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Gender inequality and related issues remain a major global challenge, particularly for developing countries. Despite considerable progress on gender equality over recent decades, key gender gaps remain in endowments (health and education), in access to jobs and economic opportunities, and in voice and agency. Lack of data limits ability to assess gender gaps and measure progress toward eliminating them. Successfully addressing the incompleteness of civil registration and vital statistics (CRVS) systems can help fill some of these vital data gaps. In addition, having official personal identification (ID) is an important stepping-stone for women and girls - enabling them to access services, claim their entitlements as citizens, and increase their voice and agency through participation in voting and other politics. Global initiatives such as identification for development (ID4D) promote opportunities to provide women with access to foundational documentation such as birth certificates and expansion of other ways to establish their legal identity. In addition, better data resulting from personal identity registration will advance gender equality policy discussions and planning. This paper examines rates of male and female registration for national identities globally to identify key registration constraints and gaps. The authors find no systematic evidence of gender-based gaps in birth registration; rather, evidence suggests that poverty, social exclusion, and geography may constrain birth registration of both males and females. Drawing on case studies and national-level data, the authors next examine outcomes in specific policy areas: access to financial services, access to social protection schemes, and inclusion in electoral roles and voting. Here, the evidence suggests, adult women face gender-specific barriers in getting ID, sometimes related to inability to obtain foundational documentation such as birth certificates.

Background: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 provides an up-to-date synthesis of the evidence for risk factor exposure and the attributable burden of disease. By providing national and subnational assessments spanning the past 25 years, this study can inform debates on the importance of addressing risks in context. Methods: We used the comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of the Global Burden of Disease Study to estimate attributable deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and trends in exposure by age group, sex, year, and geography for 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks from 1990 to 2015. This study included 388 risk-outcome pairs that met World Cancer Research Fund-defined criteria for convincing or probable evidence. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from randomised controlled trials, cohorts, pooled cohorts, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. We developed a metric that allows comparisons of exposure across risk factors—the summary exposure value. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk level, we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We decomposed trends in attributable burden into contributions from population growth, population age structure, risk exposure, and risk-deleted cause-specific DALY rates. We characterised risk exposure in relation to a Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Findings: Between 1990 and 2015, global exposure to unsafe sanitation, household air pollution, childhood underweight, childhood stunting, and smoking each decreased by more than 25%. Global exposure for several occupational risks, high body-mass index (BMI), and drug use increased by more than 25% over the same period. All risks jointly evaluated in 2015 accounted for 57·8% (95% CI 56·6–58·8) of global deaths and 41·2% (39·8–42·8) of DALYs. In 2015, the ten largest contributors to global DALYs among Level 3 risks were high systolic blood pressure (211·8 million [192·7 million to 231·1 million] global DALYs), smoking (148·6 million [134·2 million to 163·1 million]), high fasting plasma glucose (143·1 million [125·1 million to 163·5 million]), high BMI (120·1 million [83·8 million to 158·4 million]), childhood undernutrition (113·3 million [103·9 million to 123·4 million]), ambient particulate matter (103·1 million [90·8 million to 115·1 million]), high total cholesterol (88·7 million [74·6 million to 105·7 million]), household air pollution (85·6 million [66·7 million to 106·1 million]), alcohol use (85·0 million [77·2 million to 93·0 million]), and diets high in sodium (83·0 million [49·3 million to 127·5 million]). From 1990 to 2015, attributable DALYs declined for micronutrient deficiencies, childhood undernutrition, unsafe sanitation and water, and household air pollution; reductions in risk-deleted DALY rates rather than reductions in exposure drove these declines. Rising exposure contributed to notable increases in attributable DALYs from high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, occupational carcinogens, and drug use. Environmental risks and childhood undernutrition declined steadily with SDI; low physical activity, high BMI, and high fasting plasma glucose increased with SDI. In 119 countries, metabolic risks, such as high BMI and fasting plasma glucose, contributed the most attributable DALYs in 2015. Regionally, smoking still ranked among the leading five risk factors for attributable DALYs in 109 countries; childhood underweight and unsafe sex remained primary drivers of early death and disability in much of sub-Saharan Africa. Interpretation: Declines in some key environmental risks have contributed to declines in critical infectious diseases. Some risks appear to be invariant to SDI. Increasing risks, including high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, drug use, and some occupational exposures, contribute to rising burden from some conditions, but also provide opportunities for intervention. Some highly preventable risks, such as smoking, remain major causes of attributable DALYs, even as exposure is declining. Public policy makers need to pay attention to the risks that are increasingly major contributors to global burden. ; Bruce Bartholow Duncan and Maria Inês Schmidt have received additional funding from the Brazilian Ministry of Health (Process No 25000192049/2014-14). Benjamin O Anderson is supported by the Susan G Komen Leadership Grant Research Project, award number SAC160001. Itamar S Santos reports grants from FAPESP (Brazilian public agency), outside the submitted work. Carl Abelardo T Antonio reports grants, personal fees and non-financial support from Johnson & Johnson (Philippines), Inc, outside the submitted work. Kunihiro Matsushita reports personal fees from Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, and MSD outside of the submitted work. Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos and Ferrán Catalá-López are supported in part by grant PROMETEOII/2015/021 from Generalitat Valenciana, and Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos is supported by the national grant PI14/00894 from ISCIII-FEDER. Walter Mendoza is currently employed by the Peru Country Office of the United Nations Population Fund, an institution which does not necessarily endorse this study. Bradford D Gessner reports grants from Crucell, GSK, Hilleman Labs, Novartis, Pfizer, Merck, and Sanofi Pasteur, outside the submitted work. Ai Koyanagi's work is supported by the Miguel Servet contract financed by the CP13/00150 and PI15/00862 projects, integrated into the National R + D + I and funded by the ISCIII—General Branch Evaluation and Promotion of Health Research—and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF-FEDER). Aletta E Schutte is funded by the Medical Research Council of South Africa, and the South African Research Chair Initiative by the National Research Foundation. Dariush Mozaffarian reports ad-hoc honoraria or consulting from Boston Heart Diagnostics, Haas Avocado Board, AstraZeneca, GOED, DSM, and Life Sciences Research Organization; and chapter royalties from UpToDate. Amador Goodridge would like to acknowledge funding for me from Sistema Nacional de Investigadores de Panamá-SNI. Donal Bisanzio is supported by Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (#OPP1068048). Jost B Jonas reports personal fees from Consultant for Mundipharma Co (Cambridge, UK); from patent holder with Biocompatibles UK Ltd (Franham, Surrey, UK) (Title: Treatment of eye diseases using encapsulated cells encoding and secreting neuroprotective factor and / or anti-angiogenic factor; patent number: 20120263794), from patent application with University of Heidelberg (Heidelberg, Germany) (Title: Agents for use in the therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of myopia or hyperopia; Europäische Patentanmeldung 15 000 771.4), outside the submitted work. Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suarez receives institutional support from Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales, UDCA, Bogotá Colombia. Juan A Rivera reports personal fees from Tres Montes Lucchetti, outside the submitted work. Stefanos Tyrovolas's work is supported by the Foundation for Education and European Culture (IPEP), the Sara Borrell postdoctoral programme (reference no CD15/00019 from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII - Spain) and the Fondos Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER). Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla would like to acknowledge the institutional support of PRONABEC (National Program of Scholarship and Educational Loan), provided by the Peruvian Government, while studying for her doctoral course at the Judith Lumley Centre of La Trobe University funded by PRONABEC. Manami Inoue is the beneficiary of a financial contribution from the AXA Research fund as chair holder of the AXA Department of Health and Human Security, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo from Nov 1, 2012; the AXA Research Fund has no role in this work. Sarah C Darby would like to acknowledge Cancer Research UK (grant no C8225/A21133). Yogeshwar Kalkonde is a Wellcome Trust/ DBT India Alliance Intermediate Fellow in Public Health. Heidi Stöckl is funded by a British Academy Postdoctoral Fellowship. Tea Lallukka reports funding from The Academy of Finland, grant #287488. Charles D A Wolfe's research was funded/supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London. Simon I Hay is funded by a Senior Research Fellowship from the Wellcome Trust (#095066), and grants from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1119467, OPP1093011, OPP1106023, and OPP1132415). ; Peer-reviewed ; Publisher Version

 In Kathi Weeks' The Problem with Work she makes an argument about the way in which work produces and reproduces gender. As Weeks writes:"To say that work is organized by gender is to observe that it is a site where, at a minimum, we can find gender enforced, performed, and recreated. Workplaces are often structured in relation to gendered norms and expectations. Waged work and unwaged work alike continue to be structured by the productivity of gender-differentiated labor, including the gender division of both household roles and waged occupations...Gender is put to work when, for example, workers draw upon gendered codes and scripts as a way to negotiate relationships with bosses and co-workers, to personalize impersonal interactions, or to communicate courtesy, care, professionalism, or authority to clients, students, patients or customers."Lately I have been thinking about the way in which we could also think about the way in which work is also organized by, and organizing of, other social hierarchies including race. How is work organized by race, or how are racialized codes and scripts put to work in the workplace?This is to some extent the question of racial capitalism. It is possible to say, following Weeks, that there is an emerging awareness that capitalism was not just about the creation of the working class, a creation of a class of people with nothing but their labor to sell, but also the creation of the housewife, of unwaged labor in the home, and all of this was made possible in part by slavery, by the unwaged labor of people who were themselves commodities. Capital was born in the bloody intersections of gender, race, and class. Understanding these overlapping intersections is a matter not just of understanding the past, but of understanding the present This question is also in some sense the central question of Sylvie Laurent's Capital et Race: Histoire d'une Hydre Moderne.One way to think about the intersection of race and wage worker is to argue that the former affects the latter only in and through the racist ideas and conceptions of employers. In this conception, which is developed by Lordon, the general tendency of dependency on the wage relation is the general condition through which the specific hierarchies of race are lived. In other words, it is because one needs to sell their labor power that one is then subject to the various racist attitudes of employers. Such a dual systems account of race and capital makes the former individual, even psychological, and the latter structural. Part of the merit of Laurent's book is that she focuses on the structures of racial capitalism, seeing it not as the attitudes of individuals but as something materialized in practices and institutions. Her book is am investigation of the hydra of race and capitalism considered according to its "heads," the institutions (plantation, academy, multinational, colonial contract), stories (most notably Robinson Crusoe, but also the story of progress through the development of commercial society told by Adam Smith), and practices (primitive accumulation, colonialism, neoliberalism) that intertwine capitalism with racism. Race is not an idea, not just an idea that would reside in the heads of individuals, it is also institutionalized in different practices, or, more to the point, it is the intersection of practices and ideas. There is a lot to think comment about in Laurent's book, but I am less interested in thinking about the role that race played in the formation of capitalism. I know that a great deal has been written, and continues to be written about the intersection of slavery and the formation of modern capitalism. In a similar way there has been a lot written about the continuation of racial logics of division and hierarchy in and through the age of Jim Crow. The challenge it seems to me is to continue to think about the intersection of race and capital into the age of Charles Mills calls "de facto racism" (as opposed to de jure racism) without lapsing into seeing it as a purely individual attitude or prejudice. The contrast with gender is useful. Even after the destruction of the housewife as the personification and naturalization of unwaged work, gendered scripts continued to exist in the commodification of care work, emotional labor, and sexualized work, in the school teacher, waitress, and sex-worker. The gendered division of labor continues even within generalized wage labor. One could make an analogy of sorts with race on this point. There is a racial division of labor that we see everyday in restaurants, with a predominantly white waitstaff and largely latino and black staff bussing tables, and other industries from hotels to hospitals, in which the hierarchy of jobs often overlaps with a racial hierarchy. However, this is just an analogy, an anecdotal one at that; it is hard to say that these jobs are performing racialized scripts even if they are sometimes perceived that way for the people who consume it. I have been thinking a lot one what one could call the "mediated immediacy" of race, as a hierarchy produced and sustained by a long history that includes slavery, Jim Crow, and redlining, is perceived as a natural way of the world by a person who passes through a hotel or restaurant. One does not see the history of this production, just the hierarchy and exclusion it has made possible, and since that hierarchy corresponds with the physical appearance of race that appearance is taken as its cause and condition. Laurent draws on Moishe Postone, Hylton White, and Harry Chang, to draw a connection not between race and the everyday experience but between race and the structural conditions of capitalism. These structural conditions are the two defining abstractions, that of capital, of surplus value, and of its opposite and condition, that of the laboring body. As Laurent writes:"The black body is thus the perfect projection of an organism without capitalist labor, what Fanon rightly identified when speaking of the fetish of blackness as the embodiment of "the untamed biological."If the Jew of antisemitism is the human body of money, the Black of anti-black racism is the human representative of brute biological bodilyness. The Negro represents essentialized biological and chaotic power, demanding its domestication. Its incapacity to discipline itself by labor condemns it to be an energy without object. Objectified, it is itself reduced to exchange value, incorporated into the commodity to become one with it, just as the Jew becomes one with capital." Laurent connects race not with the apparent hierarchies of capitalism, the racial division of labor in workplaces, but with its mysteries and metaphysics, the abstraction of value and the potential of labor. Or, more to the point, race, the race that structures contemporary racism, is always both immediately apparent, and unnervingly hidden, and it is formed at the intersection of these two aspects. 

