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This article aims to show an overview of Singapore, a country that today is recognized worldwide as a financial and business center for the stability of its government and the strength of its economy. In addition, it seeks to expose some of the achievements made by this economy and the type of policies implemented to achieve the status it enjoys today. Subsequently, the advances in bilateral relations between Colombia and Singapore are presented, to finally conclude with an opinion on what Colombia should learn from Singapore to achieve economic development that allows to raise the standard of living of its inhabitants, being key to this process the education of its population and the benefit that Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) brings to countries that know how to take advantage of it, from the point of view of knowledge absorption. ; En este artículo se pretende mostrar un panorama general de Singapur, país que hoy por hoy es reconocido mundialmente como centro financiero y de negocios por la estabilidad de su gobierno y la fortaleza de su economía. Además, se busca exponer algunos de los logros alcanzados por esta economía y el tipo de políticas implementadas para alcanzar el estatus del que goza hoy en día. Posteriormente, se presentan los avances en materia de relaciones bilaterales entre Colombia y Singapur, para finalmente concluir con una opinión sobre lo que Colombia debería aprender de Singapur para alcanzar un desarrollo económico que permita elevar el nivel de vida de sus habitantes, siendo clave para este proceso la educación de su población y el beneficio que trae la Inversión Extranjera Directa (IED) a los países que saben aprovecharla, desde el punto de vista de la absorción de conocimiento.

Singapore, considered an unfeasible country before 1960, became a world model today. Registering some of the best indexes globally, in several aspects: it is one of the largest financial and commerce centers in the world; it is the second most important port, with greater volume of activity; its water resource management policies and infrastructures are some of the most efficient; It is classified as the third country with the highest income per capita at a global level, in addition to being among the first countries in the international lists of education, health, political transparency and economic competitiveness. ; Singapur, considerado un país inviable antes de 1960, pasó a ser un modelo mundial en la actualidad. Registrando algunos de los mejores índices a nivel global, en varios aspectos: es uno de los centros financieros y de comercio más grandes del mundo; es el segundo puerto más importante, con mayor volumen de actividad; sus políticas e infraestructuras de manejo del recurso hídrico son unas de las más eficientes; se clasifica como el tercer país con mayor ingreso per cápita a nivel global, además de figurar entre los primeros países en las listas internacionales de educación, sanidad, transparencia política y competitividad económica.

The study seeks to differentiate between the economic development model of Singapore and that of Panama. Its importance lies in determining the macroeconomic variables that comprise GDP, the inflation rate, foreign direct investment, and employment, in which Singapore obtains more significant levels than Panama. The behavior of Singapore's economy since the 1960s has been growing and constant. Education was a determining factor in its model of economic development. The use of a Confucian philosophy constituted the ideological philosophical model that united Singapore's society, establishing long-term objectives and an indissoluble unity in government policies from 1965 to the present. In the ideological model of Panama, an ideological and integrating factor of society was not observed. In this comparative study, one impact-determining variable was observed: The Confucian philosophy linked to the educational model, which helped to further enhance the economic development of Singapore. ; El estudio busca establecer diferenciación entre el modelo de desarrollo económico de Singapur y el de Panamá. Su importancia radica en determinar las variables causales de la disimilitud. Los resultados más importantes del estudio se basan en variables macroeconómicas que comprenden el PIB, la tasa de inflación, la inversión extrajera directa y el empleo, en las que Singapur obtiene niveles más significativos que el de Panamá. El comportamiento de la economía de Singapur, a partir de los años sesenta, ha sido creciente y constante. La educación fue un factor determinante en su modelo de desarrollo económico. El uso de una filosofía confuciana constituyó el factor filosófico ideológico que cohesionó a la sociedad de Singapur estableciéndose objetivos a largo plazo y una unidad indisoluble en las políticas de gobierno desde el año 1965 hasta la fecha. En el modelo de desarrollo económico de Panamá, no se observó un factor ideológico e integrador de la sociedad. En este estudio comparativo se observó una variable determinante de impacto: la filosofía confuciana vinculada al modelo educativo la cual coadyuvó a potenciar aún más el desarrollo económico de Singapur.

