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The end of the first World War marked a period of profound change for the German nation, giving birth to Germany's first democracy, the Weimar Republic. The Weimar Republic ushered in one of the most creative and uninhibited periods of the twentieth century. This period witnessed advancements in the field of sexology and unprecedented change for German women as they flooded the workforce and gained full suffrage. As an increasing number of single women became financially independent and disillusioned with the prewar construction of the family unit, German men found themselves rendered impotent. Already humiliated by the loss of the war, men desperately clung to the prewar, Wilhelmine ideal of the quintessential real man by turning their attention to the sexual behavior of women and fostering a culture of systematically engineered marriages through sex reform. This article draws upon the works of several prominent sexologists of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, most notably Richard von Krafft-Ebing and Theodoor Hendrik van de Velde, as well as a variety of articles published in German magazines during the 1920s. By comparing these works, spanning from the end of the Wilhelmine era to the 1930s, it becomes clear that the Great War fundamentally altered the way that women conceptualized female identity, sex, and the family.

This is the final version. Available on open access from SAGE Publications via the DOI in this record ; This article considers the sexual politics of animal evidence in the context of German sexology around 1920. In the 1910s, the German-Jewish geneticist Richard B. Goldschmidt conducted experiments on the moth Lymantria dispar, and discovered individuals that were no longer clearly identifiable as male or female. When he published an article tentatively arguing that his research on 'intersex butterflies' could be used to inform concurrent debates about human homosexuality, he triggered a flurry of responses from Berlin-based sexologists. In this article, I examine how a number of well-known sexologists affiliated with Magnus Hirschfeld, his Scientific-Humanitarian Committee, and later his Institute of Sexology attempted to incorporate Goldschmidt's experiments into their sexological work between 1917 and 1923. Intersex butterflies were used to discuss issues at the heart of German sexology: the legal debate about the criminalisation of homosexuality under paragraph 175; the scientific methodology of sexology, caught between psychiatric, biological, and sociological approaches to the study of sexual and gender diversity; and the status of sexology as natural science, able to contribute knowledge about the sexual Konstitution of the organism. This article thus shows that butterfly experiments function as important and politically charged evidence for a discussion at the heart of the sexological project of those involved in the founding of the Institute of Sexology: the question of the nature and naturalness of homosexuality (and sexual intermediacy more broadly) and its political consequences. In doing so, this article makes a case for paying attention to non-human actors in the history of sexology. ; Wellcome Trust

This article considers the sexual politics of animal evidence in the context of German sexology around 1920. In the 1910s, the German-Jewish geneticist Richard B. Goldschmidt conducted experiments on the moth Lymantria dispar, and discovered individuals that were no longer clearly identifiable as male or female. When he published an article tentatively arguing that his research on 'intersex butterflies' could be used to inform concurrent debates about human homosexuality, he triggered a flurry of responses from Berlin-based sexologists. In this article, I examine how a number of well-known sexologists affiliated with Magnus Hirschfeld, his Scientific-Humanitarian Committee, and later his Institute of Sexology attempted to incorporate Goldschmidt's experiments into their sexological work between 1917 and 1923. Intersex butterflies were used to discuss issues at the heart of German sexology: the legal debate about the criminalisation of homosexuality under paragraph 175; the scientific methodology of sexology, caught between psychiatric, biological, and sociological approaches to the study of sexual and gender diversity; and the status of sexology as natural science, able to contribute knowledge about the sexual Konstitution of the organism. This article thus shows that butterfly experiments function as important and politically charged evidence for a discussion at the heart of the sexological project of those involved in the founding of the Institute of Sexology: the question of the nature and naturalness of homosexuality (and sexual intermediacy more broadly) and its political consequences. In doing so, this article makes a case for paying attention to non-human actors in the history of sexology.

The Czech Republic holds one of the highest numbers of men labelled as sexual delinquents worldwide who have undergone the irreversible process of surgical castration – a policy that has elicited strong international criticism. Nevertheless, Czech sexology has not changed its attitude towards 'therapeutic castration', which remains widely accepted and practised. In this paper, we analyse the negotiation of expertise supporting castration and demonstrate how the changes in institutional matrices and networks of experts (Eyal 2013) have impacted the categorisation of patients and the methods of treatment. Our research shows the great importance of historical development that tied Czech sexology with the state. Indeed, Czech sexology has been profoundly institutionalised since the early 1970s. In accordance with the state politics of that era, officially named Normalisation, sexology focused on sexual deviants and began creating a treatment programme that included therapeutic castration. This practice, the aim of which is to protect society from sex offenders, has changed little since. We argue that it is the expert–state alliance that enables Czech sexologists to preserve the status quo in the treatment of sexual delinquents despite international pressure. Our research underscores the continuity in medical practice despite the regime change in 1989. With regard to previous scholarship on state-socialist Czechoslovakia, we argue that it was the medical mainstream that developed and sustained disciplining and punitive features.

