The article offers an overview of several journals of the "Kalbos kultūra" (Culture of Speech), which were published in 1986-2002 (issues 51-75). It also discusses the established principles of the journal, main changes in its editorial board and contributors as well as the scope of its problems. There are the following issues discussed: restoration of the Lithuanian language as a state language and consolidation of its status; activities of the Lithuanian Language Commission; the theory and strategy of language standardisation; articles on the issues of grammar (syntax and morphology), word formation and lexicon; areas of language practice (office language, onomastics, stylistics). At the end of the article the key principles of the journal are reviewed again: discussing the issues that are important for the society, co-ordinating language practice and language science and keeping to the principle of moderation. There are also aims for the future introduced and discussed.
The article offers an overview of several journals of the "Kalbos kultūra" (Culture of Speech), which were published in 1986-2002 (issues 51-75). It also discusses the established principles of the journal, main changes in its editorial board and contributors as well as the scope of its problems. There are the following issues discussed: restoration of the Lithuanian language as a state language and consolidation of its status; activities of the Lithuanian Language Commission; the theory and strategy of language standardisation; articles on the issues of grammar (syntax and morphology), word formation and lexicon; areas of language practice (office language, onomastics, stylistics). At the end of the article the key principles of the journal are reviewed again: discussing the issues that are important for the society, co-ordinating language practice and language science and keeping to the principle of moderation. There are also aims for the future introduced and discussed.
The article offers an overview of several journals of the "Kalbos kultūra" (Culture of Speech), which were published in 1986-2002 (issues 51-75). It also discusses the established principles of the journal, main changes in its editorial board and contributors as well as the scope of its problems. There are the following issues discussed: restoration of the Lithuanian language as a state language and consolidation of its status; activities of the Lithuanian Language Commission; the theory and strategy of language standardisation; articles on the issues of grammar (syntax and morphology), word formation and lexicon; areas of language practice (office language, onomastics, stylistics). At the end of the article the key principles of the journal are reviewed again: discussing the issues that are important for the society, co-ordinating language practice and language science and keeping to the principle of moderation. There are also aims for the future introduced and discussed.
The article offers an overview of several journals of the "Kalbos kultūra" (Culture of Speech), which were published in 1986-2002 (issues 51-75). It also discusses the established principles of the journal, main changes in its editorial board and contributors as well as the scope of its problems. There are the following issues discussed: restoration of the Lithuanian language as a state language and consolidation of its status; activities of the Lithuanian Language Commission; the theory and strategy of language standardisation; articles on the issues of grammar (syntax and morphology), word formation and lexicon; areas of language practice (office language, onomastics, stylistics). At the end of the article the key principles of the journal are reviewed again: discussing the issues that are important for the society, co-ordinating language practice and language science and keeping to the principle of moderation. There are also aims for the future introduced and discussed.
The article offers an overview of several journals of the "Kalbos kultūra" (Culture of Speech), which were published in 1986-2002 (issues 51-75). It also discusses the established principles of the journal, main changes in its editorial board and contributors as well as the scope of its problems. There are the following issues discussed: restoration of the Lithuanian language as a state language and consolidation of its status; activities of the Lithuanian Language Commission; the theory and strategy of language standardisation; articles on the issues of grammar (syntax and morphology), word formation and lexicon; areas of language practice (office language, onomastics, stylistics). At the end of the article the key principles of the journal are reviewed again: discussing the issues that are important for the society, co-ordinating language practice and language science and keeping to the principle of moderation. There are also aims for the future introduced and discussed.
The subject of the final Master work is about emblematic gestures. The paper aims to analyze and to indicate change of emblematic gestures comparing their usage in different generations. The main tasks carried out in the work are to analyze theoretically and empirically verified data about emblematic gestures, their relationship with verbal code and culture as such, use and change specific features; After doing empirical study interview – the paper also aims to establish and to evaluate differences of emblematic gestures, their usage and their meaning in different generations; to show how emblematic gestures have changed in Lithuania due to last two decades. There are carried out thesis – emblematic gestures change as changes culture in which they are used and comparing emblematic gestures used in different generations, we can make inferences about their change. In order to ground thesis, theoretical data was collected and empirical research was held. The analysis of scientific literature had showed that most of emblematic gestures are cultural borrowings and that their changes in visual form and meaning are influenced by culture. Emblematic gestures as oral language are elements of culture. They are creation and usage in everyday talk. The meaning and form that they gain are influenced by the processes of cultural change and development: creation of material and spiritual values, processes of cultural integration, nivelation, assimilation also the change of political, economical, social context change. As these processes are held new emblems are created or emblems that already exits are transferred from culture to culture. Data from empirical investigation (interview) shows that in different generations different gestures are used, and that they may acquire different meanings. Research also reveals that young tend to use more emblematic gestures. Summarizing the theoretical and empirical data showed that the emblem gestures are sufficiently conservative by nature, as well as oral language is changing quite quickly, in time enough to change two generations of people Master's thesis may be valuable for the students of social and human sciences, especially for international communication, philology, cultural practitioners and researchers. The work contains material that can help to improve intercultural nonverbal communication competence.
