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This book aims at revealing the trends of development of the spoken Polish language in Lithuania and drawing attention to the impact of the Russian, Lithuanian and Belarusian languages on contemporary Polish which is currently used in Lithuania. Based on the results of observing the formal and informal use of the Polish language in a public space as well as in private the publication presents a socio-linguistic approach regarding the issues concerning the language culture. The greatest focus falls on the elimination of the most frequent mistakes penetrating the formal speaking. The didactic teaching resource has been developed based on the programme of contemporary advanced Polish and it is designed for students studying humanitarian sciences in Vilnius University and those who are concerned with correctness of the Polish language. The book consists of theoretical and practical parts; the material of the latter is divided into 12 topics. Each topic is finished with self-control tasks which may be used by students for testing their knowledge and skills. The reference list is provided at the very end of the publication. The fact that Polish is primarily used as the spoken language in Lithuania is taken into consideration in the thesis. The Poles use the Polish language in a private environment, they use it for communication with family members (especially with people of older generations). The language is also used in informal situations in a public space, i.e. when communicating with neighbours and acquaintances. In the latter case other languages are used as well. Almost all Poles residing in Lithuania know three languages (Lithuanian, Russian and Polish); "the new Polish intellectuals" (Kurzowa 1992: 131) speak standard Polish at home. The goal of the lectures is to promote the language culture and linguistic self-awareness as it will influence further linguistic changes. The analysis focuses on lexical changes which have been taking place during the last decades in the language of Lithuanian Polish intellectuals. Linguistic processes which are taking place are similar to the development of the standard Polish language (new terms for economic, political, educational and cultural phenomena emerge, new connotations are attributed to the words); nevertheless, specific features of the Polish language used in Lithuania remain and the development itself is slower. The quality of said changes depends on the impact made by Lithuanian and Russian languages, new words corresponding with the Lithuanian realia are created, new borrowings from Lithuanian and Russian appear, dialecticisms are used as well as linguistic elements of social varieties. The interferential lexis is characteristic of many phraseological novelties related to phenomena of the social and economic nature. Many officially used phraseological novelties have a colloquial connotation; the stylistic and expressive evaluation of the contemporary Polish language are thus neutralised, for instance, stylistic and linguistic means, which do not correspond with the standards of the official language, namely colloquial words, abbreviations, dialecticisms and expressive borrowings, may be observed in mass media. Lectures promote the culture of the Polish language, since the knowledge of the standard Polish language would allow understanding the rapidly changing contemporary Polish culture and participating in the dialogue between Poland and Lithuania.

This book aims at revealing the trends of development of the spoken Polish language in Lithuania and drawing attention to the impact of the Russian, Lithuanian and Belarusian languages on contemporary Polish which is currently used in Lithuania. Based on the results of observing the formal and informal use of the Polish language in a public space as well as in private the publication presents a socio-linguistic approach regarding the issues concerning the language culture. The greatest focus falls on the elimination of the most frequent mistakes penetrating the formal speaking. The didactic teaching resource has been developed based on the programme of contemporary advanced Polish and it is designed for students studying humanitarian sciences in Vilnius University and those who are concerned with correctness of the Polish language. The book consists of theoretical and practical parts; the material of the latter is divided into 12 topics. Each topic is finished with self-control tasks which may be used by students for testing their knowledge and skills. The reference list is provided at the very end of the publication. The fact that Polish is primarily used as the spoken language in Lithuania is taken into consideration in the thesis. The Poles use the Polish language in a private environment, they use it for communication with family members (especially with people of older generations). The language is also used in informal situations in a public space, i.e. when communicating with neighbours and acquaintances. In the latter case other languages are used as well. Almost all Poles residing in Lithuania know three languages (Lithuanian, Russian and Polish); "the new Polish intellectuals" (Kurzowa 1992: 131) speak standard Polish at home. The goal of the lectures is to promote the language culture and linguistic self-awareness as it will influence further linguistic changes. The analysis focuses on lexical changes which have been taking place during the last decades in the language of Lithuanian Polish intellectuals. Linguistic processes which are taking place are similar to the development of the standard Polish language (new terms for economic, political, educational and cultural phenomena emerge, new connotations are attributed to the words); nevertheless, specific features of the Polish language used in Lithuania remain and the development itself is slower. The quality of said changes depends on the impact made by Lithuanian and Russian languages, new words corresponding with the Lithuanian realia are created, new borrowings from Lithuanian and Russian appear, dialecticisms are used as well as linguistic elements of social varieties. The interferential lexis is characteristic of many phraseological novelties related to phenomena of the social and economic nature. Many officially used phraseological novelties have a colloquial connotation; the stylistic and expressive evaluation of the contemporary Polish language are thus neutralised, for instance, stylistic and linguistic means, which do not correspond with the standards of the official language, namely colloquial words, abbreviations, dialecticisms and expressive borrowings, may be observed in mass media. Lectures promote the culture of the Polish language, since the knowledge of the standard Polish language would allow understanding the rapidly changing contemporary Polish culture and participating in the dialogue between Poland and Lithuania.

