The problem of the article concerns the development of education services at a higher level. In the first part the author discusses the basic models of higher education institutions in the US and Europe, noting the role of the market, government and academic environment. In the second part the author analyses the influence of contemporary economic, market and society conditions on the model of education at a higher level in Poland at the turn of the 20th century. Considerations are conducted on the basis of national and foreign literature sources, available reports and statistical publications. The last part contains reflections on the future of the higher education sector in Poland. ; Artykuł nie posiada streszczenia w języku polskim.
The name of special services is applied to the civil and military services that organize and conduct intelligence and counterintelligence activities. Their operations are an element generating social and political trust between the political authorities and citizens. Given the current conditions of international relations and the international situation, a state is required to have efficient special services at its disposal. Anegative impact of globalization on state functioning, both in its external and internal dimensions, forces Polish special services to strengthen their fundamental function, that is providing information. The weakness of military intelligence and counterintelligence follows from the dissolution in 2000 of the Military Intelligence Services (WSI), and wasting their potential for political reasons. The role and task of special services in a democratic state should be to protect the liberty and democracy of the political system's principles, as set out in the Constitution, instead of protecting particular interests. The nature of the transformations occurring in security circles in Poland and related globalization processes, as well as civilizational, cultural and technological changes and the emergence of a civil society, demand a different attitude to the special services to be taken both by the public authorities and society, and make changes in their functioning necessary. This also calls for the need for a theoretical interpretation of the operations of modern Polish special services in a democratic state of law. ; The name of special services is applied to the civil and military services that organize and conduct intelligence and counterintelligence activities. Their operations are an element generating social and political trust between the political authorities and citizens. Given the current conditions of international relations and the international situation, a state is required to have efficient special services at its disposal. Anegative impact of globalization on state functioning, both in its external and internal dimensions, forces Polish special services to strengthen their fundamental function, that is providing information. The weakness of military intelligence and counterintelligence follows from the dissolution in 2000 of the Military Intelligence Services (WSI), and wasting their potential for political reasons. The role and task of special services in a democratic state should be to protect the liberty and democracy of the political system's principles, as set out in the Constitution, instead of protecting particular interests. The nature of the transformations occurring in security circles in Poland and related globalization processes, as well as civilizational, cultural and technological changes and the emergence of a civil society, demand a different attitude to the special services to be taken both by the public authorities and society, and make changes in their functioning necessary. This also calls for the need for a theoretical interpretation of the operations of modern Polish special services in a democratic state of law.
The name of special services is applied to the civil and military services that orga-nize and conduct intelligence and counterintelligence activities. Their operations are an element generating social and political trust between the political authorities and citizens. Given the current conditions of international relations and the international situation, a state is required to have efficient special services at its disposal. A negative impact of globalization on state functioning, both in its external and in-ternal dimensions, forces Polish special services to strengthen their fundamental func-tion, that is providing information. The weakness of military intelligence and counterintelligence follows from the dissolution in 2000 of the Military Intelligence Services (WSI), and wasting their potential for political reasons. The role and task of special services in a democratic state should be to protect the liberty and democracy of the political system's principles, as set out in the Constitution, instead of protecting particular interests. The nature of the transformations occurring in security circles in Poland and related globalization processes, as well as civilizational, cultural and tech-nological changes and the emergence of a civil society, demand a different attitude to the special services to be taken both by the public authorities and society, and make changes in their functioning necessary. This also calls for the need for a theoretical in-terpretation of the operations of modern Polish special services in a democratic state of law.