This work was partly funded by the World Cancer Research Fund International (WCRF 2012/590) and European Commission (FP7-PEOPLE-618308). The Netherlands Cohort Study on diet and cancer was supported by the Dutch Cancer Society. The RERF atomic bomb survivors Study was supported by The Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF), Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, a public interest foundation funded by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) and the US Department of Energy (DOE). The research was also funded in part through DOE award DE-HS0000031 to the National Academy of Sciences. This publication was supported by RERF Research Protocol RP-A5-12. The VITamins and Lifestyle Study (VITAL) was supported by a grant (R01CA74846) from the National Cancer Institute. The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) was carried out with financial support of the `Europe Against Cancer' Programme of the European Commission (SANCO); Ligue contre le Cancer (France); Societe 3 M (France); Mutuelle Generale de l'Education Nationale; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM); Institute Gustave Roussy; German Cancer Aid; German Cancer Research Centre; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research; Danish Cancer Society; Health Research Fund (FIS) of the Spanish Ministry of Health; the Spanish Regional Governments of Andalucia, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra; Cancer Research UK; Medical Research Council, UK; Stroke Association, UK; British Heart Foundation; Department of Health, UK; Food Standards Agency, UK; Wellcome Trust, UK; Greek Ministry of Health; Greek Ministry of Education; Italian Association for Research on Cancer; Italian National Research Council; Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports; Dutch Prevention Funds; LK Research Funds; Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland); World Cancer Research Fund; Swedish Cancer Society; Swedish Scientific Council; Regional Government of Skane, Sweden; Norwegian Cancer Society; Norwegian Research Council. Partial support for the publication of this supplement was provided by the Centre de Recherche et d'Information Nutritionnelles (CERIN). ; Purpose Diet may play an essential role in the aetiology of bladder cancer (BC). The B group complex vitamins involve diverse biological functions that could be influential in cancer prevention. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between various components of the B group vitamin complex and BC risk. Methods Dietary data were pooled from four cohort studies. Food item intake was converted to daily intakes of B group vitamins and pooled multivariate hazard ratios (HRs), with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs), were obtained using Cox-regression models. Dose–response relationships were examined using a nonparametric test for trend. Results In total, 2915 BC cases and 530,012 non-cases were included in the analyses. The present study showed an increased BC risk for moderate intake of vitamin B1 ( HRB1: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.00–1.20). In men, moderate intake of the vitamins B1, B2, energy-related vitamins and high intake of vitamin B1 were associated with an increased BC risk (HR (95% CI): 1.13 (1.02–1.26), 1.14 (1.02–1.26), 1.13 (1.02–1.26; 1.13 (1.02–1.26), respectively). In women, high intake of all vitamins and vitamin combinations, except for the entire complex, showed an inverse association (HR (95% CI): 0.80 (0.67–0.97), 0.83 (0.70–1.00); 0.77 (0.63–0.93), 0.73 (0.61–0.88), 0.82 (0.68–0.99), 0.79 (0.66–0.95), 0.80 (0.66–0.96), 0.74 (0.62–0.89), 0.76 (0.63–0.92), respectively). Dose–response analyses showed an increased BC risk for higher intake of vitamin B1 and B12. Conclusion Our findings highlight the importance of future research on the food sources of B group vitamins in the context of the overall and sex-stratified diet. ; World Cancer Research Fund International (WCRF) WCRF 2012/590 ; European Commission European Commission Joint Research Centre FP7-PEOPLE-618308 ; KWF Kankerbestrijding ; Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF) ; Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan public interest foundation - Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) ; United States Department of Energy (DOE) DE-HS0000031 ; RERF Research Protocol RP-A5-12 ; United States Department of Health & Human Services ; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA ; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI) R01CA74846 ; European Commission European Commission Joint Research Centre ; Ligue contre le Cancer (France) 3M ; Mutuelle Generale de l'Education Nationale ; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm) ; Institute Gustave Roussy ; Deutsche Krebshilfe ; German Cancer Research Centre ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; Danish Cancer Society ; Instituto de Salud Carlos III ; Spanish Regional Governments of Andalucia, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra ; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI) Medical Research Council UK (MRC) Cancer Research UK Stroke Association, UK ; British Heart Foundation Department of Health, UK Food Standards Agency, UK ; Wellcome Trust ; Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT ; Fondazione AIRC per la ricerca sul cancro Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) ; Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports Dutch Prevention Funds ; LK Research Funds ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) ; World Cancer Research Fund International (WCRF) ; Swedish Cancer Society Swedish Scientific Council Regional Government of Skane, Sweden ; Norwegian Cancer Society Research Council of Norway ; European Commission ; Centre de Recherche et d'Information Nutritionnelles (CERIN)

National audience ; « Le mari doit protection à sa femme, la femme doit obéissance à son mari. » Ce ne sont pas les dispositions du Code personnel marocain. Au contraire, il s'agit de l'ancien article 213 du Code civil français. Donc, il n'y a pas si longtemps, en vertu de plusieurs règles juridiques, la femme fut réduite à l'alieni iuris persona, bien que la France se réclamât des principes laïcs, de liberté et d'égalité. Or, si le potestas maritalis était toléré par la société française, développée et moderne par rapport à la région Moyen-Orient et Afrique du Nord, que dirait-on de la condition féminine au Maroc, pays où l'Islam demeure la religion de l'Etat, et la société marocaine y dispose encore d'une frange très conservatrice. Dans toutes les sociétés humaines, les hommes semblent avoir tout fait pour empêcher les femmes d'accéder à un statut juridique égal à celui de leurs semblables masculins. En Occident, plus particulièrement en Europe jugée avant-gardiste et progressiste, la discrimination voire la violence à l'égard des femmes y persiste encore aujourd'hui, malgré les avancées considérables réalisées en matière des droits humains 1. En effet, les femmes continuaient toujours à être soumises aux différentes formes de discrimination et de violence, quoique des efforts remarquables aient été déployés par de nombreux pays dans le monde. Mais, si les efforts consentis contre les stéréotypes de genre ne sont pas rigoureusement évalués pour parvenir à une meilleure compréhension de leur impact sur les rôles socialement acceptables en fonction du sexe, tous les engagements pris par la communauté internationale resteront lettre morte. Quoi qu'il en soit, le statut de la femme demeure aussi une question de rapports sociaux. Une question sensible qui s'inscrit dans un combat incessant et quotidien mené par des personnes courageuses. Une question cruciale qui, de jure, exige l'adoption des normes prévoyant et consolidant les droits des femmes. Une question qui, de facto, traite de l'exercice effectif des droits de la personne humaine. Enfin une question de conscience qui suppose l'existence de mécanismes de contrôle des droits des femmes. Décrire en général le statut de la femme est une entreprise vaste et très complexe. Il convient donc de préciser et de cerner le sujet sous peine de s'égarer dans l'univers féminin, et ce au moins pour deux grandes raisons. D'un côté, rien que par rapport à l'espace familial, la femme est mère, grand-mère, belle-mère, fille, femme au foyer… Mais au regard de l'espace public, elle pourrait également être salariée, fonctionnaire, ministre, chef d'Etat… sans parler de la possibilité de cumuler les deux fonctions. De l'autre côté, il apparaît clairement qu'au fil des temps, les femmes ont été considérées comme inférieures aux hommes. Elles se voient habituellement, partout dans le monde, reléguées au second plan, minoritaires dans les lieux de pouvoir politique, subalternes dans les lieux de travail, sous-payées, pauvres. Elles sont les premières victimes de la violence conjugale. Les droits des femmes sont régulièrement remis en cause. En effet, récemment, aux Etats-Unis d'Amérique, l'affaire Weinstein a suscité l'émoi de nombreuses associations féministes américaines et françaises. D'ailleurs, dans le sillage de cette affaire 2 , révélée par New York Times en octobre 2017, de nombreuses femmes ont décidé de prendre la parole en France pour raconter les agressions ou les harcèlements sexuels dont elles ont été victimes. Les plaintes pour violences sexuelles déposées par les victimes ont connu une augmentation remarquable en octobre 2017, près de 30 % par rapport à la même période de l'année précédente, soit 360 faits en novembre 2017 selon l'Agence France Presse. Cette hausse « exceptionnelle » pourrait s'expliquer « en partie à la libération de la parole des victimes », provoquée par la révélation de l'affaire Weinstein 3. La violence sexuelle faite aux femmes est devenue un phénomène planétaire ! De même au Maroc, décrire plus particulièrement le statut de la femme renvoie certainement à la problématique de l'égalité de genre. Mais pas seulement ! Car, la question de la discrimination et de la violence faites aux femmes marocaines est souvent passée sous silence et rarement prise en charge. Non seulement cette impérieuse question constitue une négation 1 Rapport de l'OCDE en 2017 : « sur la mise en oeuvre des recommandations de l'OCDE sur l'égalité hommes-femmes » Voir aussi le passage : « La violence à l'égard des femmes reste une pandémie mondiale, et c'est un domaine d'action de plus en plus prioritaire pour les pays de l'OCDE (questionnaires sur l'égalité hommes-femmes). L'Organisation mondiale de la santé estime que 35 % des femmes dans le monde ont déjà subi soit des violences conjugales physiques et/ou sexuelles, soit des violences sexuelles non conjugales (OMS, 2013). », p.54. 2 Depuis les révélations scandaleuses d'harcèlement sexuel du New York Times le 5 octobre 2017, de nombreuses femmes ont accusé le producteur américain Harvey Weinstein. L'affaire a eu un retentissement considérable en France. Plusieurs célébrités françaises, Catherine Deneuve, Quentin Tarantino, Gérard Depardieu et Woody Allen notamment ont commenté le scandale, devenu mondial. Voir : . 3 Violences sexuelles : hausse de 30 % des plaintes en octobre en zone de gendarmerie. En savoir plus sur <

Swahili has been moulded in a long process by many factors over many centuries (Chiraghdin & Mnyampala 1977, Khalid 1977, Nurse & Spear 1985, Shariff 1973, Whiteley 1969). One of the latest chapters in its history is the standardisation and implementation as national and official language in Tanzania after independence.The National Swahili Council was given the task of further developing as well as guarding the standard form in textbooks for schools, in literature, in music texts, and in radio and television broadcasting. However, while Standard Swahili was taught in schools and writtenin books and newspapers, people in town quarters where Swahili was spoken developed and used a colloquial style of speech by enriching the standard form with "slang" expressions and lexemes.Recently, many people in Tanzania speak of "lugha za mitaani" ('languages of the town quarters', or 'street languages'), using the plural to point to the fact that there exists a whole range of varieties of non-standard language, depending on local and social factors. The more recent development of lugha za mitaani reflects very much the social, economic, and political liberalisation in Tanzania, which started in the late 1980s. Little research has been done on the complex of these locally coloured colloquial Swahili variants, and we hope that our work will prepare the ground for further, more detailed studies. Since we acknowledge the existence of variants, we will use Lugha ya Mitaani (henceforth abbreviated LyM) to denote the phenomenon as such, whereas we will apply the term Lugha za Mitaani (henceforth abbreviated LzM) when we speak of the complex of variants.The primary characteristic of lugha za mitaani in general is that they deviate from Standard Kiswahili by their special lexicon which is in a constant process of rapid renovation. This is done by way of deliberate manipulation of existing lexical items, as an expression of an attitude of jocular and provocative violation of linguistic norms.Looking into the linguistic makeup, it is quite clear that Lugha ya Mitaani is not an independent language, but a sociolect or register of Kiswahili. The geographical centre of the ongoing creation and recreation of linguistic elements is Dar es Salaam. From there the linguistic items spread very quickly into the interior and reach even remote places such as Nachingwea (Lindi region) and Kurio (Dodoma region), where we conducted our research. The remarkably high mobility of the youth in Tanzania plays a crucial role in this process, but also the media, especially music, radio, video, and the yellow press contribute a lot to the rapid diffusion of Lugha ya Mitaani-terms. This article is based on research conducted in Tanzania between 2000 and 2006 and approaches the phenomenon of Lugha ya Mitaani from different angles. A substantial part of the field research was lexicographic in nature, complemented by ethnographic methods (see chapter two). The analysis focuses on form, function, mediation and general comparative sociolinguistic issues of Lugha ya Mitaani.:1. Introduction: Lugha ya Mitaani 1 1.1 History of colloquial non-standard Swahili speech forms 1 1.2 Special forms of Lugha ya Mitaani 4 1.2.1 Campus Swahili 5 1.2.2 Secret codes derived from Swahili 5 1.2.3 Lugha ya vijana wa vijiweni 6 1.2.4 The language of daladalas 8 1.3 Overview of the article 9 2. Methodology 10 2.1 Field research 10 2. 2 Acknowledgements 12 2. 3 The making of the dictionary 12 3. Sociolinguistics of Lugha ya Mitaani 13 3.1 Lugha ya Mitaani as youth language 13 3.2 Knowledge, use and attitudes 14 3.3 Diachronic aspects of Lugha ya Mitaani 17 4. Lexical elaboration 18 4.1 Humans and social relations 20 4.1.1 Humans 20 4.1.2 Women 21 4.1.3 Men 23 4.1.4 Homosexuals 23 UTA REUSTER-JAHN & ROLAND KIEßLING 4.1.5 Social relationship 24 4.1.6 Social status 24 4.2 Communication 24 4.3 Body & Appearance 25 4.4 Economy, Money & Occupation 26 4.5 Sex 27 4.6 Drugs & Alcohol 28 4.7 Movement & Vehicles 28 4.8 Evaluative terms 29 4.9 Experience 30 4.10 Trouble & Violence 30 4.11 Crime & Police 30 4.12 Food 31 4.13 Disease 31 4.14 Geography & Place 32 4.15 Education 32 4.16 Sports 33 4.17 Weapons 33 4.18 Cultural innovation 33 4.19 Time 33 5. The poetic making of Lugha ya Mitaani 34 5.1 Hyperbole and dysphemism 35 5.2 Humoristic effects 37 5.3 Metaphors 39 LUGHA YA MITAANI IN TANZANIA 5.4 Cognitive motivation 41 5.5 Onomastic synecdoche 43 5.6 Multiple semantic extensions 44 5.7 Folk etymologies 45 5.8 Phraseologisms 46 5.9 Manipulations of form 50 5.10 Donor languages 52 6. The construction of youth identities in discourse practice 53 7. Lugha ya Mitaani and the media 60 8. Lugha ya Mitaani in a historical perspective 66 8.1 Lugha ya Mitaani in contrast to other phenomena of language birth 67 8.1.1 Pidginisation and creolisation 67 8.1.2 Codeswitching 67 8.1.3 Lugha ya Mitaani and Sheng 70 8.2 Semantic change 75 8.3 Sociosymbolic change 76 9. Conclusion 78 Abbreviations 79 Bibliography 80 Appendix 1: Lugha ya Mitaani texts written by John Degera 88 Appendix 2: Diachronic change in the campus lexicon at Teacher Training College Nachingwea 90 Appendix 3: Dictionary of Lugha ya Mitaani 93

