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Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Original Title Page -- Original Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Section I: The Beginnings of Sex-Role Socialization -- Section Introduction -- Women and Power in the Caldecott and Newberry Winners, 1980-1990 -- Girls' and Boys' Activity Patterns in Family Leisure Settings -- Girls' and Boys' Views of Body Types -- Commentary -- Section II: Contexts of Socialization -- Section Introduction -- A. In Relationships -- Joys and Sorrows: Young Adults' Construction of Relationships with Mothers and Fathers -- Gender Roles and Family Functioning: Gender Differences in Farm Marriages -- Commentary -- B. In the Workplace -- Assessing the Impact of Gender-Role Socialization on Issues of Power and Influence in the Workplace -- Intimate Office Relationships and Their Impact on Work Group Communication -- Talk at the Top: Topics at Lunch -- Feminization of Public Relations: The Relationship of Sex, Job Titles, and Status Perceptions of the Field -- Commentary -- C. In the Political Arena -- The Rhetoric of Victimage: Women's Movement Leaders Respond to the Defeat of the ERA -- When the Candidate Is a Woman: The Content and Form of Televised Negative Advertising -- Commentary -- Section III: Manifestations of Socialization -- Section Introduction -- A. Through Communication Strategies and Skills -- Academic Self-Concept, Gender Orientation, and Communication Apprehension in Adolescents -- Gender and Function-Oriented Discourse in Small Groups: In Examination of Problem-Solving Processes and Outcomes -- The Role of Gender in Mediation: An Examination from a Communication Perspective -- Perceived Managerial Communication Skills of Three Groups of Women: Volunteer Leaders, Executives, and Aspirants to Leadership -- Commentary -- B. Through Discourse.

Using two groups of undergraduate students (N = 71) the present paper argues about the importance of sex role identity (Bem, 1981) as a potential predictor of group popularity. The results show that participants with psychological androgine identity tend to use better their communication skills and become popular among their peers. Contray to previous studies (e.g. Hall, 1984; Saarni, 1999) focused on gender gap in communication skills, the current study emphasis on the importance of the sex role identity (Bem, 1974, 1975) in undestanding the relation between communication skills and likeability.

PurposeStudies indicate that a managerial pro‐male bias still exists. While managers and females have begun to view women as possessing managerial attributes, male students, on average, still tend to stereotype the managerial role using a pro‐male bias. Based on research by Heilman and by Lord and Maher, the purpose of this paper is to propose that business students, who are exposed to a curriculum that emphasizes the importance of diversity, as recommended by AACSB, will exhibit fewer gender stereotypes.Design/methodology/approachUsing the Schein Descriptive Index, three groups of university students were surveyed to determine whether individuals exposed to formal management education experience a reduction in "men as manager" stereotypes. The hypothesis was tested using interclass correlation coefficients (r′) from two randomized‐groups analysis of variance.FindingsThe hypothesis was not supported and the findings indicate that students in the business administration program stereotyped the managerial role to a greater degree than those not enrolled in the business administration program.Research limitations/implicationsFurther studies should be conducted to determine if the findings of this particular study are universal across college campuses.Practical implicationsBusiness schools must evaluate the methods that are being used to teach diversity in management education.Originality/valueThe authors' unique approach focuses on the sample as an important element when studying gender bias in management. Given the state of the economy and the cuts to university programs, by determining where bias occurs, diversity education in the university environment can be better utilized for optimal impact.

Previous research has shown that video-gamer's dreams are associated with less threatening content but also that they often do not consider such dreams to be nightmares, or find them to be scary. It is likely that gamers who play combat-centric action-type video games practice quick reactions that allow them to develop defensive maneuvers, so that when the gamer experiences a chase-type threat in a dream, it is empowering instead of intimidating. The nightmare protection effect has been demonstrated in several correlational and experimental studies, using military-personal and university-age males as participants. With female gamers, the effect is more likely to be present in those that play combat games with high frequency and who identify as more masculine in their sex-role identity. Addressing the limitations of a previous experiment with male-gamers, current and ongoing research is experimentally investigating the nightmare protection effect in university women, as a replication and extension. The current study has two independent variables (computer use and sex of experimenter). The computer use conditions are combat video game play and computer scholarly search task, which serves as a control condition. All research participants are exposed to a frightening film clip and are randomly assigned to play a first-person shooter combat-centric action video game or perform an online computer search task. They are randomly assigned to either a male or female experimenter. We hypothesized that participants playing an action first-person perspective video game, and who identify as more masculine in their sex-role identity, will experience the nightmare protection effect. Discipline: Psychology Faculty Mentor: Dr. Jayne Gackenbach

My purpose was to investigate the effects of gender and sex-role orientation on attitudes toward autoeroticism/masturbation, abortion, pornography, homosexuality, premarital sex, and sexual coercion among Turkish university students. Participants were 468 undergraduate students from
3 large urban universities in Ankara. The Turkish version of the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI; Bem, 1974) and the Sexual Knowledge and Attitude Test for Adolescents (SKAT-A; Fullard, Johnston, & Lief, 1998) were used to collect data. Results revealed no sex-role orientation effect on sexual
attitudes. Furthermore, no gender differences were observed in attitudes toward masturbation, homosexuality, and premarital sex. The attitude subscales on which meaningful gender differences were found were abortion, pornography, and sexual coercion. Findings are discussed with respect to
the role of Turkish culture in the development of attitudes toward sexuality.

What is the role of politics in shaping attitudes about appropriate roles for women in the family and the compatibility of work and motherhood? In this paper we argue that the German separation and later reunification produced a natural experiment to address this question. During the divided years, East German institutions encouraged high levels of full-time employment for women, including mothers. The West German system by contrast deterred women in general, and mothers in particular, from full-time employment. After reunification, family-related policies largely converged in the two Germanies. Against this background, we empirically investigate gender-role attitudes in reunified Germany. Our results show that East Germans are significantly more likely to hold egalitarian or nontraditional sex-role attitudes than West Germans. Despite a scenario of partial policy convergence, we also find evidence that the gap between East and West German gender role attitudes more than doubled in the years after reunification. We suggest that one explanation for this divergence could be found in the notion of social identity.

What is the role of politics in shaping attitudes about appropriate roles for women in the family and the compatibility of work and motherhood? In this paper we argue that the German separation and later reunification produced a natural experiment to address this question. During the divided years, East German institutions encouraged high levels of full-time employment for women, including mothers. The West German system by contrast deterred women in general, and mothers in particular, from full-time employment. After reunification, family-related policies largely converged in the two Germanies. Against this background, we empirically investigate gender-role attitudes in reunified Germany. Our results show that East Germans are significantly more likely to hold egalitarian or nontraditional sex-role attitudes than West Germans. Despite a scenario of partial policy convergence, we also find evidence that the gap between East and West German gender role attitudes more than doubled in the years after reunification. We suggest that one explanation for this divergence could be found in the notion of social identity.