When examining Polish political thought, one cannot help but notice that what engages Polish thinkers in reflection on the state and society is the problem of freedom. This is a characteristic feature of Polish political thought and is responsible for the special nature of the heritage of Polish political culture. In the secondary literature,the idea even appears that – historically – the fate of Poland and Polish people in the cultural, intellectual, and political spheres can be understood as, on the one hand, a reflection on the "republican paradigm" characteristic of Polish culture, and on the other, as this paradigm's impact (positive or negative) on the history of Polandand Poles. The goal of this article is to attempt to explain the idea of republicanism in the socio-political thought of Joachim Lelewel. In the article, we propose the thesis that if – according to assumptions accepted by scholars – the archetype of every nation is, by definition, unchanging and untranslatable into any other archetype, and Lelewel defines it as republican, then in his view: firstly, Polish republicanism is distinct from European republicanism; and secondly, political life in Poland can only be organized within the bounds of the "republican paradigm." The success of Poland depends upon whether the value of this paradigm will be recognized. However paradoxical it may sound, the requirement for "strong rule" in Poland consists in taking into account the "republican soul" of Poles. We also point to the issue – raised by Lelewel – of the fundamental "distinctness" of the archetype of Polish political culture (which is subsumed within the "republican paradigm") from the archetype of European culture. ; Badając polską myśl polityczną, nie sposób nie zauważyć, że tym, co łączy refleksję polskich myślicieli nad państwem i społeczeństwem, jest problem wolności. Jest on wyróżnikiem polskiej myśli politycznej i stanowi o szczególnym charakterze dorobku polskiej kultury politycznej. Pojawia się nawet sformułowanie, iż koleje losów Polski i Polaków zarówno w sferze kulturowo-intelektualnej, jak i będącej z nią w koniecznym związku historii politycznej, można ująć jako z jednej strony refleksję nad charakterystycznym dla polskiej kultury "paradygmatem republikańskim", a z drugiej jako jego oddziaływanie (pozytywne lub negatywne) na dzieje Polski i Polaków. Celem tego artykułu jest próba zrozumienia idei republikanizmu w myśli społeczno-politycznej Joachima Lelewela, który jest wyrazicielem i apologetą "paradygmatu republikańskiego". W artykule zostaje postawiona teza, iż jeżeli – w myśl przyjętych przez badaczy założeń – archetyp kultury każdego narodu na mocy pojęcia jest niezmienny i nieprzekładalny na inny archetyp, a Lelewel ujmuje go jako republikański – to w jego ujęciu – po pierwsze; republikanizmpolski jest odmienny od republikanizmu europejskiego, po drugie życie polityczne w Polsce można organizować wyłącznie w ramach "paradygmatu republikańskiego". Od uznania wartości tego paradygmatu zależy powodzenie Polski. Jakkolwiek brzmi to paradoksalnie: warunkiem "silnej władzy", stabilnej i skutecznej, jest uwzględnienie przez nią "republikańskiej duszy Polaków". Autorka wskazuje również na podnoszony przez Lelewela problem fundamentalnej "odmienności" archetypu polskiej kultury politycznej, którą tworzy "paradygmat republikański", od archetypu kultury Europy.

