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The recent literature on path dependence provides a model that can be used in explanation of ethnic conflict and settlement processes. Using Northern Ireland as a case study, this article identifies path dependent patterns of conflict embedded in long-term processes of political development whose change may interrupt these patterns. It highlights the importance of long-term state trajectories in constituting and reproducing these patterns, the generation of 'endogenous' processes of change and the impact of wider geopolitical processes in strengthening these. It shows how and why factors such as power, perception, networks and institutions vary in their impact on conflict and explains when they work together to produce settlement.

"A Strikeless Society on America's Horizon?" The question mark at the end of this recent headline "A Strikeless Society on America's Horizon?" The question mark at the end of this recent headline on a syndicated newspaper column suggests appropriate skepticism about the substance therein, even thouperiod be the fullness of time for the emergence of significant new developments in labor peacemakinggh the column reported that the first eleven months of 1973 had been "the most serene labor climate in a decade with man hours lost at a 10-year low."' Well before the year-end "energy crisis" and attendant economic dislocations, however, questions such as the following, far from being in the realm of idle conjecture, were becoming increasingly pertinent: Will the travail of this gloomy period be the fullness of time for the emergence of significant new developments in labor peacemaking? Will pervasive fears and drives to satisfy divergent needs in difficult times coalesce the forces moving toward more rational and less costly methods of resolving labor conflicts? Will the necessity of developing legal alternatives for the illegal strike in the public sector (governmental employment) lead to improved methods of peaceful settlement in the private sector? A number of signs point to affirmative answers to these questions. on a syndicated newspaper column suggests appropriate skepticism about the substance therein, even though the column reported that the first eleven months of 1973 had been "the most serene labor climate in a decade with man hours lost at a 10-year low."' Well before the year-end "energy crisis" and attendant economic dislocations, however, questions such as the following, far from being in the realm of idle conjecture, were becoming increasingly pertinent: Will the travail of this gloomy period be the fullness of time for the emergence of significant new developments in labor peacemaking? Will pervasive fears and drives to satisfy divergent needs in difficult times coalesce the forces moving toward more ...

This article focuses on challenges to peace mediation in the post-Soviet context by looking at the the case study of the Transdniestrian (td) settlement process. It offers a brief overview of the osce led td process and aims to explain why the conflict has failed to "respond" to the osce (Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe) led mediation efforts. Highlighting key process design shortcomings, the article offers a series of recommendations to practitioners to improve mediation processes in the osce context.

For the past quarter of a century the New Zealand government has actively sought to negotiate and settle historical Treaty claims, and it is anticipated that the vast majority of these historical claims will be settled by 2017. The negotiation of a claim culminates in a deed of settlement signed by a Māori claimant group and the Crown, which signals the resolution of all historical grievances between a Māori claimant group and the Crown. This article offers an introductory review of the Treaty of Waitangi negotiation and settlement process and the role of historical research. Much of the work done by historians remains hidden from view and is not easily analysed, but the Crown apology is an exception: it is a tangible, publicly available outcome of the process of negotiations between a particular Māori claimant group and the Crown. In conclusion, the article provides some preliminary discussion on the role of public education in relation to Treaty of Waitangi claims negotiations and suggests that greater attention to the Crown apology would enhance public understanding.

For the past quarter of a century the New Zealand government has actively sought to negotiate and settle historical Treaty claims, and it is anticipated that the vast majority of these historical claims will be settled by 2017. The negotiation of a claim culminates in a deed of settlement signed by a Māori claimant group and the Crown, which signals the resolution of all historical grievances between a Māori claimant group and the Crown. This article offers an introductory review of the Treaty of Waitangi negotiation and settlement process and the role of historical research. Much of the work done by historians remains hidden from view and is not easily analysed, but the Crown apology is an exception: it is a tangible, publicly available outcome of the process of negotiations between a particular Māori claimant group and the Crown. In conclusion, the article provides some preliminary discussion on the role of public education in relation to Treaty of Waitangi claims negotiations and suggests that greater attention to the Crown apology would enhance public understanding.

The study analyses the current situation of the peacekeeping operation in Pridnestrovie (Transnistria), carried out in conditions of a growing clash of interests between Russia and the West, the militarization of Moldova and its aspirations to join the EU and NATO, as well as the proximity of the security zone controlled by peacekeepers to the region of Russia's special military operation in Ukraine. The author summarizes the experience of Russia's peacekeeping activities in the region of the Moldovan-Pridnestrovian conflict, highlights the key features of the Dniester peacekeeping operation and shows its importance for the negotiation process on the Pridnestrovian settlement at the political and diplomatic level. The article provides an overview of the international peacekeeping initiatives in the conflict region, assesses the status of the negotiation process and the related military component of the settlement, identifies the specific features of the peacekeeping format and its control mechanisms, and analyzes the legal status of Russian troops. The author concludes that the peacekeeping operation in Pridnestrovie is still in demand, fully functional and ready for combat. According to the author, in case of withdrawal from the operation of the Republic of Moldova, the Russian military formations stationed in Pridnestrovie may be forced to receive the mandate of a special guarantee military operation to protect the stocks of Russian weapons remaining from Soviet times in the conflict region, to prevent the resumption of armed conflict and to ensure guarantees of peace and security for the population of Pridnestrovie, at least one third of which are citizens of the Russian Federation.