L'articolo ripercorre l'evoluzione della legislazione italiana relativa alle concessioni demaniali marittime: dal regime transitorio delle proroghe ex lege delle concessioni in essere, adottato sin dagli anni '90 dal nostro legislatore, sino all'ultimo provvedimento di proroga, valevole sino al 2033, e tenendo conto anche delle prese di posizione in materia della Commissione europea. Si analizza poi la natura e le molteplici funzioni svolte delle concessioni demaniali marittime per usi turistico-ricreativi e, sulla scorta di tale indagine, si indica quali dovrebbero essere gli obiettivi ed i contenuti della emananda riforma organica del settore, finalizzata ad adeguare l'ordinamento interno alla disciplina europea della concorrenza. In particolare, si sottolinea la necessità che la predetta riforma preveda, oltre all'obbligo, per l'amministrazione pubblica, di assegnare le concessioni mediante gara, anche il diritto all'indennizzo dei gestori uscenti e si individuano, altresì, gli effetti pregiudizievoli che tale misura riparatoria dovrebbe ristorare per essere davvero equa, satisfattiva e conforme ai principi di derivazione eurounitaria. Si segnala, inoltre, l'esigenza di procedere ad una integrale revisione dei criteri per la determinazione dei canoni concessori, introducendo il principio di corrispettività, al fine di garantire un sistema effettivamente concorrenziale, efficiente ed economicamente sostenibile per lo Stato. ; The article traces the evolution of Italian legislation regarding marine state property concessions: from the transitional regime of the extensions ex lege of existing concessions, adopted by the Italian legislator in the Nineties, up to the last extension of such concessions to 2033, and taking into account the European Commission's position. The nature and multiple functions of the concessions for tourist-recreational uses are analyzed. On the basis of that analysis, the objectives and contents of necessary reform of the field are outlined, with the aim of adapting domestic law to EU competition rules. In addition to the obligation to award concessions by tender, the article highlights the need for reform to include the right to compensation of outgoing operators in such a way as to be truly equitable, satisfactory and in accordance with principles of EU law. It should also be noted that the criteria for determining license fees must be revised by introducing the principle of remuneration in order to ensure a genuinely competitive system, one which is efficient and economically sustainable for the State.
Soft law, as law not legally binding in the traditional sense, can be approached in a systematic perspective. Particularly, soft law raises two central issues: the mechanisms of compliance to soft law and its relationship with the law, or, better, with hard law, that is law legally binding. In European Union order the systematic perspective emerges with greater clarity: European soft law regulates relations between the European institutions; it is halfway between the sources of law and institutional gover nance. In the European dimension, soft law is a particular tool that removes an original "vice of competence" of the Union. In this way soft law recalls the implied powers of the European institutions, as it erodes in the same way the spheres of competence of the Member States. But even at national level, the lack of binding force in the traditional sense hides the political force of soft law: soft law represents a typical source for legal order which asks for instruments other than the formal procedures of constitutional institutions.
The thesis investigates the unlawful compulsory easements of land issued by Italian public bodies for public use against the statutory provisions of the Statute Concerning the Law and Regulation of Compulsory Purchase for Public Use (Testo unico delle disposizioni legislative e regolamentari in materia di espropriazione per pubblica utilità, d.P.R. 8 giugno 2001, n. 327). In particular the thesis aims at offering an interpretation of the provision set forth in Art. 43 of said statute, which regulates the "Easement for use for the public interest" ("Utilizzazione senza titolo di un bene per scopi di interesse pubblico"). The first chapter is devoted to reconstructing the history and evolution of the legal discipline of compulsive easements and tries to single out the reasons that led to its development. The second chapter analyzes the Italian Constitutional Court and European Court of Human Rights case law in the subject matter. The third chapter offers a critical review of the case law concerning the enforcement of Art. 43. In the fourth chapter I offer a comprehensive interpretation of the statutory provision, with the aim of harmonizing it with the whole legal system, and in particular with the principle of legality and with the principle of 'just equilibrium'. Finally, the fifth chapter is devoted to the analysis of Ruling n. 293/2010, in which the Italian Constitutional Court held that Art. 43 was unconstitutional because it violated art. 76 of the Italian Constitution. The interpretation of Art. 43 offered in the thesis is based on the need to harmonize its provision with the whole system and therefore to the principle of legality and the principle of proportionality. This was done by reference to the law regulating compulsory purchases set forth in the same statute, which is held to correctly enact said principles. As a result of this interpretation, the scope of the regulation set forth in art. 43, concerning compulsory easement, has been harmonized with said regulation and therefore limited to a much narrower set of cases - with respect to both subject matter and time limits - compared to those which would result admissible under alternative interpretations. According to this interpretation compulsory easement is not conceived as a public power alternative to compulsory purchases, but as part of the same power of expropriation exercised under different forms, in accordance to the evolution of the ordinary procedure into a special one.
