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This paper has studied the issue that The American in Algiers (1797) is an abolitionist poem. As the poem is anonymously published by an American writer, it is read from a new historicist and cultural materialist perspective. Therefore, it is considered in the light of other American writings, literary or not, that were produced in the 1790s and dealt with the captives of Algiers crisis or slavery in the United States along with the Constitution of the United States and the Declaration of Independence. The point is that the poem appropriates the crisis of the so-called captivity and enslavement of American citizens in Algiers to appeal against black slavery in the United States. This is achieved through drawing analogies between the political and religious factors behind the slavery practice both in Algiers and the United States as well as revealing the inhumanity of the practice. Doing so allows the poet raise abolitionist concern on the part of the Americans, who are outraged by the enslavement of their citizens in Algiers but carry on exploiting black slaves in their own soil.

International audience ; Inauguré à Liverpool en 2007, l'International Slavery Museum traite de l'histoire de l'esclavage et de ses « héritages ». Dans une ville qui fut le principal port négrier européen, cette initiative participe d'une politique des minorités visant à offrir une forme de reconnaissance à la population noire de la ville et au-delà. Cet article retrace la genèse de ce musée et analyse les cadres de sa mise en récit de l'esclavage. Il souligne le rôle décisif joué par le contexte local, marqué par un conflit racial exacerbé, dans les appropriations et usages du passé.

International audience ; Inauguré à Liverpool en 2007, l'International Slavery Museum traite de l'histoire de l'esclavage et de ses « héritages ». Dans une ville qui fut le principal port négrier européen, cette initiative participe d'une politique des minorités visant à offrir une forme de reconnaissance à la population noire de la ville et au-delà. Cet article retrace la genèse de ce musée et analyse les cadres de sa mise en récit de l'esclavage. Il souligne le rôle décisif joué par le contexte local, marqué par un conflit racial exacerbé, dans les appropriations et usages du passé.

This dissertation is a political history of the question of slavery during the era of revolutions from the point of view of diplomacy. The study locates the 1791 insurrection of Saint-Domingue – which culminated in the independence of the Republic of Haiti in 1804 – at its starting point. By placing Saint-Domingue/Haiti at the centre of its narrative, the study sheds light on the major events and ruptures of the period related to the future of colonial slavery in the Americas: British imperial reformism marked by the abolition of the slave trade in 1807 and the attempt to extend this decision to other European nations at the 1815 Congress of Vienna; the anti-trafficking policy of the United States in the 1790s, then the acquisition of Louisiana in 1803 which reversed the trend in favor of the expansion of slavery ; and, finally, the French example, marked by the initial embrace of a policy of general emancipation in its colonial territories in 1794, and then by the re-establishment of slavery under the Consulate in 1802. If these changes are analysed within an imperial and "metropolitan" framework, the dissertation devotes particular attention to the social and political bedrock at the origin of these changes: the revolutionary dynamic at work in the "Greater Caribbean" triggered after the insurrection of Santo Domingo in August 1791, which, from the coast of Guyana to the Gulf of Mexico, forced states and slave-owners to multiply responses and reforms in order to maintain the imperial political order in the Caribbean. By proposing an account of abolition focused on inter-state and intra-imperial political conflicts throughout the Greater Caribbean region, this study offers a renewal of the revolutionary era history in the Atlantic world in which both American and Caribbean territories were shaped by the difficult - and ultimately incomplete - questioning of an "imperial political economy of slavery" during a period marked by radical breaks with the slave system, as well as by "counter-revolutions" in favor of ...

This dissertation is a political history of the question of slavery during the era of revolutions from the point of view of diplomacy. The study locates the 1791 insurrection of Saint-Domingue – which culminated in the independence of the Republic of Haiti in 1804 – at its starting point. By placing Saint-Domingue/Haiti at the centre of its narrative, the study sheds light on the major events and ruptures of the period related to the future of colonial slavery in the Americas: British imperial reformism marked by the abolition of the slave trade in 1807 and the attempt to extend this decision to other European nations at the 1815 Congress of Vienna; the anti-trafficking policy of the United States in the 1790s, then the acquisition of Louisiana in 1803 which reversed the trend in favor of the expansion of slavery ; and, finally, the French example, marked by the initial embrace of a policy of general emancipation in its colonial territories in 1794, and then by the re-establishment of slavery under the Consulate in 1802. If these changes are analysed within an imperial and "metropolitan" framework, the dissertation devotes particular attention to the social and political bedrock at the origin of these changes: the revolutionary dynamic at work in the "Greater Caribbean" triggered after the insurrection of Santo Domingo in August 1791, which, from the coast of Guyana to the Gulf of Mexico, forced states and slave-owners to multiply responses and reforms in order to maintain the imperial political order in the Caribbean. By proposing an account of abolition focused on inter-state and intra-imperial political conflicts throughout the Greater Caribbean region, this study offers a renewal of the revolutionary era history in the Atlantic world in which both American and Caribbean territories were shaped by the difficult - and ultimately incomplete - questioning of an "imperial political economy of slavery" during a period marked by radical breaks with the slave system, as well as by "counter-revolutions" in favor of ...