Services of general interest form an essential element of the European model of society as a way to increase quality of life and to overcome social exclusion and isolation. They are also at the core of the public debate touching the central question of the role public authorities and the institutions of the European Union play in a market economy. The competencies and responsibilities conferred by the Treaty, the EU regulations and directives lay emphasis on the essential role and the wide discretion of national, regional and local authorities in defining, organizing, financing and monitoring services of general interest. The same time the EU Law provide the European Commission with a wide range of means of action to ensure the compliance of the process of organizing and financing such services according to a comprehensive regulatory regime at Community level to make them compatible with the internal market and to prevent a distortion of the competition rules. The paper indicates divergences of the points of view of public authorities and the Commission on their role, shared responsibility and powers in that process. ; Usługi użyteczności publicznej stanowią zasadniczy element modelu europejskiego, służąc polepszeniu jakości życia i przezwyciężeniu społecznego wykluczenia i izolacji. Pozostają również w centrum publicznej debaty co do roli, jaką w gospodarce rynkowej odgrywają władze publiczne państw członkowskich i instytucje Unii Europejskiej. Kompetencje i obowiązki określone przez Traktat oraz unijne rozporządzenia i dyrektywy podkreślają zasadniczą rolę i szeroki zakres swobody krajowych, regionalnych i lokalnych organów władzy w definiowaniu, organizowaniu, finansowaniu i monitorowaniu usług użyteczności publicznej. Jednocześnie prawo unijne wyposaża Komisję Europejską w liczne instrumenty mające zapewnić zgodność procesu organizowania i finansowania tego typu usług z ogólnym reżimem prawnym Unii – tak, aby uczynić je kompatybilnymi z jej rynkiem wewnętrznym i zapobiec zakłóceniu konkurencji. Artykuł wskazuje na rozbieżności w punktach widzenia władz publicznych i Komisji na ich rolę oraz podział odpowiedzialności i władzy w tym procesie.
Services of general interest form an essential element of the European model of society as a way to increase quality of life and to overcome social exclusion and isolation. They are also at the core of the public debate touching the central question of the role public authorities and the institutions of the European Union play in a market economy. The competencies and responsibilities conferred by the Treaty, the EU regulations and directives lay emphasis on the essential role and the wide discretion of national, regional and local authorities in defining, organizing, financing and monitoring services of general interest. The same time the EU Law provide the European Commission with a wide range of means of action to ensure the compliance of the process of organizing and financing such services according to a comprehensive regulatory regime at Community level to make them compatible with the internal market and to prevent a distortion of the competition rules. The paper indicates divergences of the points of view of public authorities and the Commission on their role, shared responsibility and powers in that process. ; Usługi użyteczności publicznej stanowią zasadniczy element modelu europejskiego, służąc polepszeniu jakości życia i przezwyciężeniu społecznego wykluczenia i izolacji. Pozostają również w centrum publicznej debaty co do roli, jaką w gospodarce rynkowej odgrywają władze publiczne państw członkowskich i instytucje Unii Europejskiej. Kompetencje i obowiązki określone przez Traktat oraz unijne rozporządzenia i dyrektywy podkreślają zasadniczą rolę i szeroki zakres swobody krajowych, regionalnych i lokalnych organów władzy w definiowaniu, organizowaniu, finansowaniu i monitorowaniu usług użyteczności publicznej. Jednocześnie prawo unijne wyposaża Komisję Europejską w liczne instrumenty mające zapewnić zgodność procesu organizowania i finansowania tego typu usług z ogólnym reżimem prawnym Unii – tak, aby uczynić je kompatybilnymi z jej rynkiem wewnętrznym i zapobiec zakłóceniu konkurencji. Artykuł wskazuje na rozbieżności w punktach widzenia władz publicznych i Komisji na ich rolę oraz podział odpowiedzialności i władzy w tym procesie.