Con il d.l. 8 marzo 2020, n. 11, il legislatore ha disposto misure straordinarie e urgenti per contrastare l'emergenza epidemiologica da COVID-19 e contenere gli effetti negativi dell'espandersi del virus sullo svolgimento dell'attività giudiziaria. Con specifico riferimento alla giustizia amministrativa, in deroga alla disciplina ordinaria, l'art. 3 del decreto ha introdotto disposizioni d'urgenza, che prevedono, inter alia, la sospensione dei termini processuali, modificate e integrate dall'art. 84 della più ampia "manovra" approvata con il d.l. 17 marzo 2020 n. 18 (abrogativa del medesimo art. 3 del d.l. 11). Anche il procedimento amministrativo deve però tristemente fare i conti con l'emergenza corona virus. L'art. 103 del d.l. 18/2020 (su cui v. già la Delibera ANAC n. 268 del 19 marzo 2020) ha così disposto la sospensione "dei termini nei procedimenti amministrativi" e ha regolato l'efficacia degli atti amministrativi in scadenza. Nel dettaglio, il comma 1 dell'articolo stabilisce che, "ai fini del computo dei termini ordinatori e perentori [e, dunque, decadenziali e non decadenziali], propedeutici, endoprocedimentali, finali ed esecutivi, relativi allo svolgimento di procedimenti amministrativi su istanza di parte o d'ufficio, pendenti alla data del 23 febbraio 2020 o iniziati [a decorrere] successivamente a tale data, non si tiene conto del periodo compreso tra la medesima data e quella del 15 aprile 2020" (ovvero per 52 giorni). La sospensione non si applica ai termini procedimentali stabiliti da specifiche disposizioni del medesimo decreto e dei dd. ll. 23 febbraio 2020, n. 6, 2 marzo 2020, n. 9 e 8 marzo 2020, n. 11 (precedenti decreti "COVID 19") e dei relativi decreti di attuazione. Sarà utile al riguardo consultare la "Raccolta delle disposizioni in materia di contenimento e gestione dell'emergenza epidemiologica da COVID-19 e Testo coordinato delle ordinanze di protezione civile" predisposto dal Dipartimento della Protezione civile (aggiornato allo stato al 24 marzo 2020). La data del 23 febbraio, utilizzata per modulare gli effetti della sospensione straordinaria ex lege, coincide con la pubblicazione del d.l. n. 6, con il quale il Governo è intervenuto in via d'urgenza due giorni dopo l'accertamento, nella città di Codogno, del primo caso di contagio italiano da COVID-19. Il legislatore ha dunque evidentemente ritenuto, per ragioni di uniformità sull'intero territorio nazionale, di far rientrare nel periodo di sospensione anche i giorni in cui l'emergenza sembrava circoscritta a specifiche zone e molte amministrazioni pubbliche, soprattutto nelle regioni non direttamente interessate dalla vicenda, hanno continuato a funzionare regolarmente…
At the beginning, the research was intended to be developed in two stages. In the first stage I had to analyze the difference between invalid and non-existent case from a general perspective. With this goal in mind, I began this study and research analyzing the most reliable contribution of civil law. The initial approach, profoundly linked to civil law, was, in my opinion, necessary due to two reasons: the first reason is the versatility of the subject that has its roots in civil law; the second reason is the need to highlight the peculiarity of the administrative decision in comparison with the legal transaction, in order to deny the opportunity to fill any regulatory gaps merely through a reference to the categories of private law . In a second stage, I had to analyze the profiles more closely related to protection, or, to better say, to the impact that the distinction between invalidity and non-existence would have determined on the protection of subjective legal claims affected by the measure, invalid and non-existent. However, analyzing in detail the relationship between the two figures , first from a logical – legal point of view , and later from a practical point of view , especially with reference to the recent positive outcome, I realized that the approach initially undertaken regarding the administrative measure, would no longer be effective. Developing my research and approaching the topic from a public law perspective, I realized that the debate was gradually taking different characteristics that didn't allow to face the issues splitting the two perspectives (first addressing them only from a general point of view -or at least limited to the examination of substantial data- and then in terms of protection, therefore with reference to the procedural law). Therefore, I changed my approach and, after a first part of the work intended to clarify the terms of the debate on the advisability of maintaining two distinct categories (invalidity and non-existence), referring both to the period before and after the introduction of the substantive and procedural rules on invalidity, I continued the analysis of the various applications as they came to my attention, prompted by and jointed to the examination of normative data. The result was a work whose appearance and purpose