The knowledge society is defined by open accessibility to knowledge, information and learning able to sustain servicing process and the main vehicle is new emergent city as smart urban space. Smart city is a dynamic and open basket of interdependences between life and work, innovation and research towards hybridation of emergent ecologies by four integrated levels: (A) companies, universities, startup cluster and institutions; (B) market and non-market mechanism; (C) profit and no-profit trajectories of value; (D) work and creativity. In the emergent city we can see a great change of interrelations between consensus and democracy, rules and behaviors, power and technology. With new urban space of smart cities we can reconnect economy and society, nature and technology, science and arts, urban and non-urban space, centre and periphery, material and immaterial world, separated by last two centuries (by industrial revolution and Fordism) towards an emergent cognitive productivity oriented to wellness of humans and environment. The main impact is an inclusive connectivity between responsibility, sustainability and innovation able to enlarge the ties among circular economy, green and social society with knowledge society. The second one effect is a great interrelation between competition and cooperation in business environment with a great role of territories as dynamic connector and attractor of talents and investors. We need of local industrial policy focused on urban space with renewable reforms and modernization.
Il testo è costituito dall'apertura della sessione di dibattito al convegno su "La democrazia partecipativa in Italia e in Europa" (Università IULM Milano con patrocinio Commissione UE, 2006)
The electronic voting system of Brazil is understood to be widely trusted by the citizens of the country and international observers. More precisely, it is seen as a trustworthy mechanism of producing election results that accurately represent the choices of the electorate. In this article, we discuss briefly the concepts of trust and trustworthiness, and focus to examine the formation of beliefs regarding the latter. We argue that the belief of trustworthiness is only partly attributable to the perception of the merits of the technical system and its enactment procedures. In our case study we found that the institutional actors responsible for the elections-the Superior and the Regional Electoral Courts-have played a key role in the formation of the belief that the electronic elections are trustworthy. We therefore conclude that, unlike common assumptions about the potential of e-government in developing countries to restore trust in government institutions that are considered untrustworthy, the production of trust in government services mediated by information and communication technology relies on citizens' perceptions of their trustworthiness.
Open Data (OD) utilisation has been encouraged by governments because of its potential to fuel digital innovation. Despite this, there is a paucity of study into the role of OD for SMEs, in contrast to the growing literature that has focused on the collection and sharing of OD by the public sector. As such, our study contributes to open innovation research by analysing the main capabilities needed to overcome existing barriers to successfully manage OD in SMEs. Building upon the recent SME-oriented OI literature and adopting an interpretative absorptive capacity framework, we analyse the data collected from 30 semi-structured interviews with experts working in UK organisations adopting OD-based OI strategies. We find a number of core factors that shape OD acquisition, assimilation, transformation and exploitation by SMEs. Results show that without the specific OD capabilities identified in our study, it will be difficult for SMEs to successfully use OD, which may explain why the uptake of OD by SMEs more broadly has so far been limited. These unique OD capabilities need to be better developed by OD using SMEs, if this 'raw material' for the digital economy is to be fully exploited.
This work contributes significantly to previous research on the relationship between specific features of a regional knowledge space and the technological progress of the region. In particular, the main element of originality of this work is to have isolated the determinants of the technological progress intensity on the one side and those of the technological progress relevance on the other side. We acknowledge the importance of knowledge assets for new knowledge production, and we identify path-dependent processes that allow a region to become increasingly competitive in terms of innovation potential. In particular, adopting an evolutionary view of regional development, we describe the regional knowledge space through four crucial characteristics: 1) technological knowledge base, 2) technological cumulativeness, 3) technological diversification, and 4) technological relatedness. We then measure to what extent each of the knowledge space's characteristics differently affects the technological progress intensity and relevance of the region. A longitudinal study of 269 European regions over the period 1996-2012 was organized using data from the REGPAT and Eurostat databases. Our results show that the factors influencing the innovation intensity are not the same as those affecting the innovation relevance, except for technological relatedness. It appears, in fact, that technological relatedness is the key factor influencing the technological progress of regions, measured either in terms of intensity or in terms of relevance. Finally, implications for EU policies supporting and stimulating regional technological progress are discussed.
