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The ultimate beginnings of this book lie in the interest that we the editors have expressed in the role that socioeconomic structures have played in determining the varying language choices speakers make in situations of language contact and multilingualism. Contrary to the received doctrine in the scholarship on language endangerment and loss, we have argued that globalization as discussed especially by economists accounts only partly for the spread of English as the foremost lingua franca of business, diplomacy, and science and technology around the world. It plays a negligible role in the general demise of indigenous languages and the death of nondominant European languages in former European settlement colonies, which is contrary to the fate of the vast majority of indigenous languages in the former exploitation colonies of Africa and Asia, where large numbers of small populations, typically rural, have maintained their ethnic vernaculars.

Intro -- Normativity in Language and Linguistics -- Editorial page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Table of contents -- Foreword -- Norms and normativity in language and linguistics: Basic concepts and contextualisation -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Concepts and terms -- 2.1 Norms in general -- 2.2 Rules and principles: Central features -- 3. A historical perspective -- 4. The present volume: Outline and contextualisation -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Concerning the scope of normativity -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Generalities -- 2.1 Truth as norm -- 2.2 On knowledge and belief -- 2.3 The dual nature of beliefs -- 2.4 Descriptive vs. prescriptive attitude vis-à-vis norms -- 3. Semantics -- 3.1 Necessary truth as the basis of philosophical/linguistic semantics -- 3.2 Necessary truth as an exemplification of normativity -- 3.3 Normativity prevails over psychology/cognition -- 3.4 Linguistic vs. cognitive semantics -- 4. Rational explanation -- 4.1 Definition -- 4.2 Justification in three different situations -- 4.2.1 No laws -- 4.2.2 Statistical laws -- 4.2.3 Universal (= deterministic) laws -- 4.3 Theoretical vs. practical reasoning -- 4.3.1 Two inverse types of inference -- 4.3.2 Sufficient vs. necessary conclusions of practical reasoning -- 4.4 Conclusion -- 5. The implicit normativity of everyday life -- 6. Epilogue -- References -- Norms of language: What kinds and where from? Insights from phenomenology -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Some basic concepts and insights of phenomenology -- 2.1 What is phenomenology? -- 2.2 Intentionality and intuition -- 2.3 Operative intentionality and embodied intersubjectivity -- 2.4 Life world, typification and sedimentation -- 2.5 Summary -- 3. Itkonen on language norms, accessible by intuitions -- 3.1 Norms of correctness and rationality -- 3.2 Intuitions and their objects.

This research deals with pragmatic linguistics in the light of the Arabic linguistic theory by addressing the emergence of this field, its concept and its cognitive dimensions, as well as its most important tools in the field of linguistic, rhetorical and discourse analysis, with reference to the points of convergence between it and the Arabic theory, where pragmatics is a field of knowledge in its own right. His references and principles, he studies the language depending on the contexts contained in it, as well as the situation of the interlocutors and the extent of their influence on each other through it, which is what the various Arab argumentative theories discuss

"All aspects of illness and healthcare are mediated by language: experiences of illness, death and healthcare provision are talked and written about (face-to-face or online), while medical consultations, research interviews, public health communications and even some diagnostic instruments are all inherently linguistic in nature. How we talk to, about and for each other in such a sensitive context has consequences for our relationships, our sense of self, how we understand and reason about our health, as well as for the quality care we receive. Yet, linguistic analysis has been conspicuously absent from the mainstream of medical education, health communication training and even the medical or health humanities. The chapters in this volume bring together applied linguistic work using discourse analysis, corpus methods, conversation analysis, metaphor analysis, cognitive linguistics, multiculturalism research, interactional sociolinguistics, narrative analysis, and (im)politeness to make sense of a variety of international healthcare contexts and situations. These include: -clinician-patient interactions -receptionist-patient interactions -online support forums -online counselling -public health communication -media representations -medical accounts -diagnostic tools and definitions -research interviews with doctors and patients The volume demonstrates how linguistic analysis can not only improve understandings of the lived-experience of different illnesses, but also has implications for communications training, disease prevention, treatment and self-management, the effectiveness of public health messaging, access to appropriate care, professional mobility and professional terminology, among others."--

Language rights are included among the fundamental human rights and most countries worldwide nowadays have ad hoc legislations to protect their historical and territorial language minorities. The matter becomes more complicated when the languages to be protected are those of immigrants, who, on the other hand, have also the duty to learn, at an adequate level of competence and proficiency, the language of the place where they settle down. Linguistic rights and duties, that should all fall under the Latin 'umbrella' term of ius, are the subject of analysis in this contribution, which mainly aims at providing hints of reflection on an intricate and by no means easily solvable situation, with special reference to the Italian context. In the last paragraph a proposal is put forward to introduce in the debate the newly-coined concept of ius linguarum, as a possible 'jimmy' of the twisted matter.