is essentially procedural. For this reason, the substantial aspects, due to the need of conciseness, although of undoubted importance, were addressed only " incidentally ", with the purpose of correctly understand and solve the numerous problems that emerged on the case . Article 31 paragraph 4 c . p . a., in particular, has been examined in detail in its architecture and in its formal structure, especially with reference to the complex regulation of the term and the reasons underlying it . It is in the discipline of the term that we find , in fact , the legislator's attention to the substantial figure , represented by the variety of interests , public as well as private , affected by the invalid measure. The analysis of the provision of the law continued with a comparative approach , with respect to institutions and categories that appear similar to the invalidity. That was in order to highlight the differences with the category of non-existence. Finally, the work provides a broad discussion of the possible forms of protection remedies available against the invalid measure in different areas - not only administrative , but also criminal – affected by the exercise of power.
Studying the Italian procedure, one have to disappoint the lenght of the administrative process. The aim of this thesis is to study one of the way to short it and to ensure timely and efficient exercise of administrative justice, creating the amministrative telematic process. I review the vigent italian laws and regulations about the institution of such process. Then I consider the status of application, the perspectives and the develpoments. The most important and innovative law on the topic is d.l. n. 90/2014, converted as law L. 114/2014. It challenges the 'Codice del Processo Amministrativo' in a lot of topics and we should distinguish the most relevant: -the mailing of the legal notifications throught the system of autentication mail called Pec, an acronym meaning 'Posta elettronica cerificata'; - the notifications by PEC of the acta sent by the lawers; - to sign by digital signature the acta of the judge, of the 'amici curiae', of the administravive staff and of the lawyers. After studying the laws, the scholarship and the sentences concerning the use of electronic and telematic instruments, I try to expose the structure, the application, the practicse, and the effect on the administrative organization and on the process actors. The first chapter I discuss the following topics: -the telematic deposit of acta and documents have just been well known in the italian courts, but it is just a parallel practicse, and it is not the principal and effective way of legal storage. It remains the paper based one; - the Pec mailing is compulsory and exclusive ex art. 42 del d.l. 90/2014. The law extends civil procedural norms to the amministrative process; - the Adunanza Plenaria del Consiglio di Stato del 10 dicembre 2014 n. 33 had aknowleged the PEC mailing in the administrative process; - the laws planned procedures, not just acting: the main case is rapresented the electronic signature of acta and documents; The second chapter I try to sum up a very controversial question: can the lawyer during the admistrative process notify by PEC the recurse as does the lawyer during the civil process? Different and diametrial Tribunali Amministrativi Regionali sentences have been pronunced in the last years and in the last months: the ones prohibited the PEC notification; the others permitted to notify by PEC. As I can consider, the problem may be studied by two different point of view: I try to indicate the dicotomy, adopting two categories of sentences, the formalists and the evolutionists, in other words the courts applying a formalist method, and an innovative one. The 'formalists' dinied this way of notification by PEC, waiting to adopt this notification only after the legislation have been completed. The 'evolutionsts' are more open to this way of notification by PEC, emulating the civil law procedure. Concluding, I have not a solution. Simply I guess that the digital, electronic and telematic instruments will give a strong contribution to a new and easy legal system open to the citizens.
la relazione si concentra sul concetto di discrezionalità giudiziale e quindi pretesa non autoritativa della scelta amministrativa di commisurazione delle sanzioni amministrative pecuniarie ex art. 11 l. 689 del 1981, nel tentativo di mostrare come tale concetto: a. venga svolto dalla giurisprudenza civile, costituzionale ed amministrativa, spesso tenendo presente più ragioni di giustificazione sistematica delle scelte di riparto tra le giurisdizioni che gli effettivi dati normativi; b. trovi la sua origine in alcuni insegnamenti dottrinali la cui attuale condivisibilitàsi presta a veri rilievi critici; c. sia oggi priva anche di utilità garantistica, ove si dia compiuta applicazione a principi discendenti dal diritto convenzionale europeo e coerenti sviluppi legislativi interni.