The subject of the final Master work is about emblematic gestures. The paper aims to analyze and to indicate change of emblematic gestures comparing their usage in different generations. The main tasks carried out in the work are to analyze theoretically and empirically verified data about emblematic gestures, their relationship with verbal code and culture as such, use and change specific features; After doing empirical study interview – the paper also aims to establish and to evaluate differences of emblematic gestures, their usage and their meaning in different generations; to show how emblematic gestures have changed in Lithuania due to last two decades. There are carried out thesis – emblematic gestures change as changes culture in which they are used and comparing emblematic gestures used in different generations, we can make inferences about their change. In order to ground thesis, theoretical data was collected and empirical research was held. The analysis of scientific literature had showed that most of emblematic gestures are cultural borrowings and that their changes in visual form and meaning are influenced by culture. Emblematic gestures as oral language are elements of culture. They are creation and usage in everyday talk. The meaning and form that they gain are influenced by the processes of cultural change and development: creation of material and spiritual values, processes of cultural integration, nivelation, assimilation also the change of political, economical, social context change. As these processes are held new emblems are created or emblems that already exits are transferred from culture to culture. Data from empirical investigation (interview) shows that in different generations different gestures are used, and that they may acquire different meanings. Research also reveals that young tend to use more emblematic gestures. Summarizing the theoretical and empirical data showed that the emblem gestures are sufficiently conservative by nature, as well as oral language is changing quite quickly, in time enough to change two generations of people Master's thesis may be valuable for the students of social and human sciences, especially for international communication, philology, cultural practitioners and researchers. The work contains material that can help to improve intercultural nonverbal communication competence.
The transition processes in post-soviet area show the lack of knowledge and experiences in conflict resolution, when the authorities, the organisations and individuals have to solve the controversial problems as well as conflicts of interests and values. The first part of the article represents the scope of ideas and practices of conflict resolution and conciliation in international relations. The actions of the Security Council of the UNO and some agreements of the European Conference for Security and Co-operation have been surveyed as having sense of peace-keeping, peace-making and peace-building. In the process of European integration some political and legal mechanisms were approved with the mean to conciliate controversities between the members and candidates of the EU. Using them the European Community functions as a whole, and the process of joining new members is sequent and progressive. The philosophy and experience of conflict resolution and conciliation is applicable in many cases of the states internal affairs. In the next part of the article the author examines applications and development of conciliation procedures in social life of Lithuania. One of such examples is three parts roundtable between representatives of governmental bodies, employers and trade unions on issues of social politics, unemployment, payment etc. developing the rules and incentives for strengthening the culture of conflict resolution in social life serves the new democracy. The next direction in which conciliation and conflict resolution has been used is third party participation in community and family conflicts. Several projects on mediation have been accomplished in Lithuania. They were aimed to train mediators and to educate individuals in what circumstances they may be served by mediators. The author examines in which way peace-making procedures can be used in public administration. The Lithuanian laws regulate some principles of administrating to avoid or prevent disputes between the governmental bodies and the citizen and interest groups as well as (for example one-window rule in servicing the applicator). Lithuania as other post-communist countries has to develop the culture of conflict resolution and conciliation to ensure social and communal stability. ; Transformaciniuose procesuose, kuriuos mes išgyvename, išryškėjo žmonių ir organizacijų, verslo įmonių, valdžios institucijų bendravimo ir bendradarbiavimo, gebėjimo spręsti sudėtingus ir prieštaringus klausimus problemiškumas, vertybių ir interesų konfliktų prevencijos ir valdymo aktualumas. Straipsnyje pristatoma konfliktų sprendimo ir taikinamosios veiklos idėjų ir praktinio patyrimo raida pasaulyje. Apžvelgiamos tos mūsų gyvenimo sritys, kur pradeda rastis kryptinga taikinamoji veikla, svarstomos tolesnės plėtotės galimybės, ypač kreipiant dėmesį į žmogaus santykius su kitais ir į viešąjį administravimą.