The word "Holocaust" functions as a keyword in reading of the contemporary history in the Web services (which contain video files). Very often this word is used in the context of some historical truth which concerns the second world war. There are mainly some newsreels or audiovisual documents which confirm the atrocities of the war. The forms of the provocation are rather rarely. In this perspective the authors want to notice some peculiar problems or phenomenona. Sometimes the word "Holocaust" is used by some communities to support their ideologies (for example in the political background) – and in this context the interpretation of this word exceeds the ethical taboo. ; Truth, provocation, propaganda. Images of the Holocaust in the Web services The word "Holocaust" functions as a keyword in reading of the contemporary history in the Web services (which contain video files). Very often this word is used in the context of some historical truth which concerns the second world war. There are mainly some newsreels or audiovisual documents which confirm the atrocities of the war. The forms of the provocation are rather rarely. In this perspective the authors want to notice some peculiar problems or phenomenona. Sometimes the word "Holocaust" is used by somecommunities to support their ideologies (for example in the political background) – and in this context the interpretation of this word exceeds the ethical taboo.
Przedmiotem artykułu są regulacje unijne dotyczące dozwolonej pomocy udzielanej mediom publicznym przez państwa członkowskie Unii Europejskiej oraz praktyka ich stosowania. Celem badań jest weryfikacja następującej tezy: prawo Unii Europejskiej w sposób ogólny reguluje kwestie dozwolonej pomocy państwa dla mediów publicznych, natomiast szczegółowe wytyczne formułowane są ad causum, w wyniku kontroli Komisji Europejskiej i pod wpływem orzecznictwa Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej. W pierwszej części autorka przedstawi regulacje unijne obowiązujące w przedmiotowej dziedzinie. Istotne znaczenie dla sektorowych zasad udzielania i kontroli pomocy państwa w obszarze radiofonii i telewizji ma komunikat Komisji z 2009 roku w sprawie stosowania zasad pomocy państwa wobec radiofonii i telewizji publicznej (Dz. Urz. UE C 257 z dnia 27 października 2009 roku). Następnie omówione zostaną wybrane orzeczenia Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej, istotne z punktu widzenia zasad udzielania przez państwo pomocy dla mediów publicznych. ; The article discusses the European Union regulations on permitted aid provided to the public media by member states of the European Union (EU) and the practice of their application. The aim of the research is to verify the following thesis: European Union law regulates the permitted state aid to public media only generally, but detailed guidelines are formulated ad casum, as a result of the control of the European Commission and according to the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union. The first part will discuss the EU regulations in this area. The important document for sectoral policies and the provision of State aid control in the area of radio and television is the Commission Communication of 2009 on the application of State aid rules to public service broadcasting (OJ. EU C 257 of 27 October 2009). Then it will be discussed selected judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union, important for the relevant rules of granting state aid to public media.
The aim of the study is to analyze the development level of e-public services in Poznań, the development of which it was possible inter alia thanks to the European funds. Poznań's situation in this field has been referred to the largest cities in Poland using EU funds for the development of e-government. In the first stage of the research the operational programs under which it was possible to co-finance the development of e-government were analysed. In the second stage there was an analysis of the absorption of EU funds by the studied cities in relation to other units of local government, and the third stage discusses projects from EU funds for the development of e-government in the studied cities. The last, fourth stage of the research includes the analysis of the development level of e-government measured by the development level of selected public e-services in 2011 and 2014, part of which is a consequence of used EU funds. ; Celem pracy jest analiza poziomu rozwoju e-usług publicznych dostępnych w Poznaniu, których rozwój możliwy był m.in. dzięki środkom pochodzącym z funduszy europejskich. Sytuacja Poznania w tym zakresie została odniesiona do największych miast w Polsce wykorzystujących środki unijne na rozwój e-administracji. W pierwszym etapie postępowania badawczego przeanalizowano programy operacyjne, w ramach których istniała możliwość współfinansowania rozwoju e-administracji. W drugim etapie przeprowadzono analizę absorpcji środków unijnych przez badane miasta na tle innych jednostek samorządu lokalnego, a w trzecim – omówiono projekty realizowane ze środków unijnych na rozwój e-administracji w badanych miastach. Ostatni, czwarty etap postępowania badawczego obejmuje analizę poziomu rozwoju e-administracji mierzoną poziomem rozwoju wybranych e-usług publicznych w roku 2011 i 2014.