L'obiettivo dello scritto è di analizzare come i principi ed i criteri propri dello sviluppo sostenibile possano trovare applicazione nell'ambito delle scelte tecnico-discrezionali delle amministrazioni pubbliche nella definizione degli strumenti urbanistici, così come in relazione alla generale attività di gestione del territorio. In tale prospettiva occorre preliminarmente comprendere sino a che punto lo sviluppo sostenibile sia già presente negli istituti di diritto amministrativo, come avviene ad esempio per la Valutazione Ambientale Strategica di cui al d.lgs. 152/2006, ed in che misura sia invece opportuna una rilettura degli strumenti giuridici in dotazione alle Amministrazioni in un'ottica di sviluppo sostenibile che vada oltre la dimensione ambientale. Coerentemente con quell'idea secondo cui l'attività amministrativa è soggetta ad un crescente tecnicismo, le decisioni che l'Amministrazione è chiamata ad assumere per disegnare – o ridisegnare – lo sviluppo urbano possono essere oggi accompagnate da nuove valutazioni che, anche avvalendosi di dati misurabili circa l'impatto di ciascuna opzione, possano portare a soluzioni massimizzanti non solo l'interesse pubblico, ma anche la sostenibilità del risultato perseguito, intesa anch'essa come interesse primario. Si pensi, ad esempio, alla definizione delle modalità di spostamento urbano, in una macro prospettiva che includa lo studio della viabilità, il trasporto pubblico intermodale, ed azioni volte a promuovere misure di spostamento ad impatto zero, quali la costruzione e l'ampliamento delle piste ciclabili, ovvero l'incentivazione di servizi come il c.d. bike-sharing. In un tale contesto l'obiettivo è di fornire all'Amministrazione strumenti che vincolino l'azione verso un risultato finale massimizzante la sostenibilità della scelta, non solo in funzione ambientale, ma anche – e soprattutto – in vista delle ripercussioni sulla qualità della vita degli amministrati, dei flussi esterni (ad es. turismo) e della produttività. ; The aim of the paper is to analyse how the principles and criteria of sustainable development can be applied within the technical-discretionary choices of public administrations in defining urban planning instruments, as well as in relation to the general management of the territory. With this in mind, it is necessary to first understand the extent to which sustainable development is already present in the administrative law institutes, as for example for the Strategic Environmental Assessment referred to in Legislative Decree 152/2006, and to what extent it is appropriate to re-read the legal instruments provided to the Administrations with a view to sustainable development that goes beyond the environmental dimension. Consistent with the idea that administrative activity is subject to increasing technicality, the decisions that the Administration is called upon to take to design - or redesign - urban development can be today accompanied by new assessments that, even using measurable data on the impact of each option, can lead to maximizing solutions not only the public interest, but also the sustainability of the result pursued, also intended as primary interest. Consider, for example, the definition of the urban displacement modalities, in a macro perspective that includes the study of the road network, the intermodal public transport, and actions to promote zero impact movement measures, such as the construction and expansion of cycle paths, or the stimulation of services such as the cd bike sharing. In this context, the goal is to provide the Administration with tools that bind the action towards a final result maximizing the sustainability of the choice, not only in environmental terms, but also - and above all - in view of the repercussions on the quality of life of administered, external flows (e.g. tourism) and productivity.
