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The end of the first World War marked a period of profound change for the German nation, giving birth to Germany's first democracy, the Weimar Republic. The Weimar Republic ushered in one of the most creative and uninhibited periods of the twentieth century. This period witnessed advancements in the field of sexology and unprecedented change for German women as they flooded the workforce and gained full suffrage. As an increasing number of single women became financially independent and disillusioned with the prewar construction of the family unit, German men found themselves rendered impotent. Already humiliated by the loss of the war, men desperately clung to the prewar, Wilhelmine ideal of the quintessential real man by turning their attention to the sexual behavior of women and fostering a culture of systematically engineered marriages through sex reform. This article draws upon the works of several prominent sexologists of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, most notably Richard von Krafft-Ebing and Theodoor Hendrik van de Velde, as well as a variety of articles published in German magazines during the 1920s. By comparing these works, spanning from the end of the Wilhelmine era to the 1930s, it becomes clear that the Great War fundamentally altered the way that women conceptualized female identity, sex, and the family.

This is the final version. Available on open access from SAGE Publications via the DOI in this record ; This article considers the sexual politics of animal evidence in the context of German sexology around 1920. In the 1910s, the German-Jewish geneticist Richard B. Goldschmidt conducted experiments on the moth Lymantria dispar, and discovered individuals that were no longer clearly identifiable as male or female. When he published an article tentatively arguing that his research on 'intersex butterflies' could be used to inform concurrent debates about human homosexuality, he triggered a flurry of responses from Berlin-based sexologists. In this article, I examine how a number of well-known sexologists affiliated with Magnus Hirschfeld, his Scientific-Humanitarian Committee, and later his Institute of Sexology attempted to incorporate Goldschmidt's experiments into their sexological work between 1917 and 1923. Intersex butterflies were used to discuss issues at the heart of German sexology: the legal debate about the criminalisation of homosexuality under paragraph 175; the scientific methodology of sexology, caught between psychiatric, biological, and sociological approaches to the study of sexual and gender diversity; and the status of sexology as natural science, able to contribute knowledge about the sexual Konstitution of the organism. This article thus shows that butterfly experiments function as important and politically charged evidence for a discussion at the heart of the sexological project of those involved in the founding of the Institute of Sexology: the question of the nature and naturalness of homosexuality (and sexual intermediacy more broadly) and its political consequences. In doing so, this article makes a case for paying attention to non-human actors in the history of sexology. ; Wellcome Trust

This article considers the sexual politics of animal evidence in the context of German sexology around 1920. In the 1910s, the German-Jewish geneticist Richard B. Goldschmidt conducted experiments on the moth Lymantria dispar, and discovered individuals that were no longer clearly identifiable as male or female. When he published an article tentatively arguing that his research on 'intersex butterflies' could be used to inform concurrent debates about human homosexuality, he triggered a flurry of responses from Berlin-based sexologists. In this article, I examine how a number of well-known sexologists affiliated with Magnus Hirschfeld, his Scientific-Humanitarian Committee, and later his Institute of Sexology attempted to incorporate Goldschmidt's experiments into their sexological work between 1917 and 1923. Intersex butterflies were used to discuss issues at the heart of German sexology: the legal debate about the criminalisation of homosexuality under paragraph 175; the scientific methodology of sexology, caught between psychiatric, biological, and sociological approaches to the study of sexual and gender diversity; and the status of sexology as natural science, able to contribute knowledge about the sexual Konstitution of the organism. This article thus shows that butterfly experiments function as important and politically charged evidence for a discussion at the heart of the sexological project of those involved in the founding of the Institute of Sexology: the question of the nature and naturalness of homosexuality (and sexual intermediacy more broadly) and its political consequences. In doing so, this article makes a case for paying attention to non-human actors in the history of sexology.

The Czech Republic holds one of the highest numbers of men labelled as sexual delinquents worldwide who have undergone the irreversible process of surgical castration – a policy that has elicited strong international criticism. Nevertheless, Czech sexology has not changed its attitude towards 'therapeutic castration', which remains widely accepted and practised. In this paper, we analyse the negotiation of expertise supporting castration and demonstrate how the changes in institutional matrices and networks of experts (Eyal 2013) have impacted the categorisation of patients and the methods of treatment. Our research shows the great importance of historical development that tied Czech sexology with the state. Indeed, Czech sexology has been profoundly institutionalised since the early 1970s. In accordance with the state politics of that era, officially named Normalisation, sexology focused on sexual deviants and began creating a treatment programme that included therapeutic castration. This practice, the aim of which is to protect society from sex offenders, has changed little since. We argue that it is the expert–state alliance that enables Czech sexologists to preserve the status quo in the treatment of sexual delinquents despite international pressure. Our research underscores the continuity in medical practice despite the regime change in 1989. With regard to previous scholarship on state-socialist Czechoslovakia, we argue that it was the medical mainstream that developed and sustained disciplining and punitive features.