The intention of the author of this paper is to present a scientific analysis of the influence of culture and the cultural diplomacy of the European Union on the animation and stimulation of Europe's integration process, which is in a constant state of perturbation and lack of stability. It examines the problem-related approach to the European Union's change and development strategy, including the "Europe 2020" strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth, which envisages the implementation of many new communal initiatives and practical solutions introduced by the European Union, including ones that concern both the cultural sector and the creative and audiovisual sector. The European Union, from 2020 onwards, intends to be ready to reach a high level of employment and efficiency, and a higher level of social integration. To enable this, the European Union must ensure attractive framework conditions for innovation and creativity. In that respect, the cultural sector and the creative and audiovisual sector are the source of groundbreaking ideas which may develop into products and services that could contribute to economic growth and job creation, thereby fighting the crisis and social problems. The economic and social crisis in Europe has also been influencing the world of culture. A series of problematic issues associated with the fragmentation of culture and its inventions are identified, including globalisation and digitalisation, underinvestment, inadequate protection of intellectual property and copyright, and insufficient international cultural cooperation. ; The intention of the author of this paper is to present a scientific analysis of the influence of culture and the cultural diplomacy of the European Union on the animation and stimulation of Europe's integration process, which is in a constant state of perturbation and lack of stability. It examines the problem-related approach to the European Union's change and development strategy, including the "Europe 2020" strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth, which envisages the implementation of many new communal initiatives and practical solutions introduced by the European Union, including ones that concern both the cultural sector and the creative and audiovisual sector. The European Union, from 2020 onwards, intends to be ready to reach a high level of employment and efficiency, and a higher level of social integration. To enable this, the European Union must ensure attractive framework conditions for innovation and creativity. In that respect, the cultural sector and the creative and audiovisual sector are the source of groundbreaking ideas which may develop into products and services that could contribute to economic growth and job creation, thereby fighting the crisis and social problems. The economic and social crisis in Europe has also been influencing the world of culture. A series of problematic issues associated with the fragmentation of culture and its inventions are identified, including globalisation and digitalisation, underinvestment, inadequate protection of intellectual property and copyright, and insufficient international cultural cooperation.

Celem artykułu było zasygnalizowanie głównych kierunków ewolucji polskich obyczajów i postaw politycznych, dających się dostrzec dzięki analizie polskiej parlamentarnej debaty budżetowej przeprowadzanej w okresie 2001–2010. Refleksji poddano tu przebieg pierwszych czytań debat z lat 2001–2010, przy czym przedmiotem uwagi uczyniono dwa pola opisu: ilościowe – uwarunkowania regulaminowe, forma (debata długa, średnia), uczestnicy – liczba, funkcja (we władzy wykonawczej, w parlamencie, w klubie parlamentarnym) oraz jakościowe – wybrane elementy semantyki i pragmatyki języka debaty – poparcie lub odmowa poparcia dla propozycji rządu (tu ograniczono się do dwóch wybranych debat – z 2002 roku i z 2010 roku). Wnioski wynikające z podjętej analizy wskazują na malejące (w przeciwieństwie do deklaracji głoszonych przez jej uczestników) znaczenie debaty budżetowej, na jej pozorną profesjonalizację i rzeczywistą, owocującą zjawiskami związanymi z mediatyzacją i tabloidyzacją polityki, polityzację. ; The aim of the article "Polish political culture in the light of the parliamentary budgetary debates from 2001–2010. Selected aspects" is to point out the main directions of the evolution of the Polish customs and political attitudes that can be seen by analyzing the Polish parliamentary budget debates carried out in the period from 2001–2010. The course of the first debate readings from 2001 to 2010 has been examined, where attention is focused on two areas of description: quantitative – the conditions of the regulations, the form (long or medium debate), the participants, including their number and function (regarding executive power, parliament, and parliamentary club), and qualitative – selected semantic and pragmatic elements of the debate language in support of or opposed to the government proposals (here reduced to the two selected debates from 2002 and 2010). As opposed to the declarations made by the participants, the conclusions resulting from this analysis indicate the decreasing importance of the budget debate, as well as its apparent professionalization and actual politicization, resulting in phenomena related to the mediatization and tabloidization of politics.