The study seeks to differentiate between the economic development model of Singapore and that of Panama. Its importance lies in determining the macroeconomic variables that comprise GDP, the inflation rate, foreign direct investment, and employment, in which Singapore obtains more significant levels than Panama. The behavior of Singapore's economy since the 1960s has been growing and constant. Education was a determining factor in its model of economic development. The use of a Confucian philosophy constituted the ideological philosophical model that united Singapore's society, establishing long-term objectives and an indissoluble unity in government policies from 1965 to the present. In the ideological model of Panama, an ideological and integrating factor of society was not observed. In this comparative study, one impact-determining variable was observed: The Confucian philosophy linked to the educational model, which helped to further enhance the economic development of Singapore. ; El estudio busca establecer diferenciación entre el modelo de desarrollo económico de Singapur y el de Panamá. Su importancia radica en determinar las variables causales de la disimilitud. Los resultados más importantes del estudio se basan en variables macroeconómicas que comprenden el PIB, la tasa de inflación, la inversión extrajera directa y el empleo, en las que Singapur obtiene niveles más significativos que el de Panamá. El comportamiento de la economía de Singapur, a partir de los años sesenta, ha sido creciente y constante. La educación fue un factor determinante en su modelo de desarrollo económico. El uso de una filosofía confuciana constituyó el factor filosófico ideológico que cohesionó a la sociedad de Singapur estableciéndose objetivos a largo plazo y una unidad indisoluble en las políticas de gobierno desde el año 1965 hasta la fecha. En el modelo de desarrollo económico de Panamá, no se observó un factor ideológico e integrador de la sociedad. En este estudio comparativo se observó una variable determinante de impacto: la filosofía confuciana vinculada al modelo educativo la cual coadyuvó a potenciar aún más el desarrollo económico de Singapur.

Singapur es una isla y una ciudad-Estado con una estructura administrativa funcional y adecuada que le ha permitido tener un manejo controlado del desarrollo urbano y una aplicación transparente de las leyes; esto último, ha sido eje clave que respalda y soporta las iniciativas de transformación hacia la sustentabilidad. El pequeño tamaño de Singapur y el alto valor de la tierra dieron lugar a una política particular de propiedad de la tierra, con apartamentos de viviendas en propiedad privada y propiedad pública, muy ligada a las políticas de infraestructura. La elevada proporción de viviendas públicas ha permitido una integración de los servicios, incluido el transporte público por carretera y ferrocarril, así como el gas natural, la electricidad y los servicios de agua. Singapur ocupa los primeros lugares en varias categorías que evalúan aspectos económicos, sociales y ambientales: destacando su desarrollo sustentable, competitividad global, potenciadores de eficiencia, desarrollo humano, calidad de vida, ciudades verdes, control de emisión de residuos y tratamiento de agua. ; Singapore is, at the same time, an island and a city-state with very few levels of government. It has an adequate local administrative structure that has allowed it to have a controlled management of its development and a transparent application of the laws; the latter, a key axis that supports initiatives to transform towards sustainability. Singapore's small size and high land value resulted in a policy that has achieved a mix of land ownership and privately-owned housing and publicly owned apartments. This has been closely linked to infrastructure policies. The high proportion of public housing has enabled the integration of services, including public road and rail transport, as well as natural gas, electricity and water services. Singapore ranks at the top of various economic, social and environmental benchmarks in the world; in short, they indicate their sustainable development, among which stand out: global competitiveness, efficiency enhancers, human development, quality of life, green cities, waste emission control and water treatment. ; Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (México). Unidad Azcapotzalco.