International audience ; This paper explores the new circulation of a discourse of sexpertise (that is to say a number of skills about sexual techniques of the body), between the three areas of pornography, sexology and prostitution. In these three still stigmatized and misunderstood domains, a discourse of sexual knowledge impartment is growing since the 1970s in a sex positive feminist context. This discourse is provided with social, political and cultural aims : personal well-being, empowerment of individuals, women's liberation, improvement of pornography as a cultural form. The paper presents some figures of sexperts women like Annie Sprinkle in the USA and Wendy Delorme in France, whiche are porn actresses, and / or prostitutes and / or sexual educators. It describes as well the types of speech they develop in the discursive places offered by the sexpertise digital spaces of Web 2.0. ; Cet article explore la circulation nouvelle d'un discours de la sexpertise, c'est-à-dire de la compétence dans les techniques sexuelles du corps, entre les trois domaines de la pornographie, de la sexologie et de la prostitution. Dans ces trois univers méconnus et encore stigmatisés, s'élabore depuis les années 1970 un discours de transmission des savoirs sexuels dans un contexte féministe sexe positif, pourvu d'objectifs sociaux, politiques et culturels : bien-être personnel, empowerment des individus, libération des femmes, amélioration de la pornographie comme forme culturelle. On y présente des figures de femmes sexpertes étatsuniennes comme Annie Sprinkle et françaises comme Wendy Delorme, actrices porn, et/ou prostituées et/ou éducatrices sexuelles, ainsi que les types de discours qu'elles élaborent dans les lieux discursifs de la sexpertise offerts par les espaces numériques du web 2.0. Abstract This paper explores the new circulation of a discourse of sexpertise (that is to say a number of skills about sexual techniques of the body), between the three areas of pornography, sexology and prostitution. In these three ...

International audience ; This paper explores the new circulation of a discourse of sexpertise (that is to say a number of skills about sexual techniques of the body), between the three areas of pornography, sexology and prostitution. In these three still stigmatized and misunderstood domains, a discourse of sexual knowledge impartment is growing since the 1970s in a sex positive feminist context. This discourse is provided with social, political and cultural aims : personal well-being, empowerment of individuals, women's liberation, improvement of pornography as a cultural form. The paper presents some figures of sexperts women like Annie Sprinkle in the USA and Wendy Delorme in France, whiche are porn actresses, and / or prostitutes and / or sexual educators. It describes as well the types of speech they develop in the discursive places offered by the sexpertise digital spaces of Web 2.0. ; Cet article explore la circulation nouvelle d'un discours de la sexpertise, c'est-à-dire de la compétence dans les techniques sexuelles du corps, entre les trois domaines de la pornographie, de la sexologie et de la prostitution. Dans ces trois univers méconnus et encore stigmatisés, s'élabore depuis les années 1970 un discours de transmission des savoirs sexuels dans un contexte féministe sexe positif, pourvu d'objectifs sociaux, politiques et culturels : bien-être personnel, empowerment des individus, libération des femmes, amélioration de la pornographie comme forme culturelle. On y présente des figures de femmes sexpertes étatsuniennes comme Annie Sprinkle et françaises comme Wendy Delorme, actrices porn, et/ou prostituées et/ou éducatrices sexuelles, ainsi que les types de discours qu'elles élaborent dans les lieux discursifs de la sexpertise offerts par les espaces numériques du web 2.0. Abstract This paper explores the new circulation of a discourse of sexpertise (that is to say a number of skills about sexual techniques of the body), between the three areas of pornography, sexology and prostitution. In these three ...

While social change regarding trans(sexuality) has evolved within an expanding nexus of concepts, practices, regulations and institutions, this process has barely been analysed systematically. Against the background of legislative processes on gender recognition in a society shaped by heteronormative hegemony, Adrian de Silva traces how sexology, the law, federal politics and the trans movement interacted to generate or challenge concepts of trans(sexuality) from the mid-1960s to 2014 in the Federal Republic of Germany. The interdisciplinary study draws upon and contributes to debates in (trans)gender and queer studies, political science, sociology of law, sexology and the social movement.

Allein die Texte zur Abwicklung des Frankfurter Instituts für Sexualwissenschaft 2006 füllen ein Viertel dieses Sammelbandes. Doch Wundenlecken ist nicht die Sache des Autors und ehemaligen Institutsleiters Volkmar Sigusch, der als einer der renommiertesten Sexualwissenschaftler weltweit gilt. Sein facettenreiches Buch enthält neben zeithistorischen Dokumentationen höchst unterschiedliche, allerdings auch unterschiedlich gut lesbare Artikel zu aktuellen die Sexualität als gesamtgesellschaftliches Phänomen betreffenden Fragen. Es kulminiert in scharfer sexualwissenschaftlich fundierter Gesellschaftskritik. ; The texts on the closure of the Frankfurt Institute of Sexology in 2006 single-handedly fill a quarter of this anthology. But author and former head of the institute Volkmar Sigusch, who is considered to be one of the world's most renowned sexologists, is not fond of licking wounds. In addition to contemporary documentaries, his multi-faceted book contains highly diverse (however also diversely readable) articles on contemporary questions that relate to sexuality as a phenomenon of society as a whole. It culminates in sharp, sexology-grounded social criticism.