Die Kohlmotte Plutella xylostella L. gilt als kosmopolitisch verbreiteter, spezifischer Schädling der Familie Brassicaceae und ist weltweit einer der grössten Schädlinge an Gemüsesorten aus dieser Familie. Im Rift Valley in Kenia wurde vor einigen Jahren eine Population der Kohlmotte auf Zuckererbsen entdeckt. Sie verursachte dort sehr grosse Schäden. Die Wirkung dieses Wirtspflanzenwechsels auf die assoziierten Parasitoide wurde untersucht. In Laborexperimenten wurden Parasitierungsraten, Entwicklungdauer und Überlebensraten sowie die Rolle der Wirtspflanze für die Wirtsfindung an zwei wichtigen Parasitoidenarten untersucht: die einheimische Diadegma mollipla (Holmgren), die als relativer Generalist angesehen wird, und die hochspezifische Diadegma semiclausum (Hellen), die für die biologische Kontrolle der Kohlmotte auf Brassica-Gemüse nach Kenia eingeführt wurde. Diadegma mollipla war überraschenderweise effektiver auf der neuen Wirtspflanze als auf Kohl. Diadegma semiclausum parasitierte auf Kohl fressende Larven effizienter. Wirtsfindungsuntersuchungen mit Hilfe eines Y-Rohr Olfaktometer zeigten, dass die Spezialisierung von Diadegma semiclausum durch Signale der cruciferen Wirtspflanze vermittelt wird, und nicht durch Signale von auf Erbsen fressenden Larven. Während flüchtige Substanzen von Brassicaceen keinen Hauptreiz für die Wirtsfindung von D. mollipla darstellt. Diese Unterschiede in Parasitierungs- und Wirtsfindungsverhalten ließen vermuten, dass sich das Konkurrenzverhalten der beiden Arten auf Erbsen im Vergleich zu Kohl ändert. Auf Kohl behauptet sich Diadegma semiclausum eindeutig. Auf Erbsen, zumindest bei Experimenten in kleinen Behältern, parasitierte D. mollipla genauso gut oder sogar besser als Diadegma semiclausum. Allerdings parasitierte Diadegma semiclausum unter natürlicheren Bedingungen im Gewächshaus auf beiden Wirtspflanzen signifikant mehr Larven als ihr Konkurrent. Chemische Interferenz zwischen den beiden Arten ist vielleicht eine mögliche Erklärung dafür. Olfaktorisches Erlernen von Stimuli gilt als Möglichkeit für die Fähigkeit von Parasitoiden ihre Reaktion auf Wirts- und Wirtspflanzenreize zu verändern. Im Hinblick auf eine Kontrolle der Kohlmotte auf Erbsen, wurde versucht, die Parasitierungsleistung von Diadegma semiclausum auf Erbsen zu erhöhen. Eine Anpassung an eine neue Wirtspflanze durch das Erlernen von Schlüsselreizen könnte möglich sein. Die Schlupfwespe wurde für drei Generationen auf dem Erbsenstamm der Kohlmotte gezüchtet. Die Reaktion auf Reize von einer mit Larven infestierten Erbsenpflanze sowie die Parasitierungsrate konnte gesteigert werden. Allerdings zeigten die Generationen auf Erbsen eine reduzierte Fitness. Vor allem die extreme Verschiebung des Geschlechterverhältnisses auf die Seite der Männchen sorgte für eine starke Verschlechterung in der Reproduktion. Um die Wirkung der ungewöhnlichen Wirtspflanze auf den gesamten Parasitoidenkomplex der Kohlmotte zu untersuchen, wurden in der Nähe der Farm, wo die Kohlmotte zuerst auf Erbsen gefunden wurde, Feldstudien durchgeführt. Erbsen schafften für die Kohlmotte einen Feind-freien Raum. Die einheimischen Schlupfwespenarten kamen nur sporadisch und in sehr geringer Zahl auf Erbsen vor. Die Freilassung von Diadegma semiclausum führte zu einer Verringerung der Kohlmottenlarven auf Kohl, aber die Art konnte sich in den Erbsen nicht etablieren. Gleichzeitig reduzierte sich die Zahl der lokalen Parasitoidenarten. Mit der starken Konkurrenz durch Diadegma semiclausum, wurde erwartet, dass D. mollipla ihre Niche auf dem Erbsenstamm der Kohlmotte finden würde. Allerdings erhöhte sich deren Zahl auf Erbsen nicht. Die Art wurde möglicherweise auf ihre anderen Wirte verdrängt. ; A population of the diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella L., known as an oligophagous pest on crucifers was recently found to infest sugar snap- and snowpeas (Diadegma semiclausum L.) in the Rift Valley in Kenya, causing heavy damage. The impact of this host shift on the interaction with associated parasitoids was investigated. In laboratory experiments parasitation levels, development and survival, and the role of host plants for host location of two important parasitoids were studied: The indigenous Diadegma mollipla (Holmgren), regarded as a relative generalist, and the highly specific Diadegma semiclausum (Hellen), introduced to Kenya for biocontrol of DBM on cruciferous vegetables. Tested individually D. mollipla surprisingly proved to be more effective on the new host plant than on cabbage. Diadegma semiclausum parasitized more efficiently on DBM on cabbage. Bioassay tests, conducted with a Y-tube olfactometer, showed that the specialisation of Diadegma semiclausum is mediated by host plant signals, associated with crucifers, which are not encountered in DBM feeding on peas. Whereas for D. mollipla crucifer volatiles seem not to be used as primary cues for host location. Differential performance and host location abilities of the two parasitoids suggested a difference in competitiveness on peas as compared to cabbage. On cabbage, Diadegma semiclausum clearly out-competes its congenus. On peas, confined to small containers D. mollipla parasitized equally as good or even better than Diadegma semiclausum. However, under more natural conditions in the greenhouse, Diadegma semiclausum parasitized significantly more larvae than its competitor on both host plants. Chemical interference between the two species could be a possible explanation. Olfactory learning is known to enable parasitoids to modify their behavioural responsiveness to host and plant- derived odours. In view of increasing the potential of Diadegma semiclausum for biocontrol of DBM in peas, the parasitoid was reared for three subsequent generations on the pea strain of DBM. Adaption to the new host plant through pre-emergence learning seemed to be possible. Response to DBM-infested pea and levels of parasitation increased in the pea generations. However, fitness trade-offs, especially an extreme shift in sex ratio to males reduced reproductive success of Diadegma semiclausum on peas. In order to investigate the effect of the unusual host plant on the entire local parasitoid community associated with DBM, field studies were conducted close to the farm where DBM was first discovered on peas. Peas provided an enemy-free space for DBM. Local parasitoids occurred only sporadically and in very low numbers on DBM on peas. The release of Diadegma semiclausum in the study site led to a reduction of DBM in kales. It did not establish in peas. The number of local parasitoids gradually decreased after the introduction. With a strong competition on kales especially D. mollipla was assumed to find a niche in peas. However, it did not occur in larger numbers in peas. The species might have moved to other host instead. We demonstrated, that the host plant had a strong influence on parasitation, fitness and host loaction. The inclusion of a new host plant into its feeding repertoire enables the herbivore host to avoid enemy attack. But due to the ability to adapt to a new host plant, parasitoids could follow their host with time.

Der Beitrag widmet sich dem Thema der beruflichen Ziele und Ansprüche von männlichen und weiblichen Jugendlichen in der ehemaligen DDR. Es zeigt sich, dass es sehr deutliche Geschlechtsunterschiede in der Berufswahl gab - die sehr stark am traditionellen Rollenmodell orientiert war. Ganz im Gegensatz zur herrschenden Ideologie, denn Geschlechterdiskriminierung gab es angeblich nur im kapitalistischen Westen. Tatsächlich aber war die Freiheit der Berufswahl massiv eingeschränkt und musste sich an äußeren Maßgaben orientieren: Das rigide Planungssystem basierte bei der Berufsausbildung auf wirtschaftlichen und regionalen Erfordernissen und politischen Interessen. Frauen waren immer auch als "Arbeitskräfteressource" eingeplant. Zwar gab es für alle Jugendlichen einen Ausbildungsplatz, jedoch oft um den Preis persönlichen Verzichts bei der Realisierung individueller Berufswünsche. Insbesondere junge Frauen waren dabei besonders benachteiligt, da sie einerseits konservativen Rollenerwartungen zu genügen hatten - etwa auch in der Frage, welcher Beruf für eine Frau als akzeptabel angesehen wurde. Gleichzeitig sollten sie aber auch den "modernen" Vorstellungen weiblicher Emanzipation gerecht werden - entsprechend der Ideologie des "Arbeiter- und Bauernstaates". Der Artikel führt aus, dass die beeinflussenden Lehrkräfte deutlich stärker noch als ihre Schülerinnen und Schüler am traditionellen Rollenbild orientiert waren. Abschließend weist der Beitrag darauf hin, dass die Einschränkungen des rollenkonservativen, beruflichen Selbstbildes junger Frauen heute zu einer Belastung und Benachteiligung für die Lebensplanung werden - angesichts der realen beruflichen Möglichkeiten, die sich jungen Frauen in der Bundesrepublik bieten. (ICB)

Cette recherche a été menée dans la région des Hauts-de-France, avec la collaboration d'un service d'AEMO du département du Nord pour la partie qualitative et des services du département du Nord et du Pas-de-Calais pour sa partie quantitative. Dans un premier temps, l'étude quantitative dresse les principales caractéristiques des mesures de « Tiers Digne de Confiance » (TDC) prononcés par les juges en comparant celles associées à une mesure d'action éducative en milieu ouvert (AEMO) et celles non associées à une AEMO. D'après les données de la DREES, les mesures de TDC correspondent à 7% des placements. L'analyse de la base de données permet de mettre en évidence que dans le département du Nord (870 mesures au 31 décembre 2014), les mesures de TDC sont accompagnées une fois sur deux d'une AEMO. Entre les groupes de mesures TDC avec AEMO versus sans AEMO, il n'y a pas de différence significative selon le sexe. La distribution de l'âge des enfants placés chez un TDC et faisant l'objet d'une AEMO se rapproche de celle de l'ensemble des enfants en protection de l'enfant dans la région, tandis que celle des enfants seulement concernés par le fait d'être confié à un tiers présente la particularité de concerner davantage d'adolescents de 15 à 17 ans. Même s'ils ne rendent pas compte de l'ensemble des mesures, deux types de situations peuvent se distinguer parmi les mesures de TDC. D'une part des mesures concernant des adolescents dont c'est la première rencontre avec le système de protection de l'enfance, d'autre part des situations ressemblant à l'ensemble des mesures de protection de l'enfance dans la région : commençant tôt dans l'enfance, se poursuivant sous différentes formes dont ici, celle du placement chez un TDC. L'étude qualitative a été réalisée entre juin 2014 et septembre 2016. Elle concerne les enfants confiés à un proche et faisant l'objet d'une Action Educative en Milieu Ouvert (AEMO). Seules 4 des 30 situations correspondent à un arrangement à l'amiable entre les membres de la parenté. La plupart des interventions portées à notre connaissance (26/30) sont des mesures prononcées par le juge qui attribue au(x) membre(s) de la parenté le statut de TDC.Cette étude montre que ce sont plus souvent les femmes qui sont désignées TDC, même lorsqu'il s'agit de l'accueil par un couple. Les tiers sont de condition modeste même si le tiers appartient généralement à la moins dépourvue des familles maternelle ou paternelle. Les grands-parents sont le plus souvent désignés comme tiers digne de confiance avec un équilibre entre l'implication des deux lignées, ce qui diffère des études précédentes. De plus, le sexe de l'enfant n'intervient pas dans une hypothétique attribution privilégiée à l'une ou l'autre des familles.Si l'on considère les enfants issues de la mère, l'enfant confié à un proche est plus souvent un aîné. Par ailleurs, les fratries (issues d'une même mère) sont très souvent touchées simultanément par d'autres formes de placement en famille d'accueil ou en établissement. Nous avons constaté que, contrairement à d'autres études, les enfants étaient majoritairement placés chez un proche avant l'âge de 10 ans et pour des durées conséquentes. Au début de notre étude, ¼ des enfants vivait chez le proche depuis au moins 6 ans. Conformément à l'approche quantitative présentée au début de ce rapport, l'étude montre qu'à côté de quelques placements survenant durant l'adolescence, la plupart des enfants concernés par notre recherche sont des enfants placés relativement tôt et pour des durées longues en rapport avec les problématiques complexes, souvent rencontrées en protection de l'enfance. Les rares adolescentes [Clémentine (1), Mélia (17), Claire et Coralie (23)] dont la mesure commence tardivement, font cependant d'emblée l'objet d'une mesure d'AEMO associée au fait d'être confiées à un proche, en raison soit d'une situation très vive de rupture et de violence conjugales (1), soit de problématiques complexes (meurtre et emprisonnement du père (17), inceste révélé par les adolescentes (23)). Le choix d'entrer sur le terrain par le service d'AEMO ne permet pas de rejoindre des adolescents faisant l'objet d'un placement chez un proche sans mesure d'AEMO, situations dont l'étude quantitative laissait entrevoir l'existence. Les proches soulignent que c'est souvent leur premier contact avec les services sociaux, que les premières audiences sont particulièrement stressantes, qu'ils connaissent peu leurs droits et devoirs et qu'ils découvrent les attributs des différents professionnels de la protection de l'enfance. Lorsque nous les avons rencontrés, ils ont bien intégré les préoccupations des travailleurs sociaux sur le respect des places de chacun. Aussi, insistent-ils sur le fait qu'ils ne sont pas les parents. Ils font régulièrement référence au travail parental qu'ils effectuent et à la « bonne distance » qu'ils préservent. La question des places et de la substitution des parents, et particulièrement de la mère, est un point auquel veillent les professionnels de la protection de l'enfance. Ces questions se retrouvent fréquemment dans les travaux sur les familles d'accueil. Cependant il semble que cette surveillance soit encore plus attentive lorsque la personne en charge de l'enfant est un membre de la parenté.L'importance des situations de précarité pose avec acuité la question du soutien financier aux proches accueillants. Dans ce contexte, le lecteur s'étonnera que l'allocation d'entretien ne soit pas systématiquement versée, dès lors que le juge des enfants a désigné le tiers, ou encore qu'une démarche systématique et proactive ne soit entreprise en ce sens par les services sociaux, (il conviendrait de définir à qui reviendrait cette tâche en cas d'une part, de mesure simultanée d'AEMO et d'autre part, en son absence). En effet, pour certaines situations, le travail éducatif des proches est doublement gratuit : il n'entraîne pas de salaire, et n'ouvre pas systématiquement à un dédommagement des frais. Ajoutons à cela les hésitations des travailleurs sociaux à modifier le nom du bénéficiaire des allocations familiales, de peur de mettre symboliquement le parent, un peu plus sur la touche. Au total, comme dans les études anglaises, les problèmes matériels du proche ne sont sans doute pas considérés à leur juste mesure. Actuellement, il faut que le proche lise attentivement le jugement et entreprenne de lui-même les démarches auprès du conseil départemental. Prendre cette initiative est d'autant plus coûteux que les proches acceptent ce statut, mus par une obligation morale, avec le sentiment de devoir tout faire pour éviter un placement hors de la parenté. Tenus par cette obligation morale, ils peuvent ressentir un certain malaise à réclamer des contreparties à cet engagement. Dans le même ordre d'idée, compte tenu de la précarité des familles concernées et du manque d'information sur le statut du tiers et de l'enfant confié, il serait sans doute opportun que les possibilités d'aides aux jeunes majeurs soient davantage portées à la connaissance des familles. Dans les cas parvenus à la majorité en cours d'étude, la mesure s'est interrompue et il ne nous a pas été possible d'entrer en contact avec ces familles. Cet arrêt brutal confirme les données quantitatives qui mettaient en évidence un très faible nombre de maintien dans la protection après la majorité pour les enfants placés chez un tiers digne de confiance. D'autre part, le travail de Sarah Mosca auprès des familles a mis en évidence que le rôle du proche s'exerce au sein d'un réseau familial de proximité, peu connu des intervenants sociaux. Il s'inscrit dans la durée et bien souvent précède le placement. Ce point avait déjà été constaté en Angleterre, mais le présent travail a pu compléter cette information en observant que ce soutien bénéficie souvent aussi bien au(x) parent(s) qu'à l'enfant, ce qui n'exclut pas des mésententes entre le(s) grand(s)-parent(s) et le(s) parent(s) de l'enfant. Par ailleurs, les entretiens avec les travailleurs sociaux ont montré que ce soutien se prolonge dans les moments de retour de l'enfant auprès du/des parent(s). Les travailleurs sociaux regardent cette continuité avec pragmatisme tout en s'interrogeant sur les raisons qui mobilisent les proches. Les proches s'organisent pour accueillir, présentent seuls ou avec l'aide de l'entourage l'enfant aux visites en lieu neutre ou médiatisé, s'accommodent des tracasseries administratives engendrées par une situation rare et floue, pourvoient aux besoins de l'enfant, s'entourent du soutien dont ils ont besoin en faisant appel aux membres de la parenté vivant à proximité, mais tant d'engagement conduit souvent au doute des professionnels : pourquoi font-ils tout cela ? Les travailleurs sociaux oscillent donc entre la recherche de motivations inavouées et le fait de saisir l'opportunité d'une solution qui, le plus souvent, a déjà fait ses preuves avant la crise. Cependant, dès qu'un père ou une mère exprime son souhait de présence auprès de l'enfant, et conformément au paradigme français en protection de l'enfance qui privilégie le retour chez le(s) parent(s), le filet de sécurité que les proches ont tissé autour l'enfant cède le pas au désir du parent et retourne à son statut informel. Il faut organiser des rencontres, établir un lien qui n'a parfois jamais existé, au risque d'insécuriser le proche et l'enfant. Si le parent n'a pas assumé son rôle depuis de nombreux mois, s'il n'a pas donné signe de vie à l'enfant et à son entourage, s'il ne s'est pas inquiété de lui, fusse à distance, il peut néanmoins surgir à tout moment. D'une certaine manière, les devoirs du parent à l'égard de l'enfant semblent pouvoir s'exercer de manière discontinue sans que cela remette en cause la totalité de ses droits. Cette étude pose une question commune à tous les dispositifs de suppléance parentale : comment établir ou maintenir une forme de parentalité sans aggraver la discontinuité des parcours ? La pluriparentalité, concept qui entrevoit la possibilité de plusieurs figures d'attachement non concurrentielles semble avoir bien du mal à s'imposer en France. Lorsqu'on prend en compte l'obsession de ne pas prendre la place du parent, tout en assumant les fonctions, tant dans les discours des travailleurs sociaux que des proches, on mesure combien la pluriparentalité est un impensé de la protection de l'enfance pour l'ensemble de ses acteurs quotidiens.Comme cela a été relevé par Hunt dans ses travaux, les proches souhaitent avoir l'occasion de parler entre pairs ou avec un interlocuteur différent de la personne en charge de la mesure pour l'enfant. En effet, face à l'éducateur d'AEMO mandaté pour assurer des relations satisfaisantes entre le tiers et le parent, face à la fragilité du dispositif qui met en avant le droit du parent sans en garantir pour le proche, l'expression des difficultés réelles ou subjectives auprès de l'éducateur est perçue comme pouvant desservir la poursuite de la garde. L'éducateur d'AEMO est bien identifié comme servant l'intérêt de l'enfant et la régulation des conflits. En conséquence, il n'apparaît pas comme un intervenant neutre susceptible de soutenir le proche à part entière.Enfin à l'issue de cette étude, une question reste posée : est-ce que la recherche d'un proche susceptible d'accueillir l'enfant est entreprise de manière systématique lorsqu'il apparaît aux travailleurs sociaux qu'il serait nécessaire d'avoir recours à un placement ? Avec les nouvelles possibilités ouvertes par la loi du 14 mars 2016, cette question sera sans doute à l'ordre du jour dans les mois à venir. La présente étude tire les leçons de l'expérience des parents et des professionnels de cas jusqu'ici rencontrés dans le cadre juridique.