This essay offers a management scholar's perspective on the themes of the current crisis, the remedies in terms of monetary and economic politics that are being enacted, and the role of political economics and of economists in the recent experience. The necessarily simplified analysis is done by following a historical route that moves from the liberalist economic thought starting in the seventies. Through the analysis of its evolution in the nineties and in the first decade of the current millennium, the essay proposes an interpretation of the role of the economists in particular and of their relation with politics as well as the need for an overcoming of the current condition. The connection between economy, society, and politics is interpreted within such a perspective in the quest for the relation with Reason.
The present Thesis is structured as a collection of three essays linked by one core idea: contributing to research knowledge on inter-organizational network dynamics in the context of innovation and the promotion of sustainability. In this Thesis, the author takes a systemic perspective and analyses the interactions between diverse groups of stakeholders, aiming to identify and interpret the logic underlying the formation of inter-organizational partnerships to promote innovation and sustainability. The dynamics of inter-organizational networks are influenced by several internal and external factors, such as strategic cooperation with stakeholders, structural changes (such as an R&I policy change), and exogenous shocks (such as COVID-19). The present work's value is developing research inputs and providing empirical ground and methodological support for innovation management framed by inter-organizational networks and mission-oriented public policy evolution. The present work is divided into three main chapters, and their abstracts are presented below. Finally, the Thesis ends with conclusions that summarize the outputs of the empirical works. CHAPTER 1 An appropriate starting point to comprehend the inter-organizational networks for sustainability is to deepen the research knowledge on stakeholders' role in sustainable innovation and disentangle the antecedents, management, and potential sustainable innovation outcomes. Using the Scopus database, we collected papers that represent works carried out in the field of sustainable innovation and stakeholders' involvement in organizational practices for these innovations. Based on the data process selection method, we carry out a literature review of the 59 selected papers. This literature review aims to describe the sustainable innovation phenomena and offer a comprehensive overview of the knowledge produced on the theme to practitioners and policymakers So, this chapter presents an interpretative framework of extant literature and discuss the following questions related to the inter-organizational resource-management of sustainable innovation: (a) with whom to work; (b) when to work; (c) how to work together; (d) what challenges should organizations learn to face. Theoretical and practical business implications of the proposed framework are discussed. CHAPTER 2 This chapter aims to analyze the inter-organizational R&I collaboration network dynamics at a mesoscopic level as a consequence of an external environment change. In particular, the study's empirical setting is the policy change that occurred when passing from the EU 7th Framework program (FP7) to the HORIZON 2020 program (H2020). This change's effect on the patterns of evolution of the inter-organizational networks between financed actors is stressed. In such R&I context, inter-organizational networks play a particularly critical role as innovation catalysts. Using a dataset of more than 22,228 unique projects in FP7 and 22,153 in H2020, we constructed two collaboration networks. We apply network analysis as a research instrument to identify and measure the fundamental structural properties of networks. At the mesoscopic level, the resulting communities for both networks have been analyzed and compared. Results show that under a policy change, the Horizon 2020 network becomes more assortative than the FP7 network. Preferential attachment (reach-club phenomenon) between leading R&I institutions is demonstrated within the system. The network is supported by the sporadic participation of (many) new actors. Also, the work outcomes demonstrate three different architectures of inter-organizational connections that can define network dynamics: (i) persistent stability or knowledge concentration, (ii) expansion of clusters or knowledge spread, and (iii) merging effect or knowledge aggregation. With these results, we contribute to organizational and network theories by detecting and identifying structural patterns for innovation links in such a complex system as the EU framework program stressing the policy's impact on them as a dynamics booster. CHAPTER 3 The last chapter examines the impact of an exogenous shock on an inter-organizational R&I network. We concentrate on healthcare public-private partnerships and investigate the history dependencies within them and how an exogenous shock such as COVID-19 fosters an evolution of the complex R&I network. In total, data of 2087 funded projects (FP7, HORIZON 2020, and Innovative Medicines Initiative) are involved in this study to understand the evolution process(es) these types of networks manifest under emergency conditions. The results demonstrate that the present crisis's urgency shifts the healthcare sector to test new working paths. Two opposite behaviors of the actors in these networks are observable: (i) highly innovative partnerships and (ii) strong lock-in effects. Additionally, we state that non-EU countries demonstrated strong cooperation and co-creation openness under this exogenous shock. Furthermore, the urgency conditions in COVID-19 push policymakers to demonstrate vital flexibility and adaptability of the EU R&I call to the societal needs. Finally, it is possible to underline that network analysis is a powerful research tool for developing new knowledge regarding R&I cooperation