Poster - EFS ; Objective: The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to compare the investment on relationship and the satisfaction with communication, with sexuality and with relationship between a group of Portuguese Military service members during their long term deployment in International Military Missions and a group of similar soldiers that work in their home country. Design and Method: Participants in Long Distance Relationships (LDR, n=172) were Portuguese military members deployed in Afghanistan (n=72), Central-African Republic (n=86) and São Tomé and Príncipe (n=15). The ones that were inGeographically Close Relationships(GCR, n=256) were a Portuguese military members on normal duty in different Military Units and Bases in Portuguese Territory. All voluntary participants were in a romantic relationship and completed an online survey, that included The Investment Model Scale (Rodrigues & Lopes, 2013) and the New Sexual Satisfaction Scale (Pechorro et al., 2014). LDR and GCR data was collected simultaneously, i.e. three months after Soldiers' deployment .deployment. Correlations and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) were performed Results: The findings suggest that the soldiers in LDR were significantly more satisfied with their communication, with their relationship and with their sexuality than soldiers in GCR. No differences were found in the degree of relational investment. Conclusions: Overall, the results are in line with previous research that evidenced an increased overall satisfaction with various relational factors when they are temporarily departed from their partners.

Albert Moll was one of the most influential sexologists during the first three decades of the twentieth century. In contrast to his rivals Sigmund Freud and Magnus Hirschfeld, his achievements have not yet been recognised adequately. The author gives a comparative account of the work of these three protagonists. This shows that Moll formed some ideas which are regarded as psychoanalytical today before Freud, and that he, in contrast to Hirschfeld, was able to reflect critically on contemporary discourses, such as the debates on racial improvement through eugenics. As scientific theories, Freud's psychoanalysis represented the unconscious, fantasy, experience and latency, while Moll's sexology represented consciousness, ontological reality, behaviour and manifestation. Moll's major disagreement with Hirschfeld's sexology was his advocacy of apolitical and impartial science, whereas Hirschfeld's aim was to achieve sexual reforms politically. Added to these differences were strong personal animosities. Freud called Moll a 'beast' and 'pettifogger'; and Moll complained about Hirschfeld's 'problematic' character. When Hirschfeld escaped the Nazi terror and went to Paris, Moll denounced him in order to prevent him rebuilding a new existence in exile.

Poster- WAS ; Military deployments in International Military Missions are a frequent reality for the Portuguese (PRT) military members. Despite the increasing number of researches on post deployment adjustment of military couples, gaps remain on studies focused on the periods of the deployment, namely during the period of physical/geographical separation. In particular, the impact of these missions in couple's adjustment on communication and on both romantic and sexual satisfaction have been poorly studied with this population (Barbudo, Francisco & Santos, 2014). The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to compare the investment on relationship and the satisfaction with communication, with sexuality and with relationship between a group of Portuguese Military service members during their long-term deployment in International Military Missions and a group of similar soldiers that work in their hometowns.

[ES] Este artículo pretende estudiar los contenidos científicos del movimiento de "reforma sexual" que tuvo lugar en España en los años veinte y treinta y que culminó durante la Segunda República. Se abordan, al respecto, tres aspectos fundamentales: 1) la introducción de la nueva ciencia sexológica; 2) el interés por la educación sexual de los niños; y 3) la promulgación de una nueva legislación matrimonial (la ley de divorcio de 1932). Se identifican discursos científicos, asimilados a una "modernización" de las costumbres, siempre desde presupuestos laicos y progresistas. Se apunta la confrontación entre enfoques biologicistas o endocrinológicos y planteamientos psicoanalíticos, estableciéndose como eje argumental el fomento de una vivencia consciente y sana de la sexualidad. Temas como paternidad responsable, control de la natalidad, prevención de los trastornos mentales (ligados a vivencias sexuales traumáticas), etc., son analizados a la luz de fuentes médicas, psicológicas y jurídicas en relación con la reforma de las costumbres sexuales y la superación de la doble moral burguesa. ; [EN] The aim of this article is to explore the scientific content of the "sexual reform" movement which took place in Spain during the 1920s and 1930s, culminating during the Second Republic. It covers three essential aspects of this subject: 1) the introduction of the new science of sexology; 2) the interest in sex education for children; and 3) the passing of new marriage legislation (the Divorce Law of 1932). Areas of scientific discourse are identified, associated with a "modernization" of mores and based on secular and progressive assumptions. The conflict between biological or endocrinological approaches and psychoanalytical methods is discussed, with encouragement of a healthy, aware experience of sexuality becoming established as the central argument. Issues such as responsible parenting, birth control, prevention of mental disorders (linked to traumatic sexual experiences), etc. are analysed in the light of medical, psychological and legal sources, in relation to the reform of sexual mores and overcoming the bourgeois moral double standard. ; Peer reviewed

