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Abstract Background Few studies have comprehensively described tropical respiratory disease surveillance in military populations. There is also a lack of studies comparing clinical characteristics of the non-influenza pathogens with influenza and amongst themselves. Methods From May 2009 through October 2012, 7733 consenting cases of febrile respiratory illness (FRI) (temperature [greater than or equal to]37.5degreesC with cough or sorethroat) and controls in the Singapore military had clinical data and nasal washes collected prospectively. Nasal washes underwent multiplex PCR, and the analysis was limited to viral mono-infections. Results 49% of cases tested positive for at least one virus, of whom 10% had multiple infections. 53% of the FRI cases fulfilled the definition of influenza-like illness (ILI), of whom 52% were positive for at least one virus. The most frequent etiologies for mono-infections among FRI cases were Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 (13%), Influenza B (13%) and coxsackevirus (9%). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of ILI for influenza among FRI cases were 72%, 48%, 40% and 69% respectively. On logistic regression, there were marked differences in the prevalence of different symptoms and signs between viruses with fever more prevalent amongst influenza and adenovirus infections than other viruses. Conclusion There are multiple viral etiologies for FRI and ILI with differing clinical symptoms in the Singapore military. Influenza and coxsackevirus were the most common etiology for FRI, while influenza and adenoviruses displayed the most febrile symptoms. Further studies should explore these differences and possible interventions.

The Covid-19 pandemic which has spread in various countries has a severe impact on all sectors in every country, especially the economic and tourism sectors. One of which is Singapore, which has closed access to foreign tourism with a lockdown policy and has progressively implemented a series of steps to reduce the risk of a wider spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in the community. Singapore has managed to maintain sustainable tourism over the years. Several tourist attractions in Singapore have resumed operations after being closed for several months. Indonesia was the market for the first largest source of income from tourism for Singapore for five consecutive years in 2016. This study aims to determine the perception of Indonesian travelers to return to tourism after the Singapore government reopened tourism to foreign countries. The research method used is quantitative, the sampling technique uses non-probability sampling and a sample of 285 respondents is obtained. The analytical tool used Path analysis and the hypothesis uses a significance test using the Partial Least Square Structural Equation Model (PLS SEM). The results of this study indicate that destination attractiveness, tourist motivation, accessibility, and risk perception can directly revisit the intention of Indonesian tourists to travel in Singapore. Then, destination attractiveness and tourist motivation can affect the revisit intention of Indonesian tourists to travel back to Singapore after the Covid-19 outbreak.

By 2030, Singapore's elderly will make up a staggering 19% of the population. With such a large proportion of people becoming old, it is timely to pay some attention to the broad spectrum of legal issues surrounding elder. Several sociological and statistical studies have been done on the elderly Singapore, yet relatively little has been written on the law relating to them. Much of the present legislation which directly or indirectly addresses problems of the elderly in Singapore relate to their financial arrangements. Examples of these are provisions relating to withdrawal of Central Provident Fund (CPF) monies and the age of retirement. This article explores selected issues relating to financial support of Singapore's elderly, and highlights some aread in which the law does and can further play an effective role to safeguard their interests. Other equally important issues on housing, succession, divorce, capacity, elder abuse and crimes that impact the elderly are left for discusssion elsewhere.

'Southeast Asian Identities: Culture and the Politics of Representation in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand' edited by Joel S. Kahn is reviewed.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine movements of the Singapore dollar exchange rate against the US dollar.Design/methodology/approachAn extended open macroeconomic model with the IS, LM, and AS functions and comparative static analysis are employed and applied. The Newey‐West method is employed to estimate consistent estimates for the standard error and covariance when the forms of both autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity are unknown.FindingsThe real exchange rate in Singapore is negatively associated with real M1, country risk, the real US treasury bill rate, and a binary variable for the period since the Asian financial crisis, and positively influenced by the real stock price, world output, and the amount of foreign exchange reserves. Real government deficit spending is statistically insignificant.Research limitations/implicationsOther exchange rate models may be considered and compared.Practical implicationsThe Reserve Bank of Singapore may use the outcomes of this paper as a reference in monitoring exchange rate movements. Among others, changes in country risk, stock values, foreign exchange, the world interest rate, and world output are expected to influence the exchange rate.Originality/valueSeveral important variables such as country risk, the Asian financial crisis, stock values, and the amount of foreign exchange are included to find their impacts on the exchange rate.

Background:Some studies have suggested ethnicity as being one of the causes leading to a longer duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) in first episode psychosis.Aim:We sought to investigate this issue, in a large cohort of patients with a first episode of psychosis, in Singapore.Method:In this naturalistic retrospective study, 794 patients accepted into Early Psychosis Intervention Programme (EPIP) services in Singapore were recruited. Diagnosis was made based on SCID 1 (Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV), Axis I Disorders). Information about DUP and sociodemographic characteristics was collected from patients and relatives. Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS) and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) Scale were used as tools to assess the severity of symptoms and functioning of the patient, respectively, at baseline, 3, 6, 12 and 24  months.Results:The mean and 50th quantile (median) of DUP for this sample were 14.2 and 6, respectively. The mean and median DUP were higher among Indians than in the other ethnic groups. After adjusting for demographic variables, Indian ethnicity was significantly associated with higher median and 75th Percentile DUP than Chinese. Secondary and tertiary education and diagnosis of affective psychosis and brief psychotic disorder (vs. schizophrenia spectrum and delusional disorder) were also significantly associated with lower mean, median and 75th percentile DUP symptoms. Increase in age was significantly associated with higher mean, median and 75th percentile DUP while married and separated/divorced (vs. single) was significantly associated with lower mean and 75th percentile DUP.Conclusion:This study found a positive correlation between certain ethnic groups and DUP. Indian ethnicity, older age, single, lower education and patients diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum and delusional disorders were more likely to be associated with longer DUP.