Zamierzeniem autorki niniejszego artykułu jest naukowa analiza wpływu kultury i dyplomacji kulturalnej Unii Europejskiej na pobudzanie i stymulowanie procesu integracji Europy, który pozostaje dziś w nieustannym zaburzeniu i braku stabilności. Chodzi tu o problemowe podejście do unijnych strategii zmiany i rozwoju, w tym strategii "Europa 2020" - na rzecz inteligentnego i zrównoważonego rozwoju sprzyjającego włączeniu społecznemu, które zakładają realizację wielu nowych unijnych wspólnotowych inicjatyw i rozwiązań praktycznych, także tych dotyczących sektora kultury oraz sektora kreatywnego i audiowizualnego. Unia Europejska po roku 2020 zamierza być gotowa do osiągnięcia wysokiego stopnia zatrudnienia i wydajności oraz większej spójności społecznej. Aby to było realne Unia musi zapewnić bardziej atrakcyjne warunki ramowe dla innowacji i kreatywności. Pod tym względem sektor kultury oraz sektor kreatywny i audiowizualny są źródłem nowatorskich pomysłów, które mogą zamienić się w produkty i usługi przyczyniające się do wzrostu gospodarczego i tworzenia miejsc pracy, pomagając stawić czoła kryzysowi i problemom społecznym. Kryzys gospodarczy i społeczny w Europie rozprzestrzenia się również na świat kultury. Identyfikujemy tu katalog trudno rozwiązywalnych problemów związanych z rozdrobnieniem sfery kultury i jego wytworów, globalizacją i digitalizacją, niedoinwestowaniem, niewłaściwą ochroną własności intelektualnej i praw autorskich oraz niewystarczającą międzynarodową współpracą kulturalną. ; The intention of the author of this paper is to present a scientific analysis of the influence of culture and the cultural diplomacy of the European Union on the animation and stimulation of Europe's integration process, which is in a constant state of perturbation and lack of stability. It examines the problem-related approach to the European Union's change and development strategy, including the "Europe 2020" strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth, which envisages the implementation of many new communal initiatives and practical solutions introduced by the European Union, including ones that concern both the cultural sector and the creative and audiovisual sector. The European Union, from 2020 onwards, intends to be ready to reach a high level of employment and efficiency, and a higher level of social integration. To enable this, the European Union must ensure attractive framework conditions for innovation and creativity. In that respect, the cultural sector and the creative and audiovisual sector are the source of groundbreaking ideas which may develop into products and services that could contribute to economic growth and job creation, thereby fighting the crisis and social problems. The economic and social crisis in Europe has also been influencing the world of culture. A series of problematic issues associated with the fragmentation of culture and its inventions are identified, including globalisation and digitalisation, underinvestment, inadequate protection of intellectual property and copyright, and insufficient international cultural cooperation.

The body of the article goes on to discuss the problem of electoral culture transformation from authoritarian practices to a democratic model in Ukraine. The application of the methodological approaches of modern political science, formed in the Anglo-American political science discourse, made it possible for author to substantiate that it was the period between 2014 and 2018 that facilitated democratic positive tendency in the electoral culture of Ukraine. It should be articulated, that, of particular importance were civilization factors. European civilization constants, rooted in historical traditions, spiritual and cultural values and national mentality peculiarities, have a significant impact on voters' electoral preferences. Noteworthy, they impose on electors' decision to choose a certain national political leader, who has finally established himself as a European-style politician. Furthermore, such archetypes of Ukrainians' political consciousness as statism, collectivism, political radicalism are manifested in their electoral culture as a market-orientation when in power, which to some extent inhibit the final approval of the democratic model of electoral culture in Ukraine. ; Autorzy przeprowadzają analizę transformacji kultury wyborczej na Ukrainie od praktyk autorytarnych do modelu demokratycznego. Korzystanie z reguł metodologicznych współczesnej nauki politycznej, ukształtowanych w angielsko-amerykańskim dyskursie politologicznym, umożliwiły uzasadnienie tego, że zmiany w kulturze wyborczej Ukrainy w kierunku demokratyzacji stały się możliwe w latach 2014–2018. W tym procesie istotną rolę pełniły również czynniki o charakterze cywilizacyjnym. Europejskie stałe cywilizacyjne w postaci tradycji historycznych, wartości kulturowe oraz cechy mentalności mają istotny wpływ na preferencje elektoralne wyborców. Właśnie one kształtują wybór określonego rodzaju narodowego lidera politycznego, który współcześnie ostatecznie uzyskał cechy polityka europejskiego. Jednocześnie pewne archetypy świadomości politycznej Ukraińców – etatyzm, kolektywizm, radykalizm polityczny, uwidoczniają się w ich kulturze wyborczej w postaci orientacji na partię władzy, które z pewnym stopniu hamują ostatecznie zadomowienie się modelu demokratycznego kultury wyborczej na Ukrainie. ; Авторы анализируют процесс трансформации электоральной культуры в Украине от авторитарных практик к демократической модели. Использование методологических принципов современной политической науки, сформированных в англо-американском политологическом дискурсе, позволили обосновать, что изменения в электоральной культуре Украины в направлении демократизации стали возможны в период 2014–2018 годов. В этом процессе существенную роль сыграли и факторы цивилизационного характера. Европейские цивилизационные константы в виде исторических традиций, культурных ценностей и особенностей менталитета существенно влияют на электоральные предпочтения избирателей. Именно они формируют выбор определенного типа национального политического лидера, который сегодня окончательно приобрел черты европейского политика. В то же время, определенные архетипы политического сознания украинцев – этатизм, коллективизм, политический радикализм, проявляются в их электоральной культуре в виде ориентаций на партию власти, которые в определенной степени тормозят окончательное утверждение демократической модели электоральной культуры в Украине.