While social change regarding trans(sexuality) has evolved within an expanding nexus of concepts, practices, regulations and institutions, this process has barely been analysed systematically. Against the background of legislative processes on gender recognition in a society shaped by heteronormative hegemony, Adrian de Silva traces how sexology, the law, federal politics and the trans movement interacted to generate or challenge concepts of trans(sexuality) from the mid-1960s to 2014 in the Federal Republic of Germany. The interdisciplinary study draws upon and contributes to debates in (trans)gender and queer studies, political science, sociology of law, sexology and the social movement.

Allein die Texte zur Abwicklung des Frankfurter Instituts für Sexualwissenschaft 2006 füllen ein Viertel dieses Sammelbandes. Doch Wundenlecken ist nicht die Sache des Autors und ehemaligen Institutsleiters Volkmar Sigusch, der als einer der renommiertesten Sexualwissenschaftler weltweit gilt. Sein facettenreiches Buch enthält neben zeithistorischen Dokumentationen höchst unterschiedliche, allerdings auch unterschiedlich gut lesbare Artikel zu aktuellen die Sexualität als gesamtgesellschaftliches Phänomen betreffenden Fragen. Es kulminiert in scharfer sexualwissenschaftlich fundierter Gesellschaftskritik. ; The texts on the closure of the Frankfurt Institute of Sexology in 2006 single-handedly fill a quarter of this anthology. But author and former head of the institute Volkmar Sigusch, who is considered to be one of the world's most renowned sexologists, is not fond of licking wounds. In addition to contemporary documentaries, his multi-faceted book contains highly diverse (however also diversely readable) articles on contemporary questions that relate to sexuality as a phenomenon of society as a whole. It culminates in sharp, sexology-grounded social criticism.

Poster - EFS ; Objective: The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to compare the investment on relationship and the satisfaction with communication, with sexuality and with relationship between a group of Portuguese Military service members during their long term deployment in International Military Missions and a group of similar soldiers that work in their home country. Design and Method: Participants in Long Distance Relationships (LDR, n=172) were Portuguese military members deployed in Afghanistan (n=72), Central-African Republic (n=86) and São Tomé and Príncipe (n=15). The ones that were inGeographically Close Relationships(GCR, n=256) were a Portuguese military members on normal duty in different Military Units and Bases in Portuguese Territory. All voluntary participants were in a romantic relationship and completed an online survey, that included The Investment Model Scale (Rodrigues & Lopes, 2013) and the New Sexual Satisfaction Scale (Pechorro et al., 2014). LDR and GCR data was collected simultaneously, i.e. three months after Soldiers' deployment .deployment. Correlations and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) were performed Results: The findings suggest that the soldiers in LDR were significantly more satisfied with their communication, with their relationship and with their sexuality than soldiers in GCR. No differences were found in the degree of relational investment. Conclusions: Overall, the results are in line with previous research that evidenced an increased overall satisfaction with various relational factors when they are temporarily departed from their partners.

Albert Moll was one of the most influential sexologists during the first three decades of the twentieth century. In contrast to his rivals Sigmund Freud and Magnus Hirschfeld, his achievements have not yet been recognised adequately. The author gives a comparative account of the work of these three protagonists. This shows that Moll formed some ideas which are regarded as psychoanalytical today before Freud, and that he, in contrast to Hirschfeld, was able to reflect critically on contemporary discourses, such as the debates on racial improvement through eugenics. As scientific theories, Freud's psychoanalysis represented the unconscious, fantasy, experience and latency, while Moll's sexology represented consciousness, ontological reality, behaviour and manifestation. Moll's major disagreement with Hirschfeld's sexology was his advocacy of apolitical and impartial science, whereas Hirschfeld's aim was to achieve sexual reforms politically. Added to these differences were strong personal animosities. Freud called Moll a 'beast' and 'pettifogger'; and Moll complained about Hirschfeld's 'problematic' character. When Hirschfeld escaped the Nazi terror and went to Paris, Moll denounced him in order to prevent him rebuilding a new existence in exile.