The civil services in Poland and EU institutions undergo similar processes. France (at the time of the 3 rd Republic) was the cradle of civil service, therefore the administrative systems of Western Europe (and others) have sought examples there. The Polish model of civil service can be described as a mixed one, with the prevalence of regulations typical of a career model. In the career model the state is the master that employs a servant. Similar solutions are applied in France, Germany and Austria. They have been modified for the purpose of the specific functions which the civil service performs in EU institutions (a so-called closed career model). In the position system, particular authority is granted the civil servant's employer rather than the state as a whole. A civil servant is employed in a particular position rather then in the civil service 'in general'. The stability of employment and guarantee of remuneration are lower. The UK, Nordic countries and Italy apply solutions that are similar to this model.
Proces integracji z Unią Europejską umożliwił Polsce wkroczenie na nową ścieżkę rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego, a najważniejszym czynnikiem warunkującym ten rozwój stały się fundusze strukturalne oraz Fundusz Spójności. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu określenie, w jakim stopniu gminy powiatu żnińskiego, stanowiące obszar badań, skorzystały ze środków europejskich w realizacji zadań własnych. Analiza obejmuje dwie perspektywy finansowe unijnej polityki regionalnej - 2004-2006 oraz 2007-2013 - a ponieważ drugi okres programowania z udziałem Polski niebawem zostanie zakończony, artykuł ten stanowi doskonałą sposobność do podsumowania dotychczasowych rezultatów gmin powiatu żnińskiego w zakresie korzystania ze środków funduszy strukturalnych i Funduszu Spójności. ; The integration with the European Union has enabled Poland to advance its socio-economic development. The Structural Funds as well as the Cohesion Fund have become the most important determinant of this process. The aim of the article is to investigate the extent to which Żnin county communes benefited from the above mentioned funds for implementation of public services imposed on the local government. The spatial scope of the analysis embraces the communes of the Żnin county while the temporal scope of the research covers the years 2004-2006 and 2007-2013 and coincides with two regional policy frameworks which have been accessible to Poland as a member of the European Union. Since the second financial perspective in which Poland has participated in the European Union is coming to an end, this article is a significant opportunity to sum up hitherto prevailing results of Żnin county communes benefiting from the Structural Funds.
The civil service in Poland lacks legal and institutional continuity. Four laws regarding the civil service have been enacted over the past twelve years which have made different provisions concerning, for example, the body in charge of the civil service (The Civil Service Supervisor or the Head of the Chancellery of the Prime Minister) and handling its matters (The Civil Service Office of the Chancellery of the Prime Minister), the status of higher posts (in the civil service and outside of it) and the manner of manning such posts (contests, appointments, enrollment). The act on the civil service of 2008 introduced a range of instruments to provide for consistent operations and, consequently, stability of human resource management. It should be emphasized that at present the challenge concerning the civil service is to prepare it for the tasks to be fulfilled while Poland holds the presidency of the Council of the European Union. Providing training and applying various methods to develop civil servants' competence as well as adopting European models are a chance to increase the quality of civil service operations. ; The civil service in Poland lacks legal and institutional continuity. Four laws regarding the civil service have been enacted over the past twelve years which have made different provisions concerning, for example, the body in charge of the civil service (The Civil Service Supervisor or the Head of the Chancellery of the Prime Minister) and handling its matters (The Civil Service Office of the Chancellery of the Prime Minister), the status of higher posts (in the civil service and outside of it) and the manner of manning such posts (contests, appointments, enrollment). The act on the civil service of 2008 introduced a range of instruments to provide for consistent operations and, consequently, stability of human resource management. It should be emphasized that at present the challenge concerning the civil service is to prepare it for the tasks to be fulfilled while Poland holds the presidency of the Council of the European Union. Providing training and applying various methods to develop civil servants' competence as well as adopting European models are a chance to increase the quality of civil service operations.