In 2011 the Intellectual Property Office of Singapore (IPOS) brought public servants together to form a community of practice (CoP) in intellectual property management (IPM) with the purpose of increasing the competencies of public service employees and hence increase the capability of government ministries and agencies. Ipos's CoP forms part of a bigger picture of IPM strategy in the public service, encompassed by transversal governmental plans to drive Singapore towards a knowledge economy that leverages on intellectual property (IP). This initiative has brought together more than 400 IP practitioners from 67 public agencies and it is considered one of the more successful CoPs in the public service in Singapore. This case study uses empirical evidence based on semi-structured interviews with different members of the CoP to analyze the origin, development and practice of Ipos's CoP. We conclude that the CoP developed by IPOS is an innovative model for building IPM capabilities that could be followed by other governments and organizations. ; En 2011, la Oficina de Propiedad Intelectual de Singapur (IPOS) creó una comunidad de práctica (CoP) en la gestión de propiedad intelectual con el propósito de aumentar las competencias de los empleados de la administración pública y la capacidad de los ministerios y agencias del Gobierno. La CoP de ipos forma parte de una estrategia amplia en el sector público que abarca planes gubernamentales transversales para dirigir a Singapur hacia una economía del conocimiento que se beneficie plenamente de la propiedad intelectual (pi). Esta iniciativa ha reunido a más de 400 profesionales de la pi de 67 instituciones públicas y es considerada una de las CoP más exitosas en la administración pública en Singapur. El presente estudio de caso utiliza evidencia empírica por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas con diferentes miembros de la CoP de IPOS, para analizar su origen, desarrollo y práctica. Se concluye que la CoP desarrollada por IPOS es un modelo innovador para la creación de competencias en la gestión de la PI que puede ser seguido por otros gobiernos y organizaciones.

Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (México). Unidad Azcapotzalco. ; Singapur es una isla y una ciudad-Estado con una estructura administrativa funcional y adecuada que le ha permitido tener un manejo controlado del desarrollo urbano y una aplicación transparente de las leyes; esto último, ha sido eje clave que respalda y soporta las iniciativas de transformación hacia la sustentabilidad. El pequeño tamaño de Singapur y el alto valor de la tierra dieron lugar a una política particular de propiedad de la tierra, con apartamentos de viviendas en propiedad privada y propiedad pública, muy ligada a las políticas de infraestructura. La elevada proporción de viviendas públicas ha permitido una integración de los servicios, incluido el transporte público por carretera y ferrocarril, así como el gas natural, la electricidad y los servicios de agua. Singapur ocupa los primeros lugares en varias categorías que evalúan aspectos económicos, sociales y ambientales: destacando su desarrollo sustentable, competitividad global, potenciadores de eficiencia, desarrollo humano, calidad de vida, ciudades verdes, control de emisión de residuos y tratamiento de agua. ; Singapore is, at the same time, an island and a city-state with very few levels of government. It has an adequate local administrative structure that has allowed it to have a controlled management of its development and a transparent application of the laws; the latter, a key axis that supports initiatives to transform towards sustainability. Singapore's small size and high land value resulted in a policy that has achieved a mix of land ownership and privately-owned housing and publicly owned apartments. This has been closely linked to infrastructure policies. The high proportion of public housing has enabled the integration of services, including public road and rail transport, as well as natural gas, electricity and water services. Singapore ranks at the top of various economic, social and environmental benchmarks in the world; in short, they indicate their sustainable development, among which stand out: global competitiveness, efficiency enhancers, human development, quality of life, green cities, waste emission control and water treatment.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the references on the History of ancient Rome, in particular, and on the Classical Antiquity, that are present in the most famous novel by British writer J. G. Farrell (1935-1979): "The site of Krishnapur" which, along with his works "Troubles" (1970) and "The Singapore Grip" (1978); composed his famous trilogy about the decline of the British Empire and the political and social consequences that this entailed. This trilogy has been greatly praised by critics and readers around the world. ; El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las referencias sobre la historia de la antigua Roma en particular, y la Antigüedad clásica en general, presentes en la novela más conocida del escritor británico J.G. Farrell (1935-1979): "El sitio de Krishnapur" que, junto con sus obras "Troubles" (1970) y "The Singapore Grip" (1978) componen su conocida trilogía sobre la decadencia del Imperio Británico y las consecuencias políticas y sociales que este hecho acarreó. Esta trilogía ha sido enormemente alabada por crítica y lectores en todo el mundo.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the references about the History of ancient Rome, in particular, and about the Classical Antiquity; that are present in the most famous novel by British writer J. G. Farrell (1935‐1979): "The Siege of Krishnapur" which, along with his works ʺTroublesʺ (1970) and "The Singapore Grip" (1978); composed his famous trilogy about the decline of the British Empire and the political and social consequences that this entailed. This trilogy has been greatly praised by critics and readers around the world. ; El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las referencias sobre la historia de la antigua Roma en particular, y la Antigüedad clásica en general, presentes en la novela más conocida del escritor británico J.G. Farrell (1935‐1979): "The Siege of Krishnapur" que, junto con sus obras "Troubles" (1970) y "The Singapore Grip" (1978) componen su conocida trilogía sobre la decadencia del Imperio Británico y las consecuencias políticas y sociales que este hecho acarreó. Esta trilogía ha sido enormemente alabada por crítica y lectores en todo el mundo.