This dissertation is a political history of the question of slavery during the era of revolutions from the point of view of diplomacy. The study locates the 1791 insurrection of Saint-Domingue – which culminated in the independence of the Republic of Haiti in 1804 – at its starting point. By placing Saint-Domingue/Haiti at the centre of its narrative, the study sheds light on the major events and ruptures of the period related to the future of colonial slavery in the Americas: British imperial reformism marked by the abolition of the slave trade in 1807 and the attempt to extend this decision to other European nations at the 1815 Congress of Vienna; the anti-trafficking policy of the United States in the 1790s, then the acquisition of Louisiana in 1803 which reversed the trend in favor of the expansion of slavery ; and, finally, the French example, marked by the initial embrace of a policy of general emancipation in its colonial territories in 1794, and then by the re-establishment of slavery under the Consulate in 1802. If these changes are analysed within an imperial and "metropolitan" framework, the dissertation devotes particular attention to the social and political bedrock at the origin of these changes: the revolutionary dynamic at work in the "Greater Caribbean" triggered after the insurrection of Santo Domingo in August 1791, which, from the coast of Guyana to the Gulf of Mexico, forced states and slave-owners to multiply responses and reforms in order to maintain the imperial political order in the Caribbean. By proposing an account of abolition focused on inter-state and intra-imperial political conflicts throughout the Greater Caribbean region, this study offers a renewal of the revolutionary era history in the Atlantic world in which both American and Caribbean territories were shaped by the difficult - and ultimately incomplete - questioning of an "imperial political economy of slavery" during a period marked by radical breaks with the slave system, as well as by "counter-revolutions" in favor of ...

International audience ; From the moment the first Africans were brought to the Americas, religious life has become a way to transcend a humiliating and desperate life. Their lives were made of long days of forced work, inhuman living conditions, punishments and ill treatments of all sorts. Religious practice gave them a window onto another world. Over the years, it has slowly become a space of freedom and unique expression. The Black Church acted as a social movement on behalf of the African-american community. It has become a place of freedom which gradually has supported the foundations of their political expression and their demand of social justice. Understandably, as religion has always played a central role in North America, it is no wonder that it would play a central function in the liberation of slaves. Between the ideals of a divided nation and those of a marginalized community, the article analyzes the birth of the African-american church during slavery. Then, it examines the impact of African-american protestantism in the Caribbean through the life of George Leile, the first African-american missionary in Jamaica. ; Dès l'arrivée des premiers Africains déportés sur le sol américain, la vie religieuse est devenue un moyen de transcender un quotidien mortifère. Leur chemin est parsemé de longues journées de travail forcé, de conditions de vie inhumaines, de châtiments et de sévices en tous genres. La pratique religieuse leur donne une fenêtre sur un autre monde. D'année en année, le culte religieux deviendra un espace de relâchement, de liberté et d'expression unique. L'église chrétienne s'est comportée comme un mouvement social pour la communauté africaine-américaine. Elle est devenue un lieu de liberté qui, progressivement, supportera les fondations de l'expression politique et de la demande de justice sociale. Sa fonction pivotale s'explique également par le rôle de la religion dans la fondation de la société et la vie politique étasuniennes. Entre les idéaux d'une nation divisée, ivre de liberté ...