The United States of America and France are states that have much in common. The USA has the greatest political, economic and military power in the world, and France held this position before the Second World War. Both, the Unites States and France, were the sources of democratic values in the eighteenth century. Currently the two countries have the same values and objectives for the world community: defence of human rights, promotion of democracy, maintenance of international stability and peace, fight against terrorism. However, France has always opposed the United States on one issue or other. It may be in the realm of international diplomacy, where one can discern a distinct distaste for America's oftproclaimed sole-superpower status, or on matters of culture, where France is always the first to denounce American "cultural imperialism." Lately, Franco – American friction has manifested itself most visibly in the UN Security Council over the Iraq war. Both countries realized the necessity to disarm Iraq yet France opposed the resolution authorizing the war against Iraq. France's antipathy to war, pessimism to crate stability in Iraq and refusal to recognize the leadership of the United States can be conceived as the reasons of the opposition. France is no longer the superpower that it was, and that leads to a strategic difference in how the two countries pursue their goals. [.].
The United States of America and France are states that have much in common. The USA has the greatest political, economic and military power in the world, and France held this position before the Second World War. Both, the Unites States and France, were the sources of democratic values in the eighteenth century. Currently the two countries have the same values and objectives for the world community: defence of human rights, promotion of democracy, maintenance of international stability and peace, fight against terrorism. However, France has always opposed the United States on one issue or other. It may be in the realm of international diplomacy, where one can discern a distinct distaste for America's oftproclaimed sole-superpower status, or on matters of culture, where France is always the first to denounce American "cultural imperialism." Lately, Franco – American friction has manifested itself most visibly in the UN Security Council over the Iraq war. Both countries realized the necessity to disarm Iraq yet France opposed the resolution authorizing the war against Iraq. France's antipathy to war, pessimism to crate stability in Iraq and refusal to recognize the leadership of the United States can be conceived as the reasons of the opposition. France is no longer the superpower that it was, and that leads to a strategic difference in how the two countries pursue their goals. [.].
The United States of America and France are states that have much in common. The USA has the greatest political, economic and military power in the world, and France held this position before the Second World War. Both, the Unites States and France, were the sources of democratic values in the eighteenth century. Currently the two countries have the same values and objectives for the world community: defence of human rights, promotion of democracy, maintenance of international stability and peace, fight against terrorism. However, France has always opposed the United States on one issue or other. It may be in the realm of international diplomacy, where one can discern a distinct distaste for America's oftproclaimed sole-superpower status, or on matters of culture, where France is always the first to denounce American "cultural imperialism." Lately, Franco – American friction has manifested itself most visibly in the UN Security Council over the Iraq war. Both countries realized the necessity to disarm Iraq yet France opposed the resolution authorizing the war against Iraq. France's antipathy to war, pessimism to crate stability in Iraq and refusal to recognize the leadership of the United States can be conceived as the reasons of the opposition. France is no longer the superpower that it was, and that leads to a strategic difference in how the two countries pursue their goals. [.].
The article presents the survey, comparison & evaluation of the concepts of individual & social well-being used in the contemporary social science, with the main attention paid to their value assumptions & problems of measurement. In the neoclassical economics, presently predominant in the economic science, individual well-being is identified with welfare & is defined as satisfaction of informed preferences of an actor. This "welfarist" idea of well-being, accepted also by liberal social philosophy, is consequently subjectivist & formalist. According to the critics of welfarism, this idea is erroneous because it neglects the influence exercised by the production & advertising upon the consumer's desires, & because of its minimalist idea of social welfare, reduced to the concept of Pareto optimum. According to anti-welfarists, the evaluation of well-being should take as its point of departure not individual's wants, but objective human needs, providing the foundation for the substantive (content-rich) concept of well-being as individual's or society's high quality life. However, according to welfarists, the enriching of the idea of "good life" with substance goes hand in hand with the increasing danger of its instrumentalization to legitimate the paternalist suppression of the experiments with the alternative projects of the good life. On the article author's opinion, the reformed welfarist concept of well-being is most acceptable. In this concept, well-being is defined as the satisfaction of agent's informed preferences, which are compatible with her metapreferences. In this definition, values are conceived as wants of wants or metapreferences. Normally, human beings prefer do not have many of those wants, which they have as a matter of fact; they prefer to have some other wants instead of them. Advertising & pop culture do harm for individual well-being inasmuch as they "pollute" agent's wants, "seducing" them to satisfy the wants which they (meta)want do not have. The article closes by advancing a hypothesis, how non-linear character of the relation between the objective & subjective aspects of well-being which was discovered by Ronald F. Inglehart in his research on the value change in the developed countries, could be explained, This hypothesis ex-plains "Inglehart's effect" by the differences in the temporal dynamics & risk of failure characteristic for the consumption & self-realization activities. Adapted from the source document.