This paper analyzes in depth and with a focus on the future the dynamic context, relationships, scope and impacts of the strategy designed by these new world partners –called the Economic Partnership Agreement-Pacific 3 to be formalized during 2005– to jointly face the challenges that presents globalization to small democratic countries with open and competitive economies. Especially in terms of the promotion, defense and action regarding their common visions and interests in the multiple areas of the Pacific and in their effort to enhance and capitalize on their advantages that allow them to increase the development and well-being of their populations. ; El presente artículo analiza en profundidad y con foco de futuro el contexto dinámico, las relaciones, alcances e impactos de la estrategia diseñada por estos socios del nuevo mundo –denominado Acuerdo de Asociación Económica- Pacífico Tres a formalizarse durante 2005– para enfrentar conjuntamente los desafíos que presenta la globalización a pequeños países democráticos con economías abiertas y competitivas. Especialmente en cuanto a la promoción, defensa y accionar respecto de sus visiones e intereses comunes en los múltiples ámbitos del Pacífico y en su esfuerzo por potenciar y capitalizar sus ventajas que les permitan acrecentar el desarrollo y el bienestar de sus poblaciones.

The development of efficient logistics plays a crucial role in national trade competitiveness. The present study aims to determine Mexico´s foreign trade logistics competitiveness with respect to the largest economies of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation in 2012. The study considers three key variables: customs, international transport and logistics services. It uses a principal components analysis to compute a foreign trade logisticscompetitiveness index. The results indicate that the three variables have a direct and significant impact on international trade logistics competitiveness. According to the analyzed variables, the most competitive countries are, in descending order, Panama, China, Singapore, Korea and Thailand. The study identifies improvement opportunities for Mexico on the logistics and customs factors. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published

[EN] The publication of the last TIMSS' report (2017) embosses the necessity to keep performing studies that value comparatively the patterns followed by different countries, to introduce improvements that mean developments on the learning systems. Educational politics need data to fundament their positions on changes that will facilitate the professional and social development of the population. The objective of the article is to perform a comparative study of the educative efficiency of countries from two very cultural separated continents but with formative qualifications, in occasions, very nearby. Primarily, there will be obtained the levels of efficiency in mathematics and science between only European countries, and in continuation, the sample will be enlarged with Asian countries to check which one of these highlights against the Europeans. The empirical analysis will be performed through the technic DEA from TIMSS corresponding to 2015. The results show pretty high efficiency levels on the simple of European countries, therefore, with Little effort they could reach the maximum level. England, Russia and Norway highlight as countries completely efficient on both subjects and analyzed degrees. When introducing on the analysis the Asian countries, the variability of the simple increases and only Norway and England are capable of competing and keeping themselves on the maximum levels of efficiency besides the Asians placed on the first positions of TIMSS, such as Singapore or Korea. Therefore, in some countries coincidences between the TIMSS valuations and the efficiency level obtained are accomplished, such as Russia, Korea, England, Japan, Singapore or Hong Kong. Nevertheless, other not so well valued countries obtain high efficiency levels, proving the necessity to increase the use of inputs to improve the academic performance, like in the case of Kuwait ; [ES] La publicación del último informe de TIMSS (2017) pone de relieve la necesidad de seguir realizando estudios que valoren comparativamente los ...