Poster- WAS ; Military deployments in International Military Missions are a frequent reality for the Portuguese (PRT) military members. Despite the increasing number of researches on post deployment adjustment of military couples, gaps remain on studies focused on the periods of the deployment, namely during the period of physical/geographical separation. In particular, the impact of these missions in couple's adjustment on communication and on both romantic and sexual satisfaction have been poorly studied with this population (Barbudo, Francisco & Santos, 2014). The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to compare the investment on relationship and the satisfaction with communication, with sexuality and with relationship between a group of Portuguese Military service members during their long-term deployment in International Military Missions and a group of similar soldiers that work in their hometowns.

Transgressing Trans analyzes the formation of the wrong body narrative (a man trapped in a woman's body and vice versa) within sexological discourse. Drawing from sexological literature, anti-abolitionist texts, theology, black studies and transgender studies, this dissertation attempts to address the role (anti)blackness played in the creation of the wrong body narrative. How does the depoliticization of the wrong body narrative continue to inscribe trans politics and identity with anti-black racism? Utilizing a Foucauldian genealogy, I reinterpret the history of sexology by showing how certain events were indeed historical processes caught in specific cultural, political, and economic times. Karl Ulrichs was the first person to construct a scientific theory of same-sex desire (he coined the term "Urning," who was a male-bodied individual with a female soul) in 1864, around the time that the trans-Atlantic slave trade was "abolished" (1859) and the publication of Darwin's The Origin of Species (1859). I posit that these landmarks are not coincidental; the notion of being trapped in the "wrong body" became legible through the structures of slavery and the scientific racism that followed. Organized around a series of case histories, the first chapters examine the historical, political, and cultural context of the formation of the "scientific" field of sexology, specifically through the early manifestations of the "wrong body" narrative within nineteenth century American and European biological science, psychiatry, theology, and anthropology. In the later chapters, I move to the 1950s when the term transsexual first became popular in both medico-science and the media in the United States, and then to the 1980s when transsexuality became an official mental disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual III (DSM-III). The discourses used to describe the transsexual continued to rely on the language of degeneration and pathology through reiterating not only the spirit/flesh duality, but also incorporating narratives of the primitive and the savage within the codification of transsexuality.

In Poland after World War II, the related fields of sexology, sex education and sex counselling developed a distinctive model of communication between counsellees and counsellors. This article focuses on Wiesław Sokoluk, one of the key Polish youth counsellors and sex educators active during the late socialist period (the 1970s and 1980s), looking at his path to becoming a sex educator and youth counsellor as well as his practice in both fields. It treats his story as a case study that illustrates the distinctive development of the related disciplines of sex counselling and education. It specifically focuses on the communication between Sokoluk and his counsellees, school pupils, correspondents and readership. It shows how the distinctive methods underpinning emotion-driven communication between counsellor and counsellee developed, while presenting them as products of particular economic, political and religious conditions of late socialism, including state-funded education and healthcare as well as the relative sexual openness resulting from the struggle between the state and the Catholic Church.

Die Geschichte der Trans(sexualität) in der Bundesrepublik ist eine Geschichte sich wandelnder Verständnisse von Geschlecht und Geschlechterordnung. Adrian de Silva betrachtet in seiner Dissertation die Entwicklungen und rechtlichen Auswirkungen dieser Verständnisse in Sexualwissenschaft, Rechtsprechung, Gesetzgebung und der Transgender-Bewegung. Er analysiert die Entstehungs- und Reformprozesse des Transsexuellengesetzes (Gesetz über die Änderung der Vornamen und die Feststellung der Geschlechtszugehörigkeit in besonderen Fällen) und seine folgenreiche Verquickung von Recht, Medizin und Geschlechterpolitik. Historische und aktuelle Debatten um die "Borders of the Gender Regime" in Deutschland lassen sich auf der Basis von de Silvas Buch neu verstehen und einordnen. ; The history of trans (sexuality) in the Federal Republic is a history of changing understandings of gender and gender order. In his dissertation, Adrian de Silva considers the developments and legal implications of these understandings in sexology, jurisprudence, legislation and the transgender movement. He analyzes the emergence and reform processes of the transsexual law (Gesetz über die Änderung der Vornamen und die Feststellung der Geschlechtszugehörigkeit in besonderen Fällen – law on the change of given names and the determination of gender in special cases) and its momentous amalgamation of law, medicine and gender politics. Historical and current debates on the "Borders of the Gender Regime" in Germany can be understood and categorized on the basis of de Silva's book.