evolution under external factors. Accordingly, this work provides a theoretical and an empirical framework for managing the inter-organizational innovation network based on a dynamic complex system theory perspective (Simon 1996; Sawyer, 2005). In particular, it is possible to mention the newly developed insight capable of describing the network's dynamics through the meso and micro levels of analysis. ; The present Thesis is structured as a collection of three essays linked by one core idea: contributing to research knowledge on inter-organizational network dynamics in the context of innovation and the promotion of sustainability. In this Thesis, the author takes a systemic perspective and analyses the interactions between diverse groups of stakeholders, aiming to identify and interpret the logic underlying the formation of inter-organizational partnerships to promote innovation and sustainability. The dynamics of inter-organizational networks are influenced by several internal and external factors, such as strategic cooperation with stakeholders, structural changes (such as an R&I policy change), and exogenous shocks (such as COVID-19). The present work's value is developing research inputs and providing empirical ground and methodological support for innovation management framed by inter-organizational networks and mission-oriented public policy evolution. The present work is divided into three main chapters, and their abstracts are presented below. Finally, the Thesis ends with conclusions that summarize the outputs of the empirical works. CHAPTER 1 An appropriate starting point to comprehend the inter-organizational networks for sustainability is to deepen the research knowledge on stakeholders' role in sustainable innovation and disentangle the antecedents, management, and potential sustainable innovation outcomes. Using the Scopus database, we collected papers that represent works carried out in the field of sustainable innovation and stakeholders' involvement in organizational practices for these innovations. Based on the data process selection method, we carry out a literature review of the 59 selected papers. This literature review aims to describe the sustainable innovation phenomena and offer a comprehensive overview of the knowledge produced on the theme to practitioners and policymakers So, this chapter presents an interpretative framework of extant literature and discuss the following questions related to the inter-organizational resource-management of sustainable innovation: (a) with whom to work; (b) when to work; (c) how to work together; (d) what challenges should organizations learn to face. Theoretical and practical business implications of the proposed framework are discussed. CHAPTER 2 This chapter aims to analyze the inter-organizational R&I collaboration network dynamics at a mesoscopic level as a consequence of an external environment change. In particular, the study's empirical setting is the policy change that occurred when passing from the EU 7th Framework program (FP7) to the HORIZON 2020 program (H2020). This change's effect on the patterns of evolution of the inter-organizational networks between financed actors is stressed. In such R&I context, inter-organizational networks play a particularly critical role as innovation catalysts. Using a dataset of more than 22,228 unique projects in FP7 and 22,153 in H2020, we constructed two collaboration networks. We apply network analysis as a research instrument to identify and measure the fundamental structural properties of networks. At the mesoscopic level, the resulting communities for both networks have been analyzed and compared. Results show that under a policy change, the Horizon 2020 network becomes more assortative than the FP7 network. Preferential attachment (reach-club phenomenon) between leading R&I institutions is demonstrated within the system. The network is supported by the sporadic participation of (many) new actors. Also, the work outcomes demonstrate three different architectures of inter-organizational connections that can define network dynamics: (i) persistent stability or knowledge concentration, (ii) expansion of clusters or knowledge spread, and (iii) merging effect or knowledge aggregation. With these results, we contribute to organizational and network theories by detecting and identifying structural patterns for innovation links in such a complex system as the EU framework program stressing the policy's impact on them as a dynamics booster. CHAPTER 3 The last chapter examines the impact of an exogenous shock on an inter-organizational R&I network. We concentrate on healthcare public-private partnerships and investigate the history dependencies within them and how an exogenous shock such as COVID-19 fosters an evolution of the complex R&I network. In total, data of 2087 funded projects (FP7, HORIZON 2020, and Innovative Medicines Initiative) are involved in this study to understand the evolution process(es) these types of networks manifest under emergency conditions. The results demonstrate that the present crisis's urgency shifts the healthcare sector to test new working paths. Two opposite behaviors of the actors in these networks are observable: (i) highly innovative partnerships and (ii) strong lock-in effects. Additionally, we state that non-EU countries demonstrated strong cooperation and co-creation openness under this exogenous shock. Furthermore, the urgency conditions in COVID-19 push policymakers to demonstrate vital flexibility and adaptability of the EU R&I call to the societal needs. Finally, it is possible to underline that network analysis is a powerful research tool for developing new knowledge regarding R&I cooperation evolution under external factors. Accordingly, this work provides a theoretical and an empirical framework for managing the inter-organizational innovation network based on a dynamic complex system theory perspective (Simon 1996; Sawyer, 2005). In particular, it is possible to mention the newly developed insight capable of describing the network's dynamics through the meso and micro levels of analysis.