L'attività di ricerca svolta nella presente tesi di dottorato riguarda l'art. 21-octies, co. 2, l. n. 241/90. Partendo dalla constatazione che tanto si è detto e scritto in materia per cercare di individuare e schiarire le problematiche interpretative e applicative sottese all'applicazione della disposizione in esame, è apparso utile, da un punto di vista teorico e pratico, esaminare, ad un decennio dalla sua entrata in vigore, come la norma trovi concreta applicazione all'interno dell'ordinamento nazionale e quali problematiche in concreto sorgano nel diritto vivente. Per questo motivo, il lavoro di ricerca è, nella prima parte, di tipo empirico (Capitolo I), con il duplice obiettivo di individuare, attraverso l'analisi della casistica giurisprudenziale in materia: a) il campo di applicazione della norma (avanzando anche una ricostruzione interpretativa del trattamento processuale del difetto di motivazione e di competenza); b) le modalità attraverso le quali il giudizio di causalità viene svolto per accertare l'assenza o meno di alternative decisorie al contenuto dispositivo del provvedimento impugnato e la configurazione del rapporto che ne deriva tra giudice e amministrazione. La ricerca si è poi estesa alla casistica giurisprudenziale europea in tema di giudizio di causalità sulle violazioni di forme sostanziali (Capitolo II). Dall'indagine è emerso che la struttura processuale europea non si connota in senso necessariamente più garantista rispetto a quella propria del nostro ordinamento nazionale e che non sembra possibile ricavare principi o regole che, se trasposte a livello nazionale, precluderebbero l'operatività del giudizio di causalità di cui all'art. 21-octies, co. 2, l. n. 241/90, così come applicato dalla giurisprudenza amministrativa nazionale. Siffatta conclusione è stata avvalorata dall'analisi di alcune recenti sentenze, rese su rinvii pregiudiziali coinvolgenti l'art. 21-octies, co. 2, l. n. 241/90 (e disposizioni di legge con contenuto equivalente), con riferimento alla violazione sia del diritto di difesa procedimentale sia dell'obbligo di motivazione delle decisioni. Un ulteriore spunto di riflessione è stato ricavato dalla comparazione con il sistema olandese (capitolo III), grazie all'analisi del percorso di riforme di recente ivi affrontato per individuare un giusto equilibrio tra tutela delle garanzie procedurali e ricerca di una maggiore efficienza sia dell'azione amministrativa sia della tutela giurisdizionale, all'interno di un quadro retto dal principio di legalità e di separazione dei poteri. I dati empirici raccolti sul versante nazionale ed europeo sono infine inquadrati e coordinati in un impianto teorico più ampio (Capitolo IV) per valutare se i timori variamente avanzati nel tempo dalla dottrina nazionale, anche in punto di compatibilità dell'art. 21-octies, co. 1, l. n. 241/90 con la Costituzione e la CEDU, esibiscano o meno, ad oggi, un'effettiva consistenza e per proporre, de iure condendo, strumenti processuali che consentano al giudice amministrativo nazionale di utilizzare al meglio le potenzialità insite nell'art. 21-octies, co. 2, l. n. 241/90, nell'ottica del rispetto del principio di separazione dei poteri e di effettività della tutela. ; The research activity carried out in this PhD thesis concerns art. 21-octies, par. 2, l. no. 241/1990. Starting from the observation that much has been said and written on this topic in order to identify and clarify the interpretative and applicative issues underlying the implementation of the disposition in question, it appears useful, from a theoretical and practical point of view, to examine, a decade after its entry into force, how this provision finds an actual application inside the national legal system and which issues rise in practice in the current legislation. For this reason, the research is, in the first part, empirical (Chapter I), with the double purpose of identifying on the basis of the case-law of the administrative courts: a) the field of application of the provision (putting forward an interpretative reconstruction of the procedural handling of the failure to state reasons and the lack of competence); b) investigating the modalities through which the causal judgment is performed and the relationship deriving from it between the judge and the administration. The research was then extended to the case-law of the Court of Justice about the violation of substantial forms (Chapter II). From the investigation has emerged that the European procedural structure is not characterized in a necessary protective way when compared to the one of our national system and it seems not possible to derive principles or rules that, if shifted to a national level, would preclude the effectiveness of the causal judgment pursuant to art. 21-octies, par. 2, l. no. 241/90, as implemented by the national administrative jurisprudence. Such conclusion has been corroborated by the analysis of some recent Court of Justice rulings, made on references for a preliminary ruling involving art. 21-octies, par. 2, l. no. 241/90 (and provisions with an equivalent content), with reference to the violation of both the right of the defense and the right to reasoned decisions. A further food for thought has been extracted from the comparison with the Dutch legal system (Chapter III) thanks to an analysis of the path of reforms, here recently addressed in order to identify a correct balance between the safeguard of procedural guarantees and an effective judicial protection, inside a frame supported by the rule of law and the principle of separation of powers. The empirical data gathered on the national and European sides are eventually organized and coordinated in a wider theoretical system (Chapter IV) to asses if the fears grown over time, also in relation to the compliance of art. 21-octies, par. 1, l. no. 241/90 with the Constitution and the European Convention on Human Rights, show or not, today, an actual consistency, and to propose, de iure condendo, procedural tools that allow the national administrative judge to make the best use of the potentialities of art. 21-octies, par. 1, l. no. 241/90 while observing the principle of separation of powers and the effectiveness of legal protection.