This paper addresses the history and historiography of sexual knowledge during the May Fourth New Culture Movement (ca. 1910s-1930s) in China. Chinese intellectuals engaged in an ambitious project to build a "New Culture", translating and appropriating a wide range of foreign ideas including European and American works on sexology, reproduction, and eugenics. I focus on "Dr Sex", Zhang Jingsheng (1888-1970), well-known for his 1926 publication Sex Histories. Zhang wanted to introduce the scientific study of sex to China and to overthrow what he regarded as repressive Chinese traditions. Between 1927 and 1929, Zhang operated the "Beauty Bookshop" in Fuzhou Road, Shanghai's "cultural street", to disseminate his writings and translations. He also published a short-lived journal called New Culture, which carried articles on politics, aesthetics, and most interestingly, readers' inquiries on sexual and reproductive practices. The case study on Zhang Jingsheng's "small business of sexual enlightenment"––to adapt a term from Leo Ou-fan Lee (in turn borrowed from Robert Darnton)––sheds light on local entrepreneurial and commercial dynamics in the publishing field of 1920s Shanghai that were crucial to the distribution of knowledge. It also offers an opportunity to see how China's urban, bourgeois, educated readers engaged with modern medico-scientific knowledge.

On 31 May 1964, Dr Anne Bieżanek travelled from Wallasey to Westminster Cathedral to attend Mass and receive Holy Communion. She was flanked by hoards of reporters, who over the previous six months had fueled extensive media coverage of her establishment of one of the first Catholic birth control clinics in the world, alongside her intertwined personal story of the physical and emotional strain caused by ten pregnancies. Repeatedly refused the sacraments by her local parish priest in consequence of these activities, and unable to gain satisfaction from the Bishop of Shrewsbury, Dr Bieżanek wrote to the Archbishop of Westminster to announce her intention to 'resolve the issue' through an ethical adjudication at the Communion rails. As the first sustained exploration of this exceptional woman and her sensational life story, this article examines Dr Bieżanek's private correspondence and public persona to illustrate the ways in which her idiosyncratic re-negotiation of spiritual and sexual politics was path breaking in articulating a 'modern' Catholic approach to love and sex and in anticipating the cacophony of such voices elicited by the Humanae Vitae encyclical in 1968. As such, it illustrates the form and force of contrasting and modulating Catholic discourses about love, marriage, and contraception in the post-war period and demonstrates the continuing and critical interplay of religion, infused with the insights of sexology and psychology, when negotiating the sexual and spiritual revolutions of the sixties.

Colonial aesthetics, obscenity trials, masculine hysteria, crime scene photography, sexology, the production and obfuscation of the lesbian throughout modernity, and the contemporary collapse of post-war social housing projects, all intersect in Domestic Optimism – Sexually Dissident Domestic Design, a critical queer and working class reading of architecture, furniture, and modernist aesthetics. The performance enacts forms of inscription, temporal displacements, and slippages from a much-ignored 'sapphic' modernity, making a mess of outdated museum display and exhausted historical legacies. The designer Eileen Gray has been an important figure in the project's research, not as a singular heroic modernist fit for canonization, but as a collectively involved queer woman, part of an extended peer group of dykey women makers in Paris throughout the early twentieth century. Domestic Optimism – Sexually Dissident Domestic Design is the third and last act of a trilogy of works developed by Emma Wolf-Haugh over recent years: The Re-appropriation of Sensuality (re-designing the sex club for dykes, queer women, and trans folk), Sex in Public (marking and performing cruising sites for dykes, queer women, and trans folk), and Domestic Optimism (sexually dissident domestic design). As with the previous two acts, the project engages historically with a queer-feminist bent, and generates its own stages for discourse with collaborative 'Reading Troupe' workshops and zine publication, as well as exhibitions approached through scenography and performance. Emma Wolf-Haugh is a visual artist and educator. Weaving together installation, performance, publishing, and collaborative workshop techniques, she is interested in re-orienting attention in relation to cultural narratives, and develops work from a queer/feminist questioning of what is missing. Her previous experience in theatre and queer DIY club scenes has led to a continuing engagement with the aesthetics of club culture, along with questions of spatial politics and an ...