Alongside the destruction of habitat, the impact of invasive alien species (IAS) is considered as one of the most important threats to global biodiversity. Therefore, international directives as well as national legislation call for measures to prevent the further spread of already established IAS as well as to limit their negative effects on native flora and fauna. This study deals with one of these non-native species – the American mink (Neovison vison). In order to get information about ecology and behaviour of this semiaquatic carnivore, a small population in a north German fishpond area, where mink has been spreading since the 1970s, was investigated. During the years 2003 to 2006 data about annual and circadian activity patterns, space use, territorial system as well as feeding habits and their variations during different seasons were collected. For this purpose, altogether 14 individuals (nine males, five females) were monitored using radio-telemetry. Based on the results, the potential impact of American mink on indigenous species was discussed and implications for mink control and management were deduced. American mink are difficult to radio tag. The small difference between their head and neck circumferences mean that the radio collars must be worn tightly to prevent loss. A methodological evaluation of conventional collar transmitters revealed that in six out of eight cases serious skin injuries on the necks were the consequences. Therefore, all radio collars were removed and radio transmitters were surgically implanted in the peritoneal cavity of mink by veterinarians. One male bit open the sutures and died after emergency surgery, but in 13 cases implantation did not affect survival or reproduction of the mink. With reference to animal welfare, intraperitoneal implantation of radio transmitters (in combination with observation and quarantine for several days after operation) instead of external radio collars were recommended for long term telemetry studies of American mink. Analyses of annual activity patterns revealed significant differences in seasonal activity rates. Both sexes reduced their average activity rates in cold winter months (October to February) to about 23 %. This energy-saving strategy is possible because of sufficient food availability, especially of fish, at this time. In March, male as well as female mink considerably increased their activity to almost 40 % due to the mating season. In summer months, during the pup-raising period (May to August), female activity continued to be high (between 40 and 50 %). However, male mink which are not involved in rearing the young, were less active (about 30 %) until July. But in August and September, the time of juvenile dispersal followed by changes in the territorial system and intraspecific aggression, activity rates of males increased again up to 43 %. Circadian activity rhythms differed markedly between sexes. All investigated females exhibited a perennial diurnal pattern. Three of five investigated male mink showed typical nocturnal activity throughout the year. Two males displayed arrhythmic behaviour; they did not prefer any time of the day for activity. On the one hand, gender differences in annual as well as circadian activity patterns of American mink reflect the diversity in ecological constraints, primarily the investment into reproduction. On the other hand, the different temporal strategies of sexes may have the potential to reduce intraspecific, especially intersexual competition. Investigating territorial systems and space use of mink, in comparison to other European studies, relatively large home ranges combined with a quite low population density were observed. In summer months male mink used on average 15.4 km length of waterway and female mink used on average 9.3 km length of waterway. In accordance with the trend of activity rates, male and female mink reduced their large summer home ranges by more than half during the cold winter period. But all-season male mink used significantly larger areas than female mink. High intersexual overlapping rates of home ranges and low levels of intrasexual overlapping of neighbouring home ranges confirm intrasexual territoriality of American mink. Probably, the low population density (0.6-0.7 individuals/km2) allows such high variations in seasonal and sexual home range size. During the mating season males considerably enlarged their home ranges and roamed nearly through the entire study area in search of receptive females. The shifting of stable temporary home ranges observed within one season or between the same seasons of consecutive years demonstrates the highly dynamic nature of spatial behaviour among American mink. The recorded characteristic features of spatial and temporal behaviour should be considered when planning monitoring- and management measures of this invasive carnivore. For instance, the reduced home ranges and activity rates during winter months should be taken into account in mink trapping projects. Analyses of more than 2500 scatsamples of radio tracked mink show that investigated animals principally prey on fish, small mammals and birds (eggs inclusive). There were significant seasonal variations of diet composition. In spring, the three categories of prey - fish, mammals and birds (eggs inclusive) - were hunted in similar amounts. During summer, birds and their eggs made up the main part of the diet followed by mammals. In autumn, the proportion of birds in the mink diet decreased, whereas fish gained in importance. This trend continued during the winter period, when mink preyed almost exclusively on fish. Throughout the entire year amphibians, crustaceans, insects, molluscs and reptiles were found only occasionally in scatsamples. Among birds, the mink preyed mainly on the Eurasian Coot (Fulica atra) followed by the Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). Mammalian prey was clearly dominated by the water vole (Arvicola terrestris) and among fish, mink hunted especially perch (Perca fluviatilis), roach (Rutilus rutilus) and carp (Cyprinus carpio). Results clearly demonstrate that mink is an opportunistic predator, which hunts its prey according to availability and vulnerability, respectively. Despite the high portions of fish in the autumn and winter diet, the economic damage to fishery caused by mink seems to be low. Perch and roach were preyed on in higher frequencies than the carp which is economically relevant. However, high predation on birds and their eggs during the breeding season indicates a potential negative impact of mink on waterfowl. To summarise, it can be noted that characteristic features of the anthropogenically influenced study area affect feeding habits, activity patterns, space use and density of local mink population. In this regard the management of fishponds, which influences seasonal availability of habitat- and food resources for mink, plays an important role. American mink is regarded as "invasive", because a negative impact on native species has been proved by several European studies. Consequently, this study recommends management with a focus on effective monitoring and, if necessary, control or exclusion measures adapted to the specific local requirements. Furthermore, to prevent additional introductions into the wild, the still existing farms have to be protected against outbreaks and liberations. In the long term, a general ban on the trade and keeping of American mink would be desirable.:1 Summary 1 2 Zusammenfassung 4 3 General Introduction 8 4 Study Area and Methods 12 5 Radio tagging American mink (Mustela vison) – experience with collar- and intraperitoneal implanted transmitters 14 6 Gender differences in activity patterns of American mink Neovison vison in Germany 15 7 Dynamics in space use of American mink (Neovison vison) in a fishpond area in Northern Germany 16 8 Feeding habits of invasive American mink (Neovison vison) in northern Germany—potential implications for fishery and waterfowl 17 9 Concluding Discussion 18 9.1 Activity patterns, Space use and Feeding habits as well as the potential ecological and economic Impact 18 9.2 Prevention and Management 22 10 References 27 Acknowledgement 34 ; Der Einfluss invasiver, gebietsfremder Arten wird neben der Habitatzerstörung als eine der größten Gefährdungen der Biodiversität weltweit angesehen. Sowohl internationale Umweltvereinbarungen als auch die nationale Gesetzgebung fordern daher Maßnahmen, die eine weitere Ausbreitung bereits etablierter invasiver Neozoen verhindern und deren negative Einflüsse minimieren. Die vorliegende Studie befasst sich mit einer dieser Neozoen - dem Amerikanischen Nerz bzw. Mink (Neovison vison). Um Erkenntnisse zu Ökologie und Verhalten des semiaquatischen Musteliden in Deutschland zu gewinnen, wurden Daten zu tages- und jahreszeitlichen Aktivitätsmustern, zu Raumnutzung und Territorialsystem sowie zur Nahrungswahl und den jahreszeitlichen Unterschieden im Beutespektrum der Art erhoben. Dafür konnten in den Jahren 2003 bis 2006 in einem Fischteich-Gebiet in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, wo sich Minke bereits seit den 1970er Jahren etabliert haben, insgesamt 14 Individuen (neun Männchen, fünf Weibchen) radiotelemetrisch überwacht werden. Anhand der Ergebnisse wird einerseits der potentielle Einfluss des gebietsfremden Raubsäugers auf einheimische Arten abgeschätzt und diskutiert. Andererseits werden die Ergebnisse herangezogen, um effektive Monitoring- und Managementmaßnahmen abzuleiten. Eine methodische Evaluation von Halsbandsendern zeigte, dass in sechs von acht Fällen die getesteten Halsbänder, die aufgrund des sehr ähnlichen Hals-Kopf-Umfanges der Individuen relativ eng angelegt werden müssen, Hautverletzungen verursachten. Infolgedessen wurden die Halsbandsender gegen durch Tierärzte operativ in die Bauchhöhle eingesetzte Implantationssender ausgetauscht. Auch bei allen nachfolgend gefangenen Tieren wurden die Sender implantiert. Bei insgesamt 14 durchgeführten Erstimplantationen beeinflussten mit Ausnahme eines Falles (Tod durch Aufbeißen der Naht) die Implantate weder das Überleben, noch die Reproduktion der Minke. Daher ist v.a. in Hinblick auf Tierschutzaspekte die Senderimplantation (in Kombination mit einer Mehrtages-Quarantäne) anstatt der Verwendung von externen Halsbandsendern zu empfehlen. Die Analyse der circannuellen Aktivitätsmuster ergab signifikante Unterschiede der saisonalen Aktivitätsraten. Während der kalten Wintermonate (Oktober bis Februar) zeigten beide Geschlechter mit durchschnittlich etwa 23 % eine vergleichsweise geringe Aktivität. Diese energiesparende Verhaltensweise war möglich, da auch im Winter ein ausreichend hohes Nahrungsangebot, vor allem an Fisch, vorhanden war. Im März kam es sowohl bei den Männchen als auch bei den Weibchen zu einem durch die Paarungszeit verursachten, beträchtlichen Anstieg der mittleren Aktivitätsraten auf fast 40 %. In den Sommermonaten (Mai bis August) waren die weiblichen Tiere, durch die Anforderungen der Jungenaufzucht bedingt, anhaltend häufig aktiv (zwischen 40 und 50 %). Die Aktivitätsraten der nicht an der Jungenaufzucht beteiligten Männchen dagegen nahmen im April wieder ab, um bis zum Juli auf einem vergleichsweise geringen Niveau von etwa 30 % zu bleiben. Sie stiegen jedoch während der Monate August und September erneut auf etwa 43 % an. Zu dieser Zeit wandern gewöhnlich die Jungtiere ab und suchen sich ein eigenes Streifgebiet (= Aktionsraum), dadurch kommt es zu Änderungen im Territorialsystem und damit einhergehenden innerartlichen Auseinandersetzungen. Beide Geschlechter unterscheiden sich stark in ihren tageszeitlichen Aktivitätsrhythmen. Alle Weibchen waren ganzjährig tagaktiv. Von den fünf untersuchten Männchen zeigten drei typische Nachtaktivität im gesamten Jahresverlauf. Die beiden anderen männlichen Tiere verhielten sich in ihren Aktivitätsrhythmen indifferent, sie zeigten das ganze Jahr über keine Präferenzen für eine bestimmte Tageszeit. Die geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede sowohl in den circannuellen als auch in den circadianen Aktivitätsmustern spiegeln zum einen die verschiedenen Anforderungen an die Geschlechter wieder, vor allem die Investitionen in die Fortpflanzung. Zum anderen können die geschlechtsspezifisch unterschiedlichen Zeitnutzungs-Strategien zu einer Minimierung der innerartlichen, vorzugsweise der intersexuellen Konkurrenz führen. Die Analyse der Telemetriedaten hinsichtlich Raumnutzung und Territorialsystem ergab im Vergleich zu anderen europäischen Studien relativ große individuelle Aktionsräume verbunden mit einer geringen Populationsdichte im Untersuchungsgebiet. So erstreckten sich die durchschnittlich genutzten Sommerstreifgebiete der Männchen auf 15,4 km und die der Weibchen auf 9,3 km Flusslauf bzw. Teichufer. Entsprechend dem Trend der saisonalen Aktivitätsmuster, reduzierten beide Geschlechter ihre großen Sommerstreifgebiete während der Winterhalbjahre um mehr als die Hälfte der Fläche. Allerdings nutzten die Männchen zu allen Jahreszeiten wesentlich größere Aktionsräume als die weiblichen Minke. Große Streifgebietsüberlappungen zwischen den Geschlechtern sowie verhältnismäßig niedrige Überlappungsraten der benachbarten Streifgebiete von Tieren des gleichen Geschlechts bestätigen die intrasexuelle Territorialität der Art. Die erheblichen Unterschiede der saisonalen und geschlechtsspezifischen Aktionsraumgrößen werden vermutlich durch die ermittelte, vergleichsweise geringe Populationsdichte (0,6-0,7 Individuen/km2) ermöglicht. Die ausgedehnte und sich fast über das gesamte Untersuchungsgebiet erstreckende Raumnutzung der Männchen während der Paarungszeit ist durch die Suche nach fortpflanzungsbereiten Weibchen bedingt. Die Raumnutzung der untersuchten Minke unterliegt einer hohen Dynamik, dies wird durch die häufige räumliche Verschiebung temporär stabiler Streifgebiete innerhalb einer Jahreszeit oder auch zwischen den gleichen Jahreszeiten aufeinanderfolgender Jahre verdeutlicht. All diese ermittelten charakteristischen Besonderheiten im Raum-Zeit-Verhalten der Art sollten bei der Entwicklung von Monitoring- und Managementkonzepten berücksichtigt werden. So müssen beispielsweise bei der Fallenjagd im Winter die zu dieser Zeit stark verkleinerten Streifgebiete und die reduzierten Aktivitätsraten Beachtung finden. Die Analyse der über 2500 Losungsproben telemetrierter Minke zeigte, dass sich die untersuchten Tiere hauptsächlich von Fisch, Kleinsäugern und Vögeln (inklusive deren Eiern) ernährten. Dabei traten allerdings signifikante saisonale Unterschiede in der Nahrungs-zusammensetzung auf. So wurden im Frühjahr die drei Beutekategorien Fisch, Kleinsäuger sowie Vögel und deren Eier in ähnlichen Anteilen erbeutet. Während des Sommers bildeten Vögel und Vogeleier die Hauptbeute, gefolgt von Kleinsäugern. Im Herbst verringerte sich der Vogel- und Kleinsäugeranteil im Beutespektrum zugunsten von Fisch. Dieser Trend setzte sich bis in den Winter fort; in dieser Jahreszeit ernährten sich die Minke fast ausschließlich von Fisch. Amphibien, Reptilien, Krebstiere, Insekten und Mollusken wurden im gesamten Jahresverlauf nur gelegentlich gefressen. Innerhalb der Gruppe der Vögel prädierten die Minke vor allem Blässhühner (Fulica atra), gefolgt von Stockenten (Anas platyrhynchos). Das Kleinsäuger-Beutespektrum wurde eindeutig von der Schermaus (Arvicola terrestris) dominiert und unter den Fischen erbeuteten die Minke vorzugsweise Flussbarsche (Perca fluviatilis), Plötzen (Rutilus rutilus) und Karpfen (Cyprinus carpio). Die Ergebnisse der Nahrungsanalyse bestätigen den Mink als einen opportunistischen Prädator, der seine Beutetiere je nach Verfügbarkeit bzw. dem erforderlichen Jagdaufwand nutzt. Trotz des hohen Fischanteils in der Herbst- und Winternahrung ist der durch den Mink verursachte ökonomische Schaden schätzungsweise relativ gering. Flussbarsch und Plötze wurden in höheren Frequenzanteilen erbeutet als der wirtschaftlich relevante Karpfen. Die starke Prädation von Wasservögeln und deren Eiern besonders in den Frühjahrs- und Sommermonaten weist allerdings auf einen potentiell negativen Einfluss des invasiven Raubsäugers auf diese Tiergruppe hin. Zusammenfassend lässt sich festhalten, dass die spezifischen Charakteristika des anthropogen geprägten Untersuchungsgebietes sowohl Nahrungsökologie und Aktivitätsmuster als auch Raumnutzung und Populationsdichte der lokalen Minkpopulation beeinflussen. Eine besondere Rolle hierbei spielt die Bewirtschaftung der Fischteiche, denn vor allem daraus resultiert für die Minke eine saisonal unterschiedliche Verfügbarkeit an Lebensraum und Nahrung. Negative Auswirkungen des Amerikanischen Nerzes auf die einheimische Tierwelt wurden in anderen europäischen Ländern belegt und rechtfertigen die Einstufung dieser Art als "invasiv". Demzufolge wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit ein Management empfohlen, bei dem der Focus auf einem effektiven Monitoring und gegebenenfalls auf zweckmäßigen, an die lokalen Bedingungen angepassten Fang- oder Abwehrmaßnahmen liegt. Zudem sollten, um einer weiteren Ausbringung in das Freiland vorzubeugen, die wenigen noch existierenden Minkfarmen besser gegen Ausbrüche bzw. Freilassungsaktionen gesichert werden. Langfristig ist ein generelles Besitz- und Vermarktungsverbot für die Art wünschenswert.:1 Summary 1 2 Zusammenfassung 4 3 General Introduction 8 4 Study Area and Methods 12 5 Radio tagging American mink (Mustela vison) – experience with collar- and intraperitoneal implanted transmitters 14 6 Gender differences in activity patterns of American mink Neovison vison in Germany 15 7 Dynamics in space use of American mink (Neovison vison) in a fishpond area in Northern Germany 16 8 Feeding habits of invasive American mink (Neovison vison) in northern Germany—potential implications for fishery and waterfowl 17 9 Concluding Discussion 18 9.1 Activity patterns, Space use and Feeding habits as well as the potential ecological and economic Impact 18 9.2 Prevention and Management 22 10 References 27 Acknowledgement 34