Il capitolo tratta dell'in house, quale strumento di gestione dei servizi pubblici locali. Premesso un breve quadro sul diritto europeo primario viene brevemente ripercorsa la giurisprudenza che ne ha definito i contorni, in particolare quanto al requisito del c.d. "controllo analogo", della compartecipazione di più enti e della possibilità, o meno, di prevedere capitale privato nella compagine sociale. Il capitolo affronta dunque le novità introdotte dalle più recenti novelle europee, traendo così alcune interessanti conclusioni sulla posizione dell'in house nel panorama attuale. ; The chapter deals with the in-house providing, as a management tool for services of general economic interest of local scope. After an overview of the applicable primary European law, it is briefly revisited the case law that has defined the notion of in-house providing. The requirement according to which it is necessary to exercise a control similar to that exercised over the controller's own departments is in particular examined. The chapter deals then with the changes introduced by the most recent European Directives. Finally, some interesting conclusions are drawn on the role of the in-house providing in the current national legislation.
L'articolo tratta della posta elettronica certificata, onde evidenziarne alcune criticità. A tal fine, vengono anzitutto inquadrati i principali vantaggi di tale strumento rispetto ai sistemi di posta tradizionali, sottolineando altresì il rilievo che la PEC ha oggi assunto nel nostro ordinamento, specie alla luce dello schema di decreto legislativo di modifica del Codice dell'Amministrazione digitale approvato dal Consiglio dei ministri il 20 gennaio 2016. Lo scritto passa quindi a trattare di due delle principali questioni problematiche: il rischio di lock-in degli utenti e la possibilità che l'uso della PEC sia limitato per esigenze di effettività del diritto europeo. L'Autore auspica dunque una rivisitazione della PEC, augurandosi che tali criticità possano essere risolte e che l'uso di tale strumento possa quindi essere promosso a livello europeo. ; The article deals with some issues arising from the Italian certified mail (posta elettronica certificata, PEC). To this end, the paper considers first of all the principal advantages of the PEC by comparing it to traditional mail systems, and, secondly, the importance that this system has gained in Italy, especially in light of the draft of the legislative decree amending the Digital Administration Code approved by the Council of Ministers on January 20th, 2016. The author then introduces two of the main issues found from an European perspective: the risk of lock-in of users and the possibility that the use of the PEC in the Italian legal system is limited to guarantee the effectiveness of European law. The author prospects therefore a review of the PEC, hoping that these critical issues can be resolved and that this tool will be exported to Europe.
Since its first introduction, the Digital Administration Code has become target of criticism by the academic studies and the Council of State. Object of the critic was the fact that the Code appeared as a purely theoretical text, too far off the administrative reality so its dispositions appeared hardly applicable. The aim of this work is to verify if the Legislator has adopted to the suggestions given by the doctrine and the Council of State, in order to apply the DAC and fulfill its purpose (and expectations), with a critical approach to the reforms that this Act has undergone.