Mainland Southeast Asia provides a dramatic demonstration of the areal phenomenon in linguistics: When languages are spoken historically in the same location they often show significant parallels in the organization of a wide range of structural domains, whether the languages descend from the same historical source. The effects of areal diffusion raise fundamental questions for the traditional essentialist vision of languages as entities with offspring that diverge, with shared innovations marking divergent branches and internal processes of evolution accounting for diversity among modern languages. Recent theoretical and empirical research on linguistic diversity, language change, and social diffusion of innovation argues for a unit-based approach to language change and relatedness, where the units of analysis are individual speakers and individual linguistic items. This review begins with discussion of the language situation in Mainland Southeast Asia, where the language "genealogies" have been dramatically permeated by socio-historical contact, then explores theoretical and methodological implications for research on language both generally and in its areal context.

Intro -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Figures -- Tables -- Foreword (second edition) -- Foreword (first edition) -- Preface I -- Preface II: Text and context -- 1 Taking over the predecessor's relay baton -- 2 Attaching importance to theoretical innovation -- 3 Emphasis on applied research -- Acknowledgements -- Part I: Theoretical research -- 1. Text coherence: retrospect and prospect -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Theoretical development -- 1.3 Conditions for text coherence -- 1.3.1 The context of culture -- 1.3.2 The cognitive models -- 1.3.3 The context of situation -- 1.3.4 Thought patterns -- 1.3.5 Semantic connectivity and relevance -- 1.4 Formal cohesive mechanisms -- 1.4.1 Non-structural cohesive mechanisms -- 1.4.2 Structural cohesive mechanisms -- 1.5 Discussion -- 1.6 Existing problems -- 1.6.1 Insufficient theorization for the concept of coherence -- 1.6.2 Unclear relation between part and whole -- 1.6.3 Lack of an overall theoretical framework -- 1.6.4 Insufficient specificity -- 1.7 Prospect development -- 1.7.1 Research on the concept of text coherence -- 1.7.2 Holistic and systematic research -- 1.7.3 Micro-research -- 1.7.4 Applied research -- 1.8 Summary -- Note -- 2. Theoretical research on the concept of coherence -- 2.1 The origin of the concept of coherence -- 2.2 The relations between cohesion and coherence -- 2.2.1 The status of the concept of cohesion -- 2.2.2 The scope of the concept of cohesion -- 2.2.3 The role of register -- 2.3 The status of coherence in the linguistic system -- 2.4 Characteristics of the concept of coherence -- 2.5 Summary -- Part II: External factors for text coherence -- 3. Sociocultural factors and text coherence -- 3.1 External conditions for text coherence -- 3.2 Sociocultural factors -- 3.3 Genre -- 3.4 Context of situation -- 3.4.1 Field of discourse.

China, with the world's largest population, numerous ethnic groups, and vast geographical space, is also rich in languages. Since 2006, China's State Language Commission has been publishing annual reports on "language life" in China. These reports cover language policy and planning, new trends in language use, and major events concerning languages in mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. Now these reports are available in English.

Language is an essential feature of societies, and there are five distinctive language styles which are commonly used in conversations. It is only natural that people switch between these styles, and, as a result, they speak in different styles in different situations. Furthermore, based on distinctive factors influencing people's speech, we tend to employ different degrees of politeness and directness in different situations. This work identifies, analyses, and compares the language styles and degrees of directness and politeness used in the English and Slovak languages by presenters of a number of live television shows. The chosen shows for this book are broadcast live, which means the presenters do not follow a script, and their language is more natural. Moreover, these live shows are broadcast on non-commercial national television networks, which are known for their objectivity and use of standard language. The results of this analysis contribute to sociolinguistic and pragmalinguistic research, not only in Slovakia, but also worldwide.

An examination of various discourse genres, showing how choices among linguistic resources are mediated by self-expressive choices. Linguistic consistency across various situations is discussed with the question of how, if language is fundamentally idiosyncratic, people can understand one another

In the last five hundred years or so, the English language has undergone remarkable geographical expansion, bringing it into contact with other languages in new locations. It also caused different regional dialects of the language to come into contact with each other in colonial situations. This book is made up of a number of fascinating tales of historical-sociolinguistic detection. These are stories of origins - of a particular variety of English or linguistic feature - which together tell a compelling general story. In each case, Trudgill presents an intriguing puzzle, locates and examines the evidence, detects clues that unravel the mystery, and finally proposes a solution. The solutions are all original, often surprising, sometimes highly controversial. Providing a unique insight into how language contact shapes varieties of English, this entertaining yet rigorous account will be welcomed by students and researchers in linguistics, sociolinguistics and historical linguistics.

The article considers the concept of a communicative situation as an autonomous fragment of dialogic discourse. The study was conducted on the example of the communicative situation of a speech act (hereinafter referred to as RA) of a sentence. A communicative situation is understood as a microdialogue caused by the realization of the intention of the speaker. We analyze the general meaning of the incentive RA, its semantic types, such as request, proposal, demand, advice, order, etc. and dwell in detail on the ways of formal implementation of the communicative situation of the proposal. Such situation includes several structural elements. 1. Semantic subtypes of RA offers: a) offer of joint action; b) offer of interaction and c) kind offer of help. 2. Each subtype of the sentence is presented in its grammatical varieties, as well as modifications using introductory phrases and particles. 3. The interlocutor's reactions to each subtype of the sentence speech act, or communicative. The article considers only the communicatives expressing a positive reaction of consent.