Domestic Violence in Danielle Steel's Journey (A Liberal Feminism Approach) Aryani Fitri Hira Kartika English Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts, Surabaya State University Aryanifitri11@gmail.com Fabiola Dharmawati Kurnia English Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts, Surabaya State University fabkurnia@gmail.com Abstrak Permasalahan kekerasan dalam rumah tangga selalu menjadi ancaman bagi wanita. Hak asasi manusia mereka ditiadakan oleh suami.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis bagaimana kekerasan dalam rumah tangga dan bagaimana wanita melawan kekerasan yang tergambarkan pada Journey karya Danielle Steel. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode data deskriptif-qualitatif dengan pendekatan konsep kekerasan menurut Paula and Margie untuk menunjukkan bentuk kekerasan dalam rumah tangga dan liberal feminisme menurut Naomi Wolf dan John Stuart Mill untuk menunjukkan usaha wanita untuk melawan kekerasan dan bangkit dari permasalahannya. Hasil penelitian ini mengungkapkan (1) bentuk kekerasan yang dialami Mddy, tokoh utama dalam Journey yang ditinjau dari pendekatan liberal feminisme adalah kekerasan emosional; penghinaan, ancaman, menganggap rendah, dan pengisolasian sosial, sementara kekerasan seksual;pemaksaan seks, pemaksaan sterilisasi, penyiksaan secara seksual, dan menganggap wanita sebagai objek seks. (2) Bagaimana Maddy melawan kekerasan melalui berani berbicara ketika Ia ingin diberi kesempatan untuk memberi ide-idenya dalam area pekerjaan, membuat keputusan dalam hidupnya, bersosialisasi dengan teman-temannya, melalui tindakan ketika Ia menentang perintah suaminya untuk menjauhi anak istrinya, keinginan Maddy tetap pada merawat anaknya, dan yang terakhir melalui personal autonomi ketika Ia mengambil sikap untuk berpisah dari suaminya demi terbebas dari kekerasan suaminya. Berpisah dari suaminya, Ia bisa hidup mandiri tanpa bayang-bayang suaminya. Keywords : Kekerasan, Wanita, Perlawanan, Liberal Feminisme Abstract Violence always becomes threat for women. Their human rights are denied by their husband.The purpose of this study is analyzing how domestic violence to woman and how woman resists against violence as reflected in Danielle Steel's JOURNEY. This research of method used to analyze the data is a descriptive-qualitative with an approach of domestic violence by Paula and Margie to show the forms of domestic violence and liberal feminism by Naomi Wolf and John Stuart Mill to show her efforts to resist against violence and revival from her problems. The result of this research exposes that (1) violence experienced by Maddy as the main female character are emotional abuse; humiliation, threats, belittling, and social isolation, meanwhile sexual abuse; rape, enforced sterilization, torturing sexually, and looking woman as sexual object. (2) How Maddy resists against violence through speak out as she wants to be given opportunity in giving her ideas in her working place, making her own decisions in her life, socializing with her friends, and, through doing action as Maddy tries to oppose every her husband's commands, one of them is her decision for taking care her children and through being personal autonomy when she decides to divorce with her husband and lived independent with working without the shadows of her husband. She has had power to be personal hood in determining self, mind, body, and feeling that divorce is the best way for sake of happiness and pleasure (freedom of emotional and sexual abuses) perpetuated by her husband. Keywords : Violence, Women, Resistance, Liberal Feminism INTRODUCTION: God creates a man to the earth for living in love with others but in reality lately the acts of violence has always been part of the human experience. Acts of violence can happen in everywhere, be experienced by anyone, and be perpetrated by anyone (Dustin, 2009:87). However, survey from UNICEF Research Centre in 2000 states that violence is regular part of women's experience in domestic violence. They are unable to make their own decisions, voice their own opinions or protect themselves and their children for fear of further repercussions. Their human rights are denied and their lives are stolen from the abuser by regularly getting threats of violence (Khan, 2000:2). Many factors make women experience violence, one of them is gender bias, unequal power relations between men and women in which women is forced into a subordination position compared women than men that leads women as the victim of men dominance and discrimination and to prevention of the full advancement of women (Khan, 2000:2). Violence in domestic life always happens toward wife as a party who is regarded weaker than her husband. Joda et al, 2009:2 states that husband often do not feel guilty with what he does even he feels no breaking the law when he commits violence to his wife. Some women activists believes that violence in domestic sphere is rooted in belief of patriarchal system that still applied by husband in system of his household. According to Dobash, patriarchy contributes toward wife abuse. The system had defined the differences of gender between men and women. Husband was supposed to be strong, dominant, authoritarian, aggressive, and rational provider while women had devalued as secondary and inferior who had been assigned to be irrational, dependent, passive, submissive, soft, nurturing (in Margie, 2002:34). Patriarchal society regarded women as men's property and gave authority toward husband to control and decide decision for wife. Araji and Carlson (2001) argued that patriarchal societies may foster domestic violence because the dominant male is perceived to be appropriately disciplining and controlling the behaviour of the subordinate wife in the family (in Florence, 2008:592). The forms of women abuse can be classified into three forms, those are physical abuse, emotional abuse, and sexual abuse. Physical abuse is like grabbing, hitting, and kicking, sexual abuse is like demanding sex when one's partner is unwilling, enforced to sterilization, regarding women as a sex object, and emotional abuse is like humiliation, threatening, belittling, and social abuse (Paula, 2006:5 &16 and Margie, 2000: 3-6). Bhasin states that patriarchy as a concept to refer social system of masculine domination over women. Patriarchal society places men in superior or masculine position meanwhile women is put in subordinate position (2000:10). Murniati states that patriarchy is a system of socio-culture that marginalizes women's position in all aspects including in economic, social, education, politic sphere as if the system legitimizes some a various inequality, deprivation, and oppression over women (2004:227-229). In patriarchal situation, women had only little influences in society where they did not have rights on common areas in society such as in family, social, government, education. So, women's economic social, political, psychological condition depended on men. Domestic violence always becomes the hidden issue. Almost all of the victims are unwilling to report the police because wife still depends on financial on husband, wife still loves her husband, and many reason else. Summer states that many the victim is always silent toward violence perpetrated by her husband, never resists the abuser and never tells anyone (Summers, 2002:170). Moreover, according to Joyce, victims of violence over time experiences more serious consequences than of one-time incidents. Domestic violence against women where husband as the perpetrator can lead psychological consequences for the victim (2009:134-135). Gender bias that causes women are always marginalized, subordinated, and oppressed in the family at the place of work, and in society emmerges feminism. Feminism is an awareness of women oppression at the place of work within the family and an awareness of patriarchal control (Bhasin, 2000:31). Meanwhile Carter states that feminism is a movement for women that attempts to resist the dominance of a patriarchal society have a long history (2006:910). One of feminism movement that defend equality rights between men and women is liberal feminism. Liberal feminism is a movement that is reflected in every struggle done by women to demand the right of freedom (Humm, 2002:250). Liberal feminism emphasizes the importance of individualism, freedom, especially freedom of choice. The feminist movement is that women gain control. Both of the body itself as well as the social world. They reject the gender symbols attached to each sex and gender socialization to children that had been done. Women experience discrimination because of gender inequality but women should have same opportunity like men in all of aspects, including private field, or public field, or public field (Ritzer, 1992:450). John Stuart Mill states that women must be personal autonomy as women are rational beings and have the same capacity as men. Problems faced by women more often caused by women if legal reform has happened to make equality between men and women (Tong, 2009:29). Women who success financially comfortable, succesful does not guarantee them will freedom from discrimination and violation. As women regard themselves as the victim of discrimination and violation, Wolf states that women have the power to control what happens to them so stop thinking of themselves as victim and to capitalize on the power inherent in their majority status. Society does not oppress them. It is time for women to do self defeating (speak out) against violation and discrimination. Proclaiming themselves as victimhood does not project strength (Wood, 2009:84). Journey is a novel that will be analyzed. This research chooses the novel as the main female character, experiences violence emotionally and sexually during her marriage life however Maddy is a representation of woman's movement who is brave to speak out against violence perpetruated by her husband but she never tries to hate marriage institution. Maddy as a woman who is not afraid to out of comfort zone and false happiness created by her husband after getting supports from her friends, a support group for battered women, daughter. She escapes from the shackle of oppression to be an independent, free women with her daughter and her friends who support her not like many wives commonly are afraid to escape from violence or say divorce cause they still depend on their husband. Based on the explanation above, the writer is interested to analyze how domestic violence is reflected using the concept of domestic violence from sociological approach by Paula and Margie and how woman resists against violence and revival from her problems by using liberal feminism by Naomi Wolf and John Stuart Mill. Theoritical Framework In producing a good understanding of the conflicts in domestic life which woman experiences and how woman resists against violence in Danielle Steel's Journey, this study applies extrinsic approach in analyzing the problems. The theory of domestic violence by Paula and Margi is chosen as the tool to find out domestic violence to woman is reflected in Danielle Steel's Journey. Theory of domestic violence is a theory which is used to analyze how the forms of abuses which is experienced by the victim. The types of domestic violence according to Paula and Margie consist of physical abuse, emotional abuse, and sexual abuse. (1) Physical abuse is the action of physically assaults, causing injury, pinching, or squeezing, (2) emotional or psychological abuse is consistently doing or saying things verbally that results in fear, loss of confidence, loss of the ability to act, a sense of helplessness and or severe psychological suffering on a person, and (3) sexual abuse is including sadism and forcing a person to have sex when he or she does not want to, forcing a person to engage in sexual act that he or she does not like or finds unpleasant, frightening, or violent, touches the victim sexually in uncomfortable ways, and regards women as a sexual object. Liberal feminism is chosen as the tool to analyze how woman resist against violence. Its feminism emphasizes that violence toward women is based on unequal power relations between women and men. Its theory emphasizes equal individual rights and liberties for women and downplaying sexual differences. Liberal feminist propose a series of strategies for eliminating gender inequality; supporting individual in challenging sexism wherever it is enccountered in daily life without hating the marriage institution. As women experience inequality, the soulution is on women themselves (Ritzer, 1992:452-53). In challenging discrimination and violation toward women, Wolf demands woman to do self defeating (speak out). Its concept is used by Wolf to give powerness for women resist against discrimination and violation (Wood, 84). Wolf states that women are not needed to ask for permission toward anyone for achieving social equality (1999:79). Meanwhile John Stuart Mill gives powerness on women for being personal autonomy. Personal autonomy is a autonomous decision making. John Stuart Mill states that women have powerness as personhood over their self, their thinking, their feeling, their body in determining a choice in their living for sake of happiness and pleasure but not obstruct another people's right in the process (Tong, 2009:16) Based on the background of the study above, the questions below will be answered. (1). How is domestic violence to woman reflected in the Danielle Steel's Journey? (2). How does woman in Danielle Steel's Journey resist against violence? Research Design and Method: To analyze Danielle Steel's Journey, this study uses descriptive qualitative. Thomas (2003) defines qualitative methods as method that involves research by describing kinds of characteristics people and events without comparing the events in term of amounts. The main data is the novel entitled Journey by Danielle Steel, published in 2000 by Dell Publishing, New York. Meanwhile the additional data are taken from many sources such as journal, book, and internet sources. Besides that, quotations in the novel is taken also related how domestic violence to woman is reflected and how woman resists against woman as represented by the main female character of Maddy. There were some steps taken in conducting this study. First, reading was the first step to do to gain the idea the novel intends to deliver. After the writer has finished reading the novel, the next step which was hold was close reading. This step was applied to find quotations related to the topic and problems going to analyze. Close reading was done three times. The first close reading was to find the quotations which are related how domestic violence to woman, then the second close reading was to find how woman resists against woman as represented in Danielle Steel's Journey. The data observed from the novel were then analyzed to the statement of the problems. It was then synchronized with the similar concept of domestic violence by Paula and Margie, concept of victimization by Joyce, and the concept of liberal feminism by Naomi Wolf and John Stuart Mill taken from journals, books, and critical essays. The synchronized data were useful to take final conclusions. Therefore, the significance of the study can be achieved well. Data analysis For the first question this study take theory from the theoritical framework which concerns with forms of abuse toward woman. The concept of domestic violence by Paula and Margie will be explained in this research to find out how domestic violence to woman is reflected in Danielle Steel's Journey. In this research, the writer only found two forms of abuses to women, they are emotional abuses, and sexual abuses. For the second question this study take theory from the theoritical framework which concerns with women's efforts to resist against violence. The concept of liberal feminism by Naomi Wolf and John Stuart Mill which are used to reveal how woman in Danielle Steel's Journey resists against violence. RESULT (1). As the explanation of the domestic violence, this study finds out domestic violence to woman into two forms of abuse, they are emotional abuse and sexual abuse. Emotional Abuse consists of humiliation, threatening, belittling, social isolation. Meanwhile sexual abuse consist of rape, enforced sterilization, torturing sexually, and looking woman as a sexual object. (2). As the explanation of liberal feminism by Naomi Wolf and John Stuart Mill, this study reveal how woman resists against violence. The strategy of Maddy's resistance to get out of domestic violence in Danielle Steel's Journey through speak out, doing action, and being personal autonomy. 