The aim of this work is to analyse the most relevant issues related to the topic of the automation of administrative decisions. This phenomenon is, indeed, the result of the process of technological development that has recently begun to affect the traditional way of understanding the organization and the action of the public authorities. In particular, thanks to the spread of increasingly sophisticated computer systems, nowadays public administrations have the opportunity to adopt administrative acts using appropriate algorithms. In fact, although heterogeneous in structure and functions, these tools allow public action to achieve levels of efficiency and speed difficult to achieve through the ordinary conduct of administrative procedures. In the awareness of the significant benefits of this technological change, it is necessary to verify whether and how the use of computer programs by public entities can be considered compatible with the traditional procedural guarantees of administrative law. With the intent to answer this question, this study aims to analyse the phenomenon of automation of decision-making process into four main parts. The first part is dedicated to define the historical and legal framework of the process of digitalization of the public sector. Specifically, after having pointed out the most significant legislative measures adopted in this field in recent years, the work analyzes the main issues related to the implementation of the e-Government model within our legal system. In the light of brief terminological clarifications, the theme of automation is introduced and some interesting cases in which computer systems were used within the public procedures are examined. The second part of the analysis focuses on the issue of the admissibility and of the field of application of algorithmic decisions. Indeed, this topic has already been at the heart of the reflections of the most ancient doctrine, which stated that automation process was allowed only if the exercised administrative power can be considered constrained. However, this approach was overtaken by the more recent literature, which highlighted the opportunity of extending, despite some limitations, the use of automated systems where the public power is discretionary in nature. These are interpretative guidelines which seem to have also influenced the judgements of the administrative jurisprudence, which over time showed a more open attitude towards the use of algorithms in administrative procedures. The third part of the work focuses on the possibility of reconciling the main procedural guarantees provided by the Italian law on administrative procedure with the structural and functional peculiarities that characterize the phenomenon of automation. This analysis is carried out, in particular, by examining whether and in what terms the use of algorithms can be considered compatible with three fundamental principles related to the action of the public authorities: the principle of transparency of administrative decisions; the principle of motivation of administrative acts; the principle of private participation within administrative proceedings. Each topic is analyzed by examining both the evolution of the doctrinal debate and the interpretative solutions proposed in the case law, where for the first time the legal conditions that must guide any attempt to adopt administrative acts using computer software were defined. Finally, the last part of the study deals with the role and the responsibility of the public administrations in the automated decision-making process. Within this session, in particular, it is analyzed how the most relevant doctrinal and jurisprudential positions managed to state the direct accountability of public bodies for the effects deriving from the adoption of automated administrative acts. In the light of the framework carried out, some final considerations are formulated regarding the current needs to regulate the phenomenon within the public sector.
L'articolo ricostruisce la nozione di interoperabilità dei sistemi informatici, a partire dalla sua evoluzione normativa e dai tentativi di interoperabilità che si sono susseguiti, per approdare alla definizione finale offerta dal d.lgs. 82 del 2005 (Codice dell'amministrazione digitale), che valorizza l'utilizzo delle interfacce pubbliche e aperte come strumento di lavoro e di gestione dei rapporti interorganici, intersoggettivi e con i privati. A partire da un caso pratico rappresentato dallo standard tecnico SInCRO per la conservazione dei documenti, l'articolo evidenzia le contraddizioni del sistema di conservazione digitale, ove la promozione dell'interoperabilità dei sistemi informatici affinché essi siano aperti e accessibili, si scontra con il carattere proprietario degli standard tecnici (SInCRO) richiesti dal legislatore ; The article reconstructs the notion of interoperability of IT systems, starting from its regulatory evolution up to the definition offered by Legislative Decree 82 of 2005 (Digital Administration Code), which enhances the use of public and open interfaces as a working and management tool for interorganic, intersubjective and private relationships. Starting from a practical case represented by the SInCRO technical standard for digitally storing documents, the article highlights the contradictions of such system, where the promotion of the interoperability of open and accessible IT systems, clashes with the proprietary character of the technical standards (SInCRO) required by the legislator
Con la sentenza n. 100/2020 la Consulta, rigettando la questione di costituzionalità sull'articolo 192 del Codice dei Contratti, ha confermato la spinta alla marginalizzazione delle societàin houseoperata dal legislatore nell'ultimo decennio. Alla lucedell'attuale momento storico, l'articolo propone una riflessione che mira a superare l'opposizione fra impresa privata e pubblica, proponendo un rinnovato ruolo per l'impresa pubblica nell'economia, basato sull'innovazione e sulla creazione di valore sociale. ; The judgement n. 100/2020 of the Italian Constitutional Courtaffirmed theconsistency of article n. 192 Code of public contracts with the Italian Constitution.This judgment is the result ofthe marginalization ofin-houseawards that has been carried out by the Italian legislator in the last 10 years. Considering the current historical moment, the articlereasons on theopposition between private and public undertakings and proposes an updated role of the latter ones in the economy, based on innovation and on the creation of social value.