45 74 380 ; S ; [EN] The publication of the last TIMSS' report (2017) embosses the necessity to keep performing studies that value comparatively the patterns followed by different countries, to introduce improvements that mean developments on the learning systems. Educational politics need data to fundament their positions on changes that will facilitate the professional and social development of the population. The objective of the article is to perform a comparative study of the educative efficiency of countries from two very cultural separated continents but with formative qualifications, in occasions, very nearby. Primarily, there will be obtained the levels of efficiency in mathematics and science between only European countries, and in continuation, the sample will be enlarged with Asian countries to check which one of these highlights against the Europeans. The empirical analysis will be performed through the technic DEA from TIMSS corresponding to 2015. The results show pretty high efficiency levels on the simple of European countries, therefore, with Little effort they could reach the maximum level. England, Russia and Norway highlight as countries completely efficient on both subjects and analyzed degrees. When introducing on the analysis the Asian countries, the variability of the simple increases and only Norway and England are capable of competing and keeping themselves on the maximum levels of efficiency besides the Asians placed on the first positions of TIMSS, such as Singapore or Korea. Therefore, in some countries coincidences between the TIMSS valuations and the efficiency level obtained are accomplished, such as Russia, Korea, England, Japan, Singapore or Hong Kong. Nevertheless, other not so well valued countries obtain high efficiency levels, proving the necessity to increase the use of inputs to improve the academic performance, like in the case of Kuwait ; [ES] La publicación del último informe de TIMSS (2017) pone de relieve la necesidad de seguir realizando estudios que valoren ...

Agradecimientos; Introducción; Principales lineamientos de las políticas migratorias en Estados Unidos; Inmigrantes en el mercado laboral de Estados Unidos; La Unión Europea: ¿hacia un mercado laboral único?; La inmigración extranjera en Europa: el análisis del caso España; La migración en los países de la ASEAN: el caso de Singapur ; The authors analize both the migratory flows, and state politics to control and regulate them in the last decades, in three countries: the United States, Spain and Singapur. Their main thesis is that modern states try to control or regulate migratory flows depending on their current economic or political junctures. ; El punto de partida de Políticas migratorias y movilidad laboral en Estados Unidos, España y Singapur es que los Estados modernos intentan controlar o regular los flujos migratorios, dependiendo de coyunturas económicas y políticas específicas, determinadas por la coexistencia de intereses económicos y sociales contrapuestos, manifiestos en diferentes posturas acerca de quiénes deben admitirse como inmigrantes y bajo qué condiciones. Reconciliar tales diferencias para generar políticas acordes a la cambiante realidad que suscita la migración con fines laborales ha sido siempre una desafiante y difícil empresa, lo cual obliga a los Estados a reformular, no siempre con éxito, la lógica de sus acciones al respecto. Todo ello es lo que se descubre con la lectura de esta obra. ; Esta obra analiza las políticas migratorias y los flujos migratorios laborales en las últimas décadas en tres países: Estados Unidos, España y Singapur. Su punto de partida es que los Estados modernos intentan controlar o regular las corrientes migratorias en función de coyunturas económicas y políticas específicas. Estas coyunturas están determinadas por la coexistencia en cada país de intereses económicos y sociales contrapuestos, que se manifiestan en diferentes posturas con respecto a quiénes deben de ser admitidos como inmigrantes y bajo qué condiciones. Reconciliar estas diferencias para ...

This study shows the pattern of manufacturers in Puerto Rico which have closed or relocated somewhere else, and their relationship with governmental incentives to set up those plants in governmental buildings over the period 2005-2011. Data was obtained from statistical reports on manufacturers from the Workforce Development Administration belonging to Puerto Rico Labor Department. The information regarding property deeds (land and building) was obtained from statistical reports on rental files from Puerto Rico Industrial Development Company. Data suggests that companies have been relocated to different countries in the last few years, either to countries with intensive workforce (e.g. Mexico and Dominican Republic) or intensive technology (e.g. Singapore and Canada). Moreover, multinationals's work transfer have a significant impact on the re-evaluation of the incentive strategy for economic growth in Puerto Rico. Over 50% of the companies which have transferred/closed operations had that type of incentives. This means that strategies involving incentives on building rentals are not strong enough to retain manufacturers in Puerto Rico.