Suchergebnisse

The management of shared natural resources by Horn of Africa states exerts both positive and negative effects on inter-state relations in the region. On one hand, inability to collaboratively manage these resources for the common good of all states involved risks a trigger to interstate conflict in the region. Conversely, effective and collaborative management of these shared natural resources can provide good avenues for these states to cement their relations for the common good of all parties involved. In line with each state's national interests, huge amounts of capital are spent to develop and protect the resources in the Horn of Africa region. However due to lack of clearly defined policies and inadequate management strategies these resources have been mismanaged and as a result led to conflict, food shortages and environmental problems. The search for aid constantly puts the states in a dilemma, over how to benefit from the resources, creating mistrust among the nations. As a result, numerous effects of these shared resources get to emerge, affecting the interstate relations what could be identified to be the 'tragedy of the commons.

The management of shared natural resources by Horn of Africa states exerts both positive and negative effects on inter-state relations in the region. On one hand, inability to collaboratively manage these resources for the common good of all states involved risks a trigger to interstate conflict in the region. Conversely, effective and collaborative management of these shared natural resources can provide good avenues for these states to cement their relations for the common good of all parties involved. In line with each state's national interests, huge amounts of capital are spent to develop and protect the resources in the Horn of Africa region. However due to lack of clearly defined policies and inadequate management strategies these resources have been mismanaged and as a result led to conflict, food shortages and environmental problems. The search for aid constantly puts the states in a dilemma, over how to benefit from the resources, creating mistrust among the nations. As a result, numerous effects of these shared resources get to emerge, affecting the interstate relations what could be identified to be the 'tragedy of the commons.

AbstractA growing demand for rules that regulate the use of shared or transboundary natural resources is evident. The exploitation of water, oil or other transboundary natural resources in one state may often have consequences that delimit the possibilities of the neighbouring state to exploit the same resources. As natural resources in the boundary areas are expected to be a major source of controversy in the 21st century, it is reasonable to call for the development of norms that would set the minimum requirements for international co-operation and the maximum limits of state sovereignty in the utilisation of transboundary natural resources. The present article addresses the matter by analysing the work of the International Law Commission on the topic of shared natural resources. The Commission faces a difficult challenge as it undertakes to universally regulate a subject matter that is highly technical and politically sensitive and encompasses diverse regional situations. It is argued that the relevance of the work of the International Law Commission in this field and the competence of its legal experts can be questioned, as the Commission balances between too general and too technical an approach to the topic.

1. The dangers threatening mankind -- 1.1 The interrelation of the problems -- 1.2 Natural resources -- 1.3 The food problem -- 1.4 The population problem -- 1.5 The effects on the environment -- 1.6 The significance of technological developments -- 1.7 Distribution of prosperity -- 2. Systems approach as a research method -- 2.1 Research strategy -- 2.2 The model approach -- 3. Seeking general data for a dynamic world-model -- 3.1 Population -- 3.2 Food -- 3.3 Natural resources -- 3.4 Energy -- 3.5 Pollution of the environment -- 3.6 Sharing prosperity -- 4. Basic elements of the building process -- 4.1 Specific input data -- 4.2 The Static approach to the limiting values -- 5. Possibilities for quantitative analysis of housing: test cases -- 5.1 The purpose of the test cases -- 5.2 Carib home in Surinam -- 5.3 Living in developing countries: Ghana development plan -- 5.4 Living in the industrial society -- 5.5 Comparison of test cases -- 6. The simulation model -- 6.1 General scheme of the model -- 6.2 Income trends -- 6.3 Income distribution -- 6.4 Population -- 6.5 Housing requirements -- 6.6 Agriculture and forestry -- 6.7 Pollution -- 6.8 The use of scarce resources -- 6.9 The limits -- 6.10 Simulation model results -- 7. Designing within the limits -- 7.1 Building estimate -- 7.2 Energy consumption and heat insulation -- 7.3 The specification of limits -- 7.4 Design methods -- 7.5 Designs for testing the specification of limits and the design method -- 8. The projects -- 8.1 Urban terraced house (Design: Frits Mastenbroek) -- 8.2 A house in a poor country (Design: Piet Bennehey) -- 8.3 House with own supply facilities: pyramid 2020 (Design: Willem van den Akker and Jan van Middelkoop) -- 9. Conclusions and evaluation -- Appendix A: Some major air pollutants -- Appendix B: Technical life of the house -- Appendix C: Detailed estimates for pyramid 2020 -- Appendix D: Heat and sound insulation.