1.1 Emotional Abuse 1.1.1 Humiliation "I don't give a damn what you think. I don't pay you to think. I pay you to look good and read the news of a TelePrompTer. That's all I want from you. And with that, he walked into his bathroom, and slammed the door behind him, as she burst into tears in their bedroom. (Steel, p. 34) The quotation above show the form of humiliation by men toward women. In this Journey, Jack always puts his wife into subordinate position. Jack never regards his wife having capability in thinking. Jack just cares how Maddy could look beautiful in front of audiences without giving opportunity for her in giving her arguments or ideas as she is delivering the news. Jack will getting angry as Maddy tries to oppose his commands. One of his commands is prohibitting his wife to hold the program of editorial however Maddy still holds it for the sake of helping her new friend who committed suicide due to abused by her husband, Jack's friend also. 1.1.2 Threatening "I heard you, she said numbly. And I hate you for it. I don't give a damn what you think or feel about this. I only care about what you do, and it goddamn better be the right thing this time, or you're finished. With me and the network. Is that clear, Mad? She looked at him for a long moment and then turned on her heel and walked swiftly down the stairs, back to her own floor. She was pale and shaking." (Steel, p.63) The quotation above shows that Jack always tries threats for Maddy, his wife. Besides she will loss her jobs, Jack will divorce Maddy as his threat for his wife as she does not obey what Jack says to her. Maddy loves so much her husband and also depend financially with her husband. That's Maddy has no other alternatives to leave her husband. In her marriage, Maddy has no power over her husband. Jack always regards her as his property that could be ordered by Jack. Jack feels Maddy as his wife and his employee so he deserves to control his wife as she tries to show her potential in giving comments which acrosses with Jack's principles. 1.1.3 Belittling "That's insulting! It's the truth. As I recall, Mad, you never went to college. In fact, I'm not even sure if you finished high school. It was the ultimate put-down, insinuating that she was too stupid and uneducated to think (Steel, p. 90) The quotation above shows that Maddy tries to oppose all of belittling which is perpetruated by Jack to her however Jack gives awareness to Maddy that the reason of belittling is because Jack doubts whether Maddy ever finished her school or not. The unequal power relation in educational things lead discrimination over Maddy by Jack. Jack belittles Maddy as a stupid wife so Maddy should put down with her husband's commands. 1.1.4 Social Isolation "She didn't have that many friends in Washington, she'd never had time to make them and those she had made, Jack never liked, and eventually pressured her not to see them. She never objected because Jack always had some objection to them, regarding her friends were fat, ugly, inappropriate, or indiscreet. He kept Madeleine carefully guarded, and inadvertently isolated. She knew he meant well in protecting her, and she didn't mind, but it meant that the person she was closest to was Jack, and in recent years, Greg Morris." (Steel, p. 25) From the quotation above, social isolation is as form of discrimination. Men have full power over women as well as limits women to socialize with their friends. In Journey, Jack as the head of family, he determines which is a friend should be and should not be met by Maddy. Meanwhile Jack is freedom to choose which a friend he wants to meet. Besides his bussiness relation, he can also meet with woman. The quotation can be seen below: "He had been so quick to explain the photograph of the woman he's been with at Annabel's in london (Steel, p.159) 1.2 Sexual Abuse 1.2.1 Rape "He was smiling at her, and he reached out a hand and gently touched her breast, and then before she could stop him, he had grabbed her so hard, it made her gasp, and she begged him to stop "Why, baby? Tell me why? Don't you love me? I love you, but you're hurting me. There were tears in her eyes as she said it. I don't want to make love tonight, she tried to say, but he didn't listen, he grabbed a handful of her hair and sharply pulled her head back. What she sensed most in his love for her was danger. (Steel, p.87) From the quotation above shows that Jack regards Maddy as his own property which could be used by Jack anytime Jack wants. Jack always controls Maddy's sexuality. It can be shown from the quotation above as Jack always forces Maddy to have a sex with him although Maddy does not want to have a sex with Jack or finds unpleasant, frightening, violent when having a sex. Jack does not care with his wife's refusal, instead Jack grabs a handful of her hair and sharply pulled her head back to make his sexual impulse satisfied. 1.1.5 Enforced Sterilization "Jack convinced Maddy that children will obstacle her career. Jack had made it very clear to her right from the beginning that he didn't want children. And after a brief period of mourning for the babies she would never have, at Jack's insistence, Maddy had had her tubes tied. It seemed easier to give in to Jack's wishes and not take any chances. He had given her so much, and wanted such great things for her. She could see his point that children would only be an obstacle she'd have to overcome, and a burden on her career. But there were still times when she regretted the irreversibility of her decision. (Steel, p. 15). From the quotation above shows forcing woman to tie the rope uterus shows the violations of human rights because it is band for woman's reproduction where woman will never have children again. The factors that leads this abuse still attached to the dominant assumption has the right to control the weak and the wife playing the role of a person who is required to comply, in terms of the economic dependence of women makes women cannot do anything other than comply with applicable rules. Jack Maddy action to force the rope cut the uterus with the aim that Maddy is not hampered career is a form of self control female reproduction by males while liberal feminism oppose the restrictions on reproduction for having offspring is the right of every individual, and no one was allowed to prohibit or restrict. 1.1.6 Torturing sexually "Are you going to be a good girl now?" he asked, taunting her, torturing her with pleasure. "Do you promise?" "I promise," she said breathlessly. "Promise again, Mad." He was a master at what he was doing, it had taken long years of practice. "Promise me again"I promise I promise I promise I'll be good, I swear." All she wanted now was to please him, and from the distance, she knew she hated herself for it. She had sold out to him again, given herself to him again, but he was too powerful a force to resist (Steel, p. 70) From the quotation above can be stated that Jack as a husband who tries to pressure toward his wife in order to always being submissive and does not break commands which have applied by her husband. Jack reminds his wife with torturing her sexually slow by slow when having sex, in order to his wife realizes that the acts which have been done by Maddy is wrong. As Maddy's position is in inferior status and depends financially toward her husband, Jack regards her as his own property that can be treated anything. 1.1.7 Looking woman as a sexual abuse "They often lay there for a while before they went to sleep, talking about what had happened that day, the places they'd been, the people they'd met with, the parties they'd been to. As they did now, and Maddy tried to guess what the President was up to. I told you, I'll tell you when I can, stop guessing. Secrets drive me crazy, she giggled. You drive me crazy, he said, turning her gently toward him, and feeling the satin of her flesh beneath the silky nightgown (Steel, p. 15). The quotation above shows that woman still is put in inferior position. Because of her position in inferior, man always regards woman's existence as a sexual object not as a friend in helping her husband in solving the problems. From the quotation above, Maddy feels curious what is talking with her husband with the president, she tries to ask well but her husband instead say crazy to Maddy. Jack only focuses on her body which is reflected in he stops her husband's conversation which tries to ask what happens between her husband and president, Jack instead turns Maddy gently toward him, and feeling the satin of her flesh beneath the silky nightgown. 2. The Strategy woman's resistance against violence 2.1 Speak out "Have you ripped Jack's head off yet about our editorials? He grinned at her. No, but I will later, when I see him. As Jack and Maddy sped together toward Georgetown, she said to Jack "What the hell happened to our editorials? "Bullshit, Jack, they love them. Whydidn't you say something to me about it this morning?" She still looked annoyed. You never even asked me. It would have been nice to know. I think you really made the wrong decision on that one. (Steel, chapt 3: 27) The quotation above shows that Maddy tries to do refusal against Jack's treatment that suddenly stopped the editorial program which is hosted by Maddy. For Maddy, the act of Jack that has stopped the editorial program which is hosted by her is as form of individual rights violation as Jack who always created his own decisions without giving freedom his wife to speak or deliver her ideas or just giving refusal with Jack's concepts which must be runned by his wife. In working place, Jack is as a concept maker meanwhile Maddy is just a puppet that only run the duties of work from Jack without being given the opportunity to give her ideas. Maddy dare to challenge Jack the event that a decision to dismiss an editorial decision is the kind of action one dared speak against the arbitrary actions of Jack who always underestimate the ability of Maddy in guiding news event. "I'm so proud of you, Madeleine," said a soft voice Phyllis Armstrong , wife of the president. "That was a very brave thing you did, and the editorial is very necessary. It was a wonderful broadcast, Maddy." "Thank you, Mrs. Armstrong, said Maddy." (Steel, chapt 3: 32) The quotation above shows that Maddy has strengtheness against Jack's commands which acrosses with Maddy's principle. She does not want to regard herself as victim of victimhood. Although Jack has stopped the program however Maddy is not afraid to air the program without unbeknownst by Jack. Without helping from Jack's concepts, Maddy actually has power in delivering news well. It can be shown as many audiences and the president's wife commend her broadcast is very amazing. For Maddy, the struggle which has done by her toward Janet is a form of struggle as woman to help other women and also her efforts to show her existence. In the sphere of work, Maddy does not want to regulated by Jack, she wanted to be given the opportunity to organize the editorial program which is ever hosted by her. 2.2 Doing action Liberal feminism supports that every women have equal rights and freedom same as men, including freedom in making choice for reproduction. As Maddy decides to marry with Jack, she thinks that her life will brings happiness. Jack always brings luxurious gifts for Maddy, she never got abuses physically like her marriage life with Bobby Joe and her childhood life that her father always beats her and his mother. However, Jack never gives rights as individual and social beings. One of human right violation which is perpetrated by Jack to Maddy is prohibitting Maddy to have a baby that Maddy must allow her tube of uterus tied in the name of love her for Jack. "Why didn't you tell me that you'd had a visit from my daughter?" Her eyes never lefthis as she asked the question, and she saw something cold and hard come into his, a burning ember that was rapidly being kindled by anger. "Why didn't you tell me you had a daughter?" he asked just as bluntly. "What I want to know from you is why you didn't tell me that you saw her. What were you saving it for?" (Steel, 111) The quotation above shows that as a woman, Maddy wants to her existence can be regarded, a form of recognition of the existence of women by men with giving woman to create reproduction choice. From the quotation above is explained that Maddy shows her anger to Jack as he has intended Maddy to meet her daughter who has ever regarded lost. The action of Jack to Maddy can be categorized with human rights violation to have descent. Understanding that Jack never accept Lizzy's presence, Maddy does not care how Jack will respond the situation. In Maddy's mind is only Lizzy. She deserves to have a right for having a child after Jack ever loss Maddy's opportunity. As stated by Naomi Wolf that social equality is not things that are entreated from others. Women must be ready to have a place that has become their rights. Maddy realizes that she has a right to be mother without asking for permission from Jack, she still maintain her rights to regard Maddy to be her children and meets with her. The quotation can be seen below: "Where were you? Try telling me the truth this time.I was with Lizzie. Who is that?" My daughter. Oh, for God's sake," he said." (Steel, p.129). 2.3 Being Personal Autonomy "You owe me everything. And I hope you realize you'll be out of a job if you leave me." His eyes glittered like steel."Possibly. I'll let my lawyers handle that, Jack. I have a contract with the network.You can't just throw me out without notice or compensation." She had gotten braver and smarter while fighting for her life in the rubble. (185) Based on the above text can be proved that maddy had dared to oppose, and to threaten Jack behind. The quotation above explains that the woman has power to determine self, body, and mind. Maddy has shows how she is able to stand alone. For sake of happiness and pleasure, she does not let his wife to hurt her heart agains. She deseves to find her autonomous choices witthout being afraid with threats from her husband as stated by John Stuart Mill above. After she decides to leave living which is borrowed by Jack, Maddy get offers to become a broadcaster of three big television station still she thinks that it is time for her taking care her daughter and her son first. She wants to feel how being a mother thrutfully as John Stuart Mill states that women have power to determine her self, her body, and her mind. In this case Maddy wants to determine her self as a mother first, "I don't know yet. I want to go back to work, but I want to enjoy you and Andy for a while. This is my first chance, and my last, to be a full-time mother. Her lawyer was organizing a major lawsuit against Jack and his network. He owed her a huge severance for kicking her out of her job, and there was the issue of slander, malicious intent, (Steel, p. 201). She also wants to determine her body as Madelaine Beaumont. Determining self, body, and mind according his or her own wishes without getting a force from other, it means that he or she has been personal autonomy. The quotation can be seen below: "She didn't want anything more to do with Jack Hunter. Even if she went on another show again, she had decided to do so as Madeleine Beaumont." (Steel, p. 199) The quotation on 199-201 above can be explained that Maddy as an individual that has found her true identity as a woman, who ever had been despoiled by Jack, her husband. With the emergence of self confidence on Maddy cultivates an attitude of optimism in her mind that without abundant wealth from, happiness could be achieved by Maddy with is accompanied by her children. Maddy could choose to leave her husband, changes her name with using her own name and decides to work again without any coercion from others, she has personal autonomy, a autonomous decision making. Besides she has been personal autonomy, she also becomes a flourishing person that she still decides to work and she is not afraid to sue her husband and her husband networking as he had done violation toward Maddy's name. CONCLUSION The first problem is domestic violence to woman reflected. Based on the result of data analysis and discussions which have been explained on previous chapter, it is revealed that in Journey happens oppression which is perpetrated by Jack to Maddy in their marriage life in some aspects, including emotional, sexual abuses then discrimination in sphere of work. Emotional abuse is reflected in Journey including humiliation, threatening, belittling, social isolation which is committed all by the main male character to the main female character. Meanwhile sexual abuse is reflected in Journey including prohibition to have a baby by the main male character, Jack to the main female character, Maddy, forces in having sex, use torturing sexually