Con un approccio integrato di economia e marketing, il presente libro intende offrire un approfondimento delle caratteristiche, strategie e performance del nonprofit, settore e mercato inserito nella contemporanea società generosa. Mai come in questo momento storico, infatti, il nonprofit privato è soggetto a molta attenzione, non solo da parte dell'economia, alla quale peraltro afferisce a pieno titolo, ma anche delle politiche nazionali e internazionali, degli standard normativi e della pratica manageriale. Il settore nonprofit, così come inteso in questo volume, è costituito dall'insieme di enti privati, che svolgono la propria attività all'interno del sistema socio-economico, sono collocati tra Mercato e Stato e sono orientati alla produzione di utilità sociale in una logica non legata solo al profitto. Sotto osservazione il settore, gli stakeholder, le strategie, così da evidenziare dove si forma il vantaggio competitivo. Tra le strategie, rilievo viene dato al crowdfunding e alle attività che stimolino tanto la willingness to pay quanto la willingness to donate. Rivolto a studenti, docenti, ricercatori, pubbliche amministrazioni, fondazioni e professionisti, il libro si arricchisce di analisi di settore, case study e box di approfondimento.
Coordinamento del dossier contenente una ricerca promossa da Fondazione Universuità IULM e successivo convegno scientifico (patrocinato da Commissione Unione Euroopea) in materia di democrazia partecipativa
Lo scopo di questo articolo è di comprendere quali elementi intangibili del patrimonio culturale influenzino maggiormente la percezione di una destinazione turistica. La metodologia utilizzata è di natura qualitativa; in particolare è stato utilizzato il metodo netnografico per l'analisi dei racconti di viaggio concernenti quattro città italiane (Firenze, Napoli, Roma e Venezia) presenti in una comunità online di viaggiatori. I risultati mostrano una elevata quantità di citazioni riferite a prodotti enogastronomici tipici del luogo visitato, nonché a tradizioni legate al territorio, dimostrando la significatività che tali elementi intangibili rivestono nella esperienza turistica. Sotto il profilo delle implicazioni pratiche, emerge la possibilità di ampliare la consapevolezza afferente al ruolo degli elementi intangibili del patrimonio culturale nei responsabili di politiche di marketing turistico e territoriale. ; The aim of the study is to investigate how intangible elements of cultural heritage influence visitors' perception of a particular tourist destination. This study uses the qualitative research method of netnography, examining travel diaries from online communities in order to analyze the recorded perceptions of heterogeneous visitors of four different tourist destinations (Florence, Naples, Rome and Venice). Evidences show a high quantity of references related to local food and to visited communities (everyday life, contact with locals, etc.) in the examined diary texts. Such a result indicates how these elements remain anchored in the mind of tourists and, therefore, may be interpreted as signifi cant factors in the evaluation of holiday experiences. Regarding the practical implications, this study aims to improve the decision makers' awareness about the importance of intangible heritage elements, specifically concerning heritage tourism.
In un quadro macro-economico caratterizzato da forti incertezze e tensioni internazionali, nel corso dell'ultimo anno l'industria automotive è stata colpita da una dinamica negativa generalizzata, sia sul fronte della domanda che su quello della produzione. Per quanto riguarda il settore italiano, il volume 2019 dell'Osservatorio propone la fotografia di una filiera automotive sull'orlo di una decrescita strutturale non facilmente reversibile. Tuttavia, dal quadro complessivo emergono alcuni possibili percorsi di sviluppo della componentistica, avviata verso un percorso virtuoso di diversificazione e internazionalizzazione, nella quale vanno favorite politiche per superare la dipendenza da FCA ed agevolare l'ampliamento del mix produttivo. Tali strategie necessitano di essere declinate tenendo conto delle specificità territoriali, che se valorizzate e sostenute da politiche puntuali e mirate, potrebbero diventare lo strumento per traghettare la filiera italiana verso il futuro dell'industria automotive.