The civil services in Poland and EU institutions undergo similar processes. France (at the time of the 3rd Republic) was the cradle of civil service, therefore the administrative systems ofWestern Europe (and others) have sought examples there. The Polish model of civil service can be described as a mixed one, with the prevalence of regulations typical of a career model. In the career model the state is the master that employs a servant. Similar solutions are applied in France, Germany and Austria. They have been modified for the purpose of the specific functions which the civil service performs in EU institutions (a so-called closed career model). In the position system, particular authority is granted the civil servant's employer rather than the state as a whole. A civil servant is employed in a particular position rather then in the civil service 'in general'. The stability of employment and guarantee of remuneration are lower. The UK, Nordic countries and Italy apply solutions that are similar to this model. ; The civil services in Poland and EU institutions undergo similar processes. France (at the time of the 3rd Republic) was the cradle of civil service, therefore the administrative systems ofWestern Europe (and others) have sought examples there. The Polish model of civil service can be described as a mixed one, with the prevalence of regulations typical of a career model. In the career model the state is the master that employs a servant. Similar solutions are applied in France, Germany and Austria. They have been modified for the purpose of the specific functions which the civil service performs in EU institutions (a so-called closed career model). In the position system, particular authority is granted the civil servant's employer rather than the state as a whole. A civil servant is employed in a particular position rather then in the civil service 'in general'. The stability of employment and guarantee of remuneration are lower. The UK, Nordic countries and Italy apply solutions that are similar to this model.
After the reform in January 1st, 1999 Polish public administration has been divided into three levels, with following basic units a community, a county and a voivodeship. These units of local self-government should provide public services for the locals but generally they fulfill their tasks below standard,an effect of which is considerable public dissatisfaction. The study undertakes to distinguish the prerequisites for the efficient realization of public services. The introduction contains a definition of public services and presents the concept of a system approach to self-government administration. It has been assumed that the improvement of the organization of self-government administration concerns two areas: the organizational structure and the administrative procedures relevant for the realization of public services. This approach enabled the author to distinguish the prerequisites for the efficient realization of public services, which were characterized in the consecutive part of the study. The conclusion presents the areas and methods for the improvement of the organization of self-government administration institutions.
In the article the author gives some arguments that the source of the biggest intelligence threat to the European Union and NATO, especially for Poland, is the special service of the Russian Federation. These services hold the agent activities in the area of Poland, which are focused on recognizing of the Polish Army, its modernization and adjustment to the NATO's standards. In this situation the best access to the essential information can be delivered by the agency in the arm environment or in its surroundings. The special interest can be focuses on the economic subjects busing with special trade because of their economical and defensive nature. Surely there are issues connected with plans of the elements of the rocket defence sitting in Poland, which are very interesting for Russian secret services. Therefore some agents can be located among the stuff inspecting the building site and the function of this system.
Non profit organizations play important role in every democratic country. Their role is even bigger when given economy has to cope with different problems, because organizations support these spheres of social life that are neglected by the state. In this paper condition of American non profit sector between 2006 and 2009 is discussed. As a result of conducted analysis of The Center on Philanthropy at Indiana University reports and information from The Internal Revenue Service it turns that, despite the crisis time, non profit organizations are in good shape. It is connected with a big engagement of almost the whole American society that supports organizations in financial way as well as giving time and work. Such big social support non profit organizations stems both from conviction, that this is a pattern of real American society, and from beneficial tax solutions. ; Non profit organizations play important role in every democratic country. Their role is even bigger when given economy has to cope with different problems, because organizations support these spheres of social life that are neglected by the state. In this paper condition of American non profit sector between 2006 and 2009 is discussed. As a result of conducted analysis of The Center on Philanthropy at Indiana University reports and information from The Internal Revenue Service it turns that, despite the crisis time, non profit organizations are in good shape. It is connected with a big engagement of almost the whole American society that supports organizations in financial way as well as giving time and work. Such big social support non profit organizations stems both from conviction, that this is a pattern of real American society, and from beneficial tax solutions.