when having sex as a punishment so that the main female character is submissive with the main male character. Discrimination in working spheres also reflected in Journey including subordination toward integrity of woman, for instance woman is considered incapable of doing anything without the concept of men's, women in this novel is described only as a performer who does things her own unsubstantiated opinion, and woman is only regarded as an benefit asset in increasing television program which is guided by the main female character. Woman in Journey need only look beautiful in a career without having to use her mind and her ability as an independent individual. In Journey, the female character, Maddy is always prosecuted for looking beautiful, elegant and not much demand to her husband. Woman does not have important role in all of spheres such as in her private life at home and in her public life at working place. The second problem is how woman resists against violence. The forms of woman's resistance which are reflected in Journey, including speak out action, act of courage to speak to her husband when finding things that are not in accordance with her conscience in addition to speak out, the main female character in Journey resists violence through doing action, against the rules which across with the principle of the main female character mind as the image of woman in Journey is reflected very dare to oppose rules which limit ability of woman in expression. As her husband still does not show change in attitude, finally the main female decides to become personal autonomy, dare to take a firm stance with which she considers leaving her husband and had trampled her dignity as a woman. In the field work, Maddy in an attempt to show her integrity dare express her opinions, and show the concept of the work which should become her responsibility. Besides she is brave to speak out, the main female character in attempt to get happiness she is brave to oppose all imposed restrictions by the main male character, Jack. Form of opposition is reflected in Journey is she keeps on airing the program of editorial, which has been banned by Jack. The main female character presents the editorial in an effort to gain public attention over the fate of other women, still socialization with her friends, and meets with her daughter although she gets refusal from her husband. Besides doing action, the female character chooses to be personal autonomy with leaving home in order to getting happiness in her life. She has successed in determining her self, her body, her thinking that she will be happy without her husband. The resistance of female character to her husband for leaving her husband is having arisen awareness in women that she can be independent in the material, social, and can decide for the direction and purpose of her life with the ability, intelligence, skills she has with supporting her friends, and her daughters. She wants to reach her dreams to achieve happiness without getting abuses, and being a mother for her daughter who is ever entrusted in baby house and a new baby whom she gets from her friend, find another men who can love her so much and understand her weakness or her excess. SUGGESTION From some of the conclusion above, the writer can propse following suggestions: a) Gender injustice can happen anytime and anywhere and overwrite both men and women in all aspects and levels of life. Therefore, there needs to be an effort to address gender inequality. b) There needs to be provision of an understanding of gender and gender inequality early on in the community both within the family, the education in school, and so forth. c) The result of this study is served as a material to conduct in-depth analysis of gender approach, especially gender inequalities that afflict women. REFERENCES Bhasin, Kamala (2000). Understanding Gender. New Delhi : Kali for Women Carter, David (2006). Literary Theory Pocket Essential. United States of America : Harpenden Denmark, Florence (2008). Psychology of Women. United States of America : Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. Dustin, Ells Howes (2009). Toward a Credible Pacifism Violence and the Possibilitties of Politics. Albany : State University of New York Press. Humm, Maggie (1986). Feminist Criticism. Women as Contemporarary Critics. United States of America : The Harverster Press. Joda A, Zubairu H, Abdulwaheed S, Giwa A, Abass R, Adidu V, Okagbue I, Balogun O (2007). Against Violence Against Women. Baobab Legal Literacy Leaflet No.1 Khan, Mehr (2000). Domestic Violence Against Women And Girl : UNICEF Innocenti Digest Lundberg, Paula K and Shelly Marmion (2006). Intimate'' Violence against Women : When Spouses, Partners, o Lovers Attack. United States of America: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. Margi, McCue Laird (2002). Domestic Violence : A Reference Handbook Contemporary World Issues. United States of America: ABC-CLIO. Tong, Rosemarie (2009). Feminist Thought. United States of America: Westview Press. Wolf, Naomi (1994). Fire With Fire, The New Female Power and How it Hill Chane the 21st Century. United States of America : Vintage. Wood, Julia T (2009). Gendered Lives Communication. Canada : Nelson Education, Ltd.

Russia's population is expected to age significantly over the next few decades. The coming decline in Russia's working-age population will pose serious social and economic challenges, but it can also open up opportunities. Without adequate adjustments of policies and behaviors, an aging population can impair national growth and fiscal sustainability. These pessimistic forecasts, however, are based on the unrealistic assumption that individuals and government policy will not change. Achieving healthy, active, and prosperous aging will require policy changes across a host of areas. Policies to support women can both limit population aging and increase labor force participation. Changes in behavior and policy can greatly mitigate the impact of aging on growth and fiscal sustainability. Promoting adult education and better age-management human resources policies at the firm level is essential to improve the employment prospects for older workers and raise productivity across the age spectrum. This volume presents research from the World Bank on the impact of demographic trends in Russia. The first section focuses on the macroeconomic impacts of aging and considers how aging has affected gross domestic product (GDP) growth and convergence among Russian regions since the early 1990s; it also offers alternative approaches to forecasting the relationship between aging and growth. The second section, dealing with the relationship of human development outcomes and demographics, discusses how family policies can help women have more children, and still attain greater and longer participation in the labor force. The last part addresses the role of adult education in improving Russia's competitiveness and enabling longer and more productive working lives. A final section pulls together the main conclusions.

Contemporary hostility towards Muslims at the global level and the consolidation of Islam in the geopolitical context as an anachronic alterity to the West cannot be understood without addressing the dynamics of the LGBTQ globalization framework. Although this hostility has so far encompassed very diverse areas like the compatibility of Islam with democracy, the regulation of the visibility of Islam in the public space, and the institutionalization of Islam and its relation to immigration, currently there has been an intensification of a praxis of control over some Muslim subjects by contemporary nation-states. These practices have been accompanied by a certain rhetoric on antiterrorism, securitization, nationalism and patriotism, where the LGBTQ question has played a fundamental role. This phenomenon highlights the emergence of a specific form of Islamophobia—referred to as 'queered Islamophobia' in this article—related to what Puar (2007) coined as 'homonationalism' more than a decade ago to denounce an aspect of modernity marked by a convergence between diverse state practices, transnational LGBTQ politics and the emergence of new Islamophobic discourses nourished by the neoliberal instrumentalization of LGBTQ. The homonationalist logic is underpinned by a culturalist discourse that promotes a dichotomous view of the world, where the West —modern, secular and LGBTQ friendly— finds itself face to face with its alter ego —orientalized, anachronistic, Islamic fundamentalist and LGBTQ phobic. This confrontation becomes effective through the transnational production of two antagonistic subjects. National homosexual subjects can only exist outside the limits of religion embodying agency and resistance, and their national legitimacy is done at the expense of their depoliticization and their participation in the subalternization discrimination and criminalization of Muslim sexual-racial subjects. They, in turn, embody neo-Orientalist ideas that link Islam with a lack of agency, depravity and/or sexual repression and LGBTQ phobia, and seem to be invariably evaluated through the lens of LGBTQ Western neoliberal secularism. The theoretical construction of Muslim sexual-racial subjects and so-called Muslim homophobia is, at this time, central to debates on values and securitization in the West and is used to justify repressive antiterrorist measures within Western nation-states (Haritaworn, 2008). Hostility towards gender and sexual diversity connected to Islam and/or Muslims has been conceptualized in different ways. Authors like Abraham (2010) refer to it as hegemonic Muslim homophobia, while Massad (2008) categorizes it as Islamic resistance to Western imperialism. In either case, it seems clear that the assumption of religiosity, in the Geertzian (1966) sense, constitutes a determining element when defining what a Muslim is —or is not— and explains their attitudes towards LGBTQ (Rahman, 2014). The problem is particularly acute considering the urgent need to address LGBTQ phobia as a compendium of geographical, cultural, sociopolitical, economic and legislative factors that goes beyond the strictly religious question. Indeed, the current rejection towards LGBTQ based on traditionalist interpretations of Islam —'Islamicate LGBTQ phobia' in short— and the growing institutionalized repression against sexual and gender minorities in Islamicate nation-states are part of a problem with many elements that cannot be understood without addressing some issues. Firstly, the relationship between gender and sexual diversity in relation to the Islamic tradition is complex. The second question concerns the influence of colonialization and neocolonialization on the gradual transformation of the traditional forms of sex/gender diversity that developed in the historic lands of Islam, as well as on social perception and the legislation adopted regarding these forms in the aforementioned states. The emergence of sexual liberation movements in the United States and Europe in the 1970s entailed an ongoing process of homosexualization (Roscoe, 1997) through which contemporary globalized LGBTQ categories have spread around the world (Rao, 2015). When combined with the rise of Islamic fundamentalism and the emergence of Islamicate nation-states, this process has constituted a threat to the continuity of the traditional forms of sex/gender dissidence. This phenomenon would not have been possible without the construction of an invented tradition of Muslim homophobia that is being instrumentalized both in the West—through the disciplinary apparatus of nation-states—and in Muslim-majority countries—through certain forces linked to Islamic fundamentalism—with the common purpose of legitimizing control over the internal order of the societies of both frameworks (Rahman, 2015). The main objective of this article is to review the state of the art of Islam in LGBTQ globalization by looking at the specific historical forms in which knowledge linked to each of these two axes is constituted, as well as the social practices, forms of subjectivities and power relations inherent to such knowledge from the point of view of surveillance, control and banishment strategies. This exercise will be materialised through the analysis of the two hegemonic oppositional positions of Islam and gender and sexual diversity—one of Islamicate LGBTQ phobia and the other of queered Islamophobia—through which Muslims in general and LGBTQ Muslims in particular are subalternized, discriminated against and criminalized today both in the West and in Muslim-majority countries. To that end, the present article proposes a queer approach that aims to contributes to international studies—and the contemporary debates within them—in which LGBTQ issues in relation to Islamic tradition are largely missing. In this regard, while the connections between race, ethnicity, religion, religion, class, gender, sexuality, state and nation have been addressed by certain disciplines of the social sciences, there is still reluctance to take queer contributions into account and, even more so, to frame them within the umbrella of the recently named field of Queer International Relations (Weber, 2016). For the purpose of this work, and without wishing to provide here a specific definition of a queer approach, what is really at stake in any queer research is not so much a specific methodological proposal, but rather a substantial political commitment to place gender and sexuality at the forefront of social science analysis, challenging, in so doing, the hegemonic orders denounced in their research. The queer approach is understood here, therefore, in the sense of moral and political commitment and counter-hegemonic denunciation, rather than in terms of disloyalty to conventional academic methods to which certain queer theorists refer. The article is structured in four sections: introduction, theoretical-methodological approach, discussion and conclusions. The introductory section clarifies from a critical anthropological perspective the relevance of the reconceptualization of religion as a category of analysis when approaching the study of Islam. The section on theoretical and methodological approach reflects on the implications of putting queer studies and international relations in conversation. The first discussion heading, focusing on Islamicate LGBTQ phobia, reflects on the relationship between sexual and gender dissidences, Islamic tradition and Muslim identity, as well as on the influence of colonization and neo-colonization on the current state of these dissidence within Muslim-majority countries. The second discussion heading, dealing with queered Islamophobia, delves into the framework of homonationalism and the consolidation of LGBTQ as a requirement for access to citizenship and as a civilizational marker of Muslim otherness. Finally, I present some brief conclusions and outline some possible future lines of research. ; El objetivo de este artículo es la elaboración de un estado de la cuestión sobre el islam en el marco de la globalización LGBTQ atendiendo a las formas históricas específicas en que se constituye el conocimiento vinculado a cada uno de estos dos ejes, además de las prácticas sociales, las formas de subjetividad y las relaciones de poder inherentes a tales conocimientos desde el punto de vista de las estrategias de vigilancia, control y prohibición. Este trabajo se ha llevado a cabo a través del análisis de las dos posiciones hegemónicas de oposición entre islam y diversidad sexual y de género —una, de LGBTQfobia islamizada, la otra, de islamofobia queerizada— sobre la base de las cuales las personas musulmanas, incluyendo las LGBTQ, son subalternizadas, discriminadas y criminalizadas en la actualidad, tanto en Occidente como en los países de mayoría musulmana. Este trabajo propone un enfoque queer a través del cual poner en conversación las Relaciones Internacionales y los estudios transnacionales y/o globales queer en torno a las conexiones contemporáneas entre raza, religión, clase, género, sexualidad, estado y nación desde un compromiso de denuncia contrahegemónica. Con el fin de profundizar en todas estas cuestiones el artículo está estructurado en cuatro secciones: introducción, enfoque teórico-metodológico, dos epígrafes de desarrollo y conclusiones. El apartado introductorio clarifica, desde una perspectiva antropológica crítica, la pertinencia de la reconceptualización de la religión como categoría de análisis a la hora de abordar el estudio del islam. El primer epígrafe de desarrollo, centrado en la LGBTQfobia islamizada, analiza los múltiples elementos geográficos, culturales, sociopolíticos, económicos y legislativos que componen esta problemática. El segundo epígrafe de desarrollo, dedicado a la islamofobia queerizada, profundiza en el ensamblaje del homonacionalismo y constata la consolidación de lo LGBTQ en tanto que requisito de acceso a la ciudadanía y como marcador civilizacional de la alteridad musulmana. Finalmente, en el apartado de conclusiones, se presenta un resumen de los resultados del trabajo y se pincelan algunas posibles futuras líneas de investigación.