Obiettivi. Obiettivo di questo lavoro di ricerca è esaminare il quadro teorico che individua i vantaggi della gestione privata dei Beni Culturali. Senza voler sostenere che le difficoltà siano frutto della natura pubblica della stessa gestione, con questa indagine si intende introdurre le good practices manageriali mutuate dal mondo for profit nella gestione del Patrimonio Culturale. In particolare, si farà riferimento all'approccio della Venture Philanthropy nell'accezione proposta da Alan Grossmann, con l'intenzione di calarne le prassi nel settore del Patrimonio Culturale. Metodologia. Inizialmente sarà analizzata l'attuale prerogativa esclusiva dello Stato nel settore dei Beni Culturali, in cui agisce come unico soggetto competente della regolamentazione, della gestione e del controllo. In seguito, si esamineranno le previsioni normative che pur legittimando l'intervento privatistico ne impediscono l'effettiva attività. Infine indicheremo un approccio innovativo alla gestione dei beni culturali fondato su meccanismi di incentivazione e sostegno alla fruizione di cultura mediante sostegno alla domanda. Specificamente, l'analisi tenderà a suffragare le ipotesi teoriche alla base di un modello impostato sul sussidio alla domanda e non alla sovvenzione dell'offerta mediante l'introduzione di voucher erogati dal governo ai cittadini per l'acquisto di servizi culturali diretti da enti privati. Risultati. Le considerazioni sull'attuale situazione dimostrano l'insostenibilità del settore da parte del pubblico. L'analisi suggerisce e descrive la soluzione percorribile. Limiti della ricerca. I limiti della ricerca sono dovuti all'inesistenza di una applicazione concreta nel settore dei Beni Culturali del sistema proposto, che altrimenti avrebbe permesso una raccolta e osservazione di dati. Degli ottimi risultati sono invece riscontrati nell'ambito dell'educazione. Per superare tali limiti, sarà fondamentale strutturare una sperimentazione pilota dell'utilizzo dei vouchers. Implicazioni pratiche. L'evoluzione delle premesse teoriche qui proposte, forniscono spunti di riflessione e margini non solo per un più ampio approfondimento scientifico, ma anche per un risvolto reale. Le implicazioni pratiche di questa analisi posso infatti portare ad una sperimentazione del sistema proposto presso almeno uno dei siti culturali italiani. Originalità del lavoro. Questo approccio si pone nel solco di una visione di profondo cambiamento delle politiche culturali e potrebbe stimolare un sistema virtuoso di meritocrazia tra i luoghi d'arte, in un processo di mercato in cui il management degli asset culturali, sebbene demandato a soggetti privati, non dispensi lo Stato dal suo ruolo normativo e di controllo.
Il tema della comunicazione istituzionale connessa alle politiche pubbliche in materia migratoria. Per la rivista del Ministero dell'Interno che promuove questa tematica dfi discussione.
Data la complessit dell'ambiente urbano e delle sue trasformazioni, i processi di rigenerazione urbana sono oggetto di studio multidisciplinare da parte di diversi studiosi, tra cui pianificatori, geografi, economisti e sociologi. A partire dagli anni 2000, una questione che emerge dal confronto tra le varie discipline quella della città creativa, in cui le arti e le industrie culturali si diffondono come attività trainanti, influenzano le modalità di produzione e il consumo degli individui, e modificano le forme e l'uso degli spazi costruiti. Rigenerazione urbana e città creativa sono spesso affrontate in modo congiunto, senza argomentare in modo univoco cause ed effetti, interdipendenze reciproche, concentrandosi forse in modo eccessivo sul concetto piuttosto vago di classe creativa. Questo capitolo affronterà in modo sintetico quattro temi ricorrenti ma tutt'altro che risolti nelle politiche urbane e culturali: formazione di distretti culturali, costruzione di edifici iconici, moltiplicazione di eventi e festival, e interventi di arte pubblica. Molte città in tutto il mondo hanno investito su uno o pi di questi piani con risultati talvolta contradditori. Si presentano di seguito le criticità emerse pi chiaramente dalla implementazione di tali strategie.