The aim of this article is to explore the scientific content of the "sexual reform" movement which took place in Spain during the 1920s and 1930s, culminating during the Second Republic. It covers three essential aspects of this subject: 1) the introduction of the new science of sexology; 2) the interest in sex education for children; and 3) the passing of new marriage legislation (the Divorce Law of 1932). Areas of scientific discourse are identified, associated with a "modernization" of mores and based on secular and progressive assumptions. The conflict between biological or endocrinological approaches and psychoanalytical methods is discussed, with encouragement of a healthy, aware experience of sexuality becoming established as the central argument. Issues such as responsible parenting, birth control, prevention of mental disorders (linked to traumatic sexual experiences), etc. are analysed in the light of medical, psychological and legal sources, in relation to the reform of sexual mores and overcoming the bourgeois moral double standard ; Este artículo pretende estudiar los contenidos científicos del movimiento de "reforma sexual" que tuvo lugar en España en los años veinte y treinta y que culminó durante la Segunda República. Se abordan, al respecto, tres aspectos fundamentales: 1) la introducción de la nueva ciencia sexológica; 2) el interés por la educación sexual de los niños; y 3) la promulgación de una nueva legislación matrimonial (la ley de divorcio de 1932). Se identifican discursos científicos, asimilados a una "modernización" de las costumbres, siempre desde presupuestos laicos y progresistas. Se apunta la confrontación entre enfoques biologicistas o endocrinológicos y planteamientos psicoanalíticos, estableciéndose como eje argumental el fomento de una vivencia consciente y sana de la sexualidad. Temas como paternidad responsable, control de la natalidad, prevención de los trastornos mentales (ligados a vivencias sexuales traumáticas), etc., son analizados a la luz de fuentes médicas, psicológicas y jurídicas en relación con la reforma de las costumbres sexuales y la superación de la doble moral burguesa.

Transgressing Trans analyzes the formation of the wrong body narrative (a man trapped in a woman's body and vice versa) within sexological discourse. Drawing from sexological literature, anti-abolitionist texts, theology, black studies and transgender studies, this dissertation attempts to address the role (anti)blackness played in the creation of the wrong body narrative. How does the depoliticization of the wrong body narrative continue to inscribe trans politics and identity with anti-black racism? Utilizing a Foucauldian genealogy, I reinterpret the history of sexology by showing how certain events were indeed historical processes caught in specific cultural, political, and economic times. Karl Ulrichs was the first person to construct a scientific theory of same-sex desire (he coined the term "Urning," who was a male-bodied individual with a female soul) in 1864, around the time that the trans-Atlantic slave trade was "abolished" (1859) and the publication of Darwin's The Origin of Species (1859). I posit that these landmarks are not coincidental; the notion of being trapped in the "wrong body" became legible through the structures of slavery and the scientific racism that followed. Organized around a series of case histories, the first chapters examine the historical, political, and cultural context of the formation of the "scientific" field of sexology, specifically through the early manifestations of the "wrong body" narrative within nineteenth century American and European biological science, psychiatry, theology, and anthropology. In the later chapters, I move to the 1950s when the term transsexual first became popular in both medico-science and the media in the United States, and then to the 1980s when transsexuality became an official mental disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual III (DSM-III). The discourses used to describe the transsexual continued to rely on the language of degeneration and pathology through reiterating not only the spirit/flesh duality, but also incorporating narratives of the primitive and the savage within the codification of transsexuality.

Officially confined to red-light districts, brothels in British India were tolerated until the 1920s. Yet, by this time, prostitution reform campaigns led by Indian, imperial, and international bodies were combining the social scientific insights of sexology and hygiene with the moral condemnations of sexual slavery and human trafficking. These reformers identified the brothel as exacerbating rather than containing "corrupting prostitutes" and the threat of venereal diseases, and therefore encouraged the suppression of brothels rather than their urban segregation. In this book, Stephen Legg tracks the complex spatial politics surrounding brothels in the interwar period at multiple scales, including the local, regional, national, imperial, and global. Campaigns and state policies against brothels did not just operate at different scales but made scales themselves, forging new urban, provincial, colonial, and international formations. In so doing, they also remade the boundary between the state and the social, through which the prostitute was, Legg concludes, "civilly abandoned."