Chapter1. The Sustainable Development of Green Space in the Tourism Zone of Moc Chau Mountains (Son La, Vietnam) -- Chapter2. Wooden Funeral Sculptures of the Jrai and Bahnar in the Vietnam Central Highlands: Conservation or Destruction?- Chapter3. Traditional Concepts on "Sustainability" in Vietnamese Culture and the Impacts on Forming Modern Values of Sustainable Development -- Chapter4. Educational Renovation in a Restructuring Society: Vietnam's Case Study -- Chapter5. Tourism Climate Indicators (TCI) Applied in Moc Chau District (Son La, Vietnam). Chapter6. Carbon Footprint of Vietnam's Small Urban Areas (A Case Study of Ha Dong District, Hanoi) -- Chapter7. Agriculture Land Conversion and Its Implications for Food Requirements and Farming in Vietnamese Northern Mountains -- Chapter8. Urban Exclusion: Theoretical Approaches and Emerging Trajectories for Vietnam -- Chapter9. Applying Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to Analyze Factors Affecting the Entrepreneurial Intention of the Students of Vietnam National University, Hanoi -- Chapter10. Creating an Added-Value Capital of Forest Based on the Local Knowledge of Tai in Tuong Duong (Nghe An, Vietnam) -- Chapter11. Minimizing the Negative Effects of Irrigation and Hydropower System on Sustainable Development and Environmental Protection in the Huong River Basin -- Chapter12. Socio-Economic Development towards Sustainable Ecological Model in Vietnam -- Chapter13. Perennial Cropping System Development and Economic Performance of Perennial Cropping System in Dak Lak Province, Vietnam -- Chapter14. Sustainable Agriculture Development in Vietnam -- Chapter15. Community Participation in Urban Planning in Vietnam towards Sustainable Development - Prospects and Challenges -- Chapter16. Current Status and Impact of Imbalance of Sex Ratio at Birth in the Son La Province, Vietnam -- Chapter17. Obstacles in the Sustainable Development of Industry in Ethnic Minorities' Areas of Vietnamese Mekong Delta (Kien Giang and Can Tho) -- Chapter18. Integrating Sustainable Development into National Policy: The Practice of Vietnam -- Chapter19. Building Human Capital for Sustainable Development: Experience from Some East Asia Countries and Policy Implications for Vietnam -- Chapter20. Mapping Marine Functional Zoning for the Northern Tonkin Coastal Zone, Vietnam -- Chapter21. Rainfall Regime and Its Impact on Water Resources on Ly Son Island, Central Vietnam -- Chapter22. Factors Affecting Community Forest Management in Ha Giang Province, Vietnam -- Chapter23. Impacts of Urban Expansion on Landscape Pattern Changes: A Case Study of Da Nang City, Vietnam -- Chapter24. An Assessment of Pollution Load Capacity of Son La Hydropower Reservoir in the Northwest Mountains of Vietnam 40 -- Chapter25. An Approach for Prioritising Climate Change Mitigation Measures: A Case Study in Ho Chi Minh City -- Chapter26. Developing Agricultural Production of Ethnic Minority Households in the Context of Climate Change (Lak District, Dak Lak Province, Central Highland of Vietnam) -- Chapter27. Detecting Flash Flood Susceptible Areas Using Multi-Criteria Decision Making Model: A Case Study of Thai Nguyen Province, Vietnam -- Chapter28. Implementing Agricultural Land Use Solutions to Adapt Climate Change in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta -- Chapter29. Geothermal Renewable Energy in Vietnam: A Current Status Overview and Proposing Solutions for Development -- Chapter30. Study on stand structure of secondary mangrove forest; Sonneratia caseolaris - Aegicerus corniculatum stand for introducing silvofishery systems to shrimp-culture ponds -- Chapter31. Evaluation the effectiveness of sheath blight disease controlling on rice caused by Rhizoctonia solani in green house condition by applying some biofungicides -- Chapter32. Consideration on the Use Sentinel-1 Radar Image and GIS for Flood Mapping in the Lai Giang River Basin of Binh Dinh Province (Central Coast Vietnam) -- Chapter33. Studying Shoreline Change in Ky Anh Coastal Area of Ha Tinh Province during 1989-2013 based on the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) -- Chapter34. How Do Yao Farmers Cope with Extreme Weather Events with Their Indigenous Knowledge? A Case Study of Mo Vang Mountains (Yen Bai, Vietnam) -- Chapter35. Multilevel Governance Roles in Land Use Change: Lessons for REDD+ from the Case Study in Nghe An Province, Vietnam -- Chapter36. Technical Efficiency of Irrigation Water Use of Robusta Coffee Production in the Dong Nai river basin (Vietnam): A case study of Lam Dong province -- Chapter37. Climate Change Vulnerability of Agriculture in Coastal Communes of Quang Tri Province, Vietnam -- Chapter38. A GIS Application in Optimizing the Collection and Transportation Route of Domestic Solid Waste in Hue City, Vietnam -- Chapter39. Water-Food-Energy Nexus in the Context of Climate Change: Develop a Water Security Index for Water Resources Management in Vietnam -- Chapter40. An Integrated Approach for Saltwater Intrusion Monitoring based on Remote Sensing combined with Multivariable Analysis: A Case Study of Coastal Zone in Southern Vietnam -- Chapter41. Diversity of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in the Hoang Lien - Van Ban Nature Reserve (Lao Cai, Vietnam): Implications for Local Livelihood Improvement and Biodiversity Conservation -- Chapter42. Quantify Forest Stand Volume Using SPOT 5 Satellite Image -- Chapter43. Evaluating Impact of Climate Change to Fishing Productivity of Vietnam: An Application of Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Regression Model -- Chapter44. An Experimental Study on Using Biogas Slurry to Improve the Water Quality of Aqua-Culture Systems in Acid Sulfate Soil Areas -- Chapter45. Assessment of Saltwater Intrusion Vulnerability in the Coastal Aquifers in Ninh Thuan, Vietnam -- Chapter46. Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Urban Planning of Vietnamese Coastal Towns toward Sustainable Development -- Chapter47. Mike Flood Application for Solving Inundation Issues for Ho Chi Minh City in The Context of Climate Change: A Case Study in the District 1 -- Chapter48. Enhancing the Efficiency of Land Dispute Mediation for Ethnic Minorities in Van Canh district (Binh Dinh, Vietnam) -- Chapter49. A Stakeholder Delphi Study on Local Communities Adaptation to Climate Change in the Coastal Area: Case Study in An Duong District (Hai Phong, Vietnam) -- Chapter50. Assessing Flash Flood Risks based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographic Information System (GIS): A Case Study of Hieu Catchment (Nghe An, Vietnam) -- Chapter51. Analysis and Prediction of Noise Pollution from Wind Turbines: A Case Study of Loi Hai Wind Power Plant (Ninh Thuan, Vietnam) -- Chapter52. An Environmental Zoning for Sustainable Development in Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam -- Chapter53. Climate Change Vulnerability of Urban Development in the Phanrang-Thapcham (Ninh Thuan, Vietnam).

The current relevance of the research. The study of the quality of life is a core issue both at the scientists' level and the level of government workers in the world. The main goal is not only to extend lifetime, but to improve its quality too. Ukraine's desire to enter the European Community and the European Union is impossible without substantial improvement of the quality of life. However, the quality of life depends on the quality of labor potential, and hence on the prospects for the development of the country. Since the 70s of the XXth century, the state of the quality of life has begun to attract the attention of many researchers and practitioners in various fields of researches. The Council of the European Union adopted a development strategy in 2010 – 'Europe 2020: A Strategy for smart, stable and inclusive growth' based on the analysis of monitoring the quality of life of the European Union. The aim was to study the students' components of the quality of life, depending on the place of study (countries) and the origin (nationality). Methods: synthesis and analysis of the current scientific and methodological studies on self-assessment of the quality of life using the SF-36 questionnaire and the methods of mathematical statistics. Results. Analyzing the students' answers, we revealed the regularity among indicators of the physical and mental (psychological) components of the quality of life and the sex of the respondents, the year of study, self-evaluation of their study achievements, conditions of life. Besides, the main components that play the leading roles in shaping the overall picture of the quality of life and those that reduce the quality of students' lives were found out. Due to the analysis of the correlations between indicators of the physical and mental (psychological) components of the quality of life, the interdependent components that form the basis of the students' quality of life were highlighted. Conclusions. The study makes it possible to compare both the generalized results of the quality of the Ukrainian and Polish students' lives and the individual components that form the physica l and mental (psychological) basis for the quality of life. ; Актуальность. Изучение качества жизни населения являетсятвопросом, который поднимается на уровне как ученых, так и государственных чиновников во всем мире. Основная цель – не только продлить жизнь, но и улучшить её качество. Стремление Украины войти в Европейское Содружество Стран и в Европейский Союз невозможно реализовать без существенного улучшения качестважизни населения. В то же время от качества жизни зависит качество трудового потенциала, а следовательно – перспективы развития государства. Начиная с 70-х годов XX в., состояние качества жизни населения стало привлекать внимание многих ученых и практиков в различных областях исследований. Совет Европейского Союза в 2010 году принял стратегию развития – «Европа-2020: стратегия разумного, устойчивого и инклюзивного роста», которая базируется на осуществлении анализа мониторинга качества жизни населения стран Европейского Союза. Цель работы – изучить компоненты качества жизни студентов в зависимости от места учебы (страны) и происхождения (гражданства). Методы исследования – обобщение и анализ современных научно-методических исследований вопросы самооценки качества жизни с помощью анкеты SF- 36, методы математической статистики. Результаты работы. Анализируя ответы студентов, мы проследили определенную закономерность между показателями физического и психического (психологического) компонентовкачества жизни и пола респондентов, курса обучения, самооценки учебных исследований, условий быта. Кроме того, выявили основные компоненты, занимающие лидирующие позиции в формировании общей картины качества жизни и те составляющие, которые снижают уровень качества жизни студентов. Благодаря анализу корреляционных связей между показателями физического и психического (психологического) компонентов качества жизни, мы выяснили взаимозависимость компонентов, составляющих основу качества жизни студентов. Выводы. Проведенное исследование дает возможность сравнить как обобщающие результаты качестважизни студентов, обучающихся в Украине и Республике Польша, так и отдельные компоненты, составляющие физическую и психическую (психологическую) основу качества жизни. ; Актуальність. Вивчення якості життя населення є питанням, яке піднімається на рівні як науковців, так і державотворців у всьому світі. Основна мета – не лише подовжити тривалість життя, а й покращити його якість. Прагнення України увійти в Європейську Співдружність Країн та в Європейський Союз неможливе без суттєвого покращення якості життя населення. Водночас від якості життязалежить якість трудового потенціалу, а отже, і перспективи розвитку держави. Починаючи з 70-х років XX ст., стан якості життя населення став привертати увагу багатьох учених і практиків у різних галузях досліджень. Рада Європейського Союзу у 2010 році прийняла стратегію розвитку − «Європа-2020: стратегія розумного, сталого й інклюзивного зростання», яка ґрунтується на здійсненні аналізу моніторингу якості життя населення країн Європейського Союзу. Мета роботи – вивчити компоненти якості життя студентів залежно від місцянавчання (країни) й походження (громадянства). Методи дослідження: узагальнення та аналіз сучасних науково-методичних досліджень питання самооцінки якості життя за допомогою анкети SF-36, методи математичної статистики. Результати роботи. Аналізуючи відповіді студентів, ми помітили певну закономірність між показниками фізичного й психічного (психологічного) компонентів якості життя та статі респондентів, курсу навчання, самооцінки навчальних досліджень, умов побуту. Окрім того, виявили основні компоненти, щозаймають провідні позиції у формуванні загальної картини якості життя й ті складники, які знижують рівень якості життя студентів. Завдяки аналізу кореляційних зв'язків між показниками фізичного та психічного (психологічного) компонентів якості життя, ми з'ясували взаємозалежність компонентів, що складають основу якості життя студентів. Висновки. Проведене дослідження дає можливість порівняти як узагальнюючі результати якості життя студентів, які навчаються в Україні та Республіці Польща, так і окремі компоненти, що складають фізичну й психічну (психологічну) основу якості життя.