live through lifecycle stages, and can experience organizational health and various forms of organizational illness along the way. If the latter is frequent or extended, such organizations often die an untimely death. A services perspective can go a long way to combat this outcome and assist in maintaining organizational health. Allowing this perspective to permeate an organization induces a consideration of its genuine value and leads to a greater understanding of the breadth of stakeholders who are the beneficiaries of it. Productivity and services in an organization are symbiotic and must be so in order to achieve the balance that is key to the health of each organization. A services perspective illuminates as well the pivotal role that business-to-business service providers play in ensuring that balance is achieved and maintained. This book explores these factors from the point of view of the business leader and anyone concerned with the health of any organization.

How might a service-learning course help child language brokers (Tse, 1996) minimize negative effects and maximize the cognitive and academic benefits of language brokering? This question is answered with data from an ethnographic case study of a high school service-learning course in translation and interpreting. Heritage speakers of Spanish and less commonly taught languages serve as volunteer interpreters at local schools while learning the skills, habits and ethics of professional interpreting in this course. The theoretical lens of self-efficacy (Bandura, 1977; 2006) is used to analyze how this curriculum affects students. This article also contributes to evolving definitions of service-learning for heritage language speakers, arguing that language brokering that students do for their families and communities should be seen as a pre-existing "service" that can be utilized in the prepare-act-reflect cycle of service-learning. Analysis of the data shows that this cycle is key to supporting students in building the confidence and skills to pursue careers in professional interpreting and helping them manage their family interpreting experiences. Students demonstrated increased self-efficacy perceptions in terms of interpreting, academic achievement and general life events, although the role that service-learning played in the latter two outcomes is still unclear.

This book takes the position that organizations, such as businesses and government agencies, form a special class of living system. As such they come into being, live through lifecycle stages, and can experience organizational health and various forms of organizational illness along the way. If the latter is frequent or extended, such organizations often die an untimely death. A services perspective can go a long way to combat this outcome and assist in maintaining organizational health. Allowing this perspective to permeate an organization induces a consideration of its genuine value and leads to a greater understanding of the breadth of stakeholders who are the beneficiaries of it. Productivity and services in an organization are symbiotic and must be so in order to achieve the balance that is key to the health of each organization. A services perspective illuminates as well the pivotal role that business-to-business service providers play in ensuring that balance is achieved and maintained. This book explores these factors from the point of view of the business leader and anyone concerned with the health of any organization.