International audience ; From the moment the first Africans were brought to the Americas, religious life has become a way to transcend a humiliating and desperate life. Their lives were made of long days of forced work, inhuman living conditions, punishments and ill treatments of all sorts. Religious practice gave them a window onto another world. Over the years, it has slowly become a space of freedom and unique expression. The Black Church acted as a social movement on behalf of the African-american community. It has become a place of freedom which gradually has supported the foundations of their political expression and their demand of social justice. Understandably, as religion has always played a central role in North America, it is no wonder that it would play a central function in the liberation of slaves. Between the ideals of a divided nation and those of a marginalized community, the article analyzes the birth of the African-american church during slavery. Then, it examines the impact of African-american protestantism in the Caribbean through the life of George Leile, the first African-american missionary in Jamaica. ; Dès l'arrivée des premiers Africains déportés sur le sol américain, la vie religieuse est devenue un moyen de transcender un quotidien mortifère. Leur chemin est parsemé de longues journées de travail forcé, de conditions de vie inhumaines, de châtiments et de sévices en tous genres. La pratique religieuse leur donne une fenêtre sur un autre monde. D'année en année, le culte religieux deviendra un espace de relâchement, de liberté et d'expression unique. L'église chrétienne s'est comportée comme un mouvement social pour la communauté africaine-américaine. Elle est devenue un lieu de liberté qui, progressivement, supportera les fondations de l'expression politique et de la demande de justice sociale. Sa fonction pivotale s'explique également par le rôle de la religion dans la fondation de la société et la vie politique étasuniennes. Entre les idéaux d'une nation divisée, ivre de liberté et ceux d'une communauté poussée dans ses retranchements, cette contribution se propose d'analyser la naissance de l'église africaine-américaine durant l'esclavage. Ensuite, je me pencherai sur l'impact de cette dynamique dans la Caraïbe à travers la vie de George Leile, premier missionnaire africain-américain en Jamaïque.

One of the challenges of the French Revolution is the definition of the perimeter of citizenship in the social sector. The particularities of colonial societies are a challenge for the various assemblies responsible for legislating on citizens' rights. The aim of this article is to show how the various actors in the Revolution will take up and deal with the issue of citizenship in settlements from 1789 to 1848. The fact that representatives of the wealthy growers in Paris obtained an MEP reveals the strength of their pressure group. The revolutionary context of social competition and the emerging racist racist ideology explain the violence with which the citizenship of colour free people is being combated. The reason for the acquisition of active citizenship by free colourful people is their armed mobilisation in Santo Domingo, the arrival of philanthropists in Paris and the desire to secure an ally to defeat the slave revolt in August 1791. The context of civil and international war is transforming slaves, already massively armed into citizens. In the Executive Board's legislation, there is a desire to allow the same arrangements for access to citizenship in the European and overseas territories. On the other hand, the Consulat places colonies in a system of specific legislative features and questions the citizenship of men of colour in 1802. This citizenship was only reinstated in 1833 for free men and extended to slaves in 1848, following two new revolutions. ; International audience One of the challenges of the French Revolution is the definition of the scope of citizenship in the social body. The peculiarities of colonial societies are a challenge to the various assemblies loaded to legislate on the rights of the citizen. The objective of this article is to show how the different actors of the Revolution will capture and treat the question of citizenship in the colonies from 1789 to 1848. Obtaining a deputation by the representatives of rich planters in Paris, reveals the power of their lobby. The ...

Ottoman historiography dealing with slavery has been concentrated particularly on the later period of the Empire (19th-20th c.) and produced monographs of research and synthesis (B. Lewis 1971, 1990 ; E. Toledano 1982, 1997, 2007 ; H. Erdem 1996 ; M. Zilfi 2010).). For the early-modern period, there is a growing body of articles on localized aspects of the servile phenomenon. This dissertation's objective is to realize the first monograph on slavery in the Ottoman society of the so-called "classical" period in whatever language it may be. The main focus is on slavery in the private space as opposed to the more well-known and studied sultan's slaves and the military-administrative servitude (the "kul system"). Based essentially on archival documents of the Ottoman state, legal and juridical records, as well as literary texts, the dissertation tackles problems of juridical, social, economical, cultural history, as well as that of mentalities. Thus the research's main axes concern the legal doctrine of slavery as an institution and the implementation of law by the Ottoman authorities; the slave trade; various forms of slave labour; slavery in everyday life; the fate of manumitted slaves; but also the representations of slavery by the Ottoman elites (topic to which a third of the thesis is devoted). The geographical framework covers the "central provinces" (Rumelia, Istanbul, Anatolia), but the dissertation also includes micro-studies on Syria (Arab-speaking but inseparable from Anatolia), Egypt, Crimea, Caucasus and Kurdistan. ; L'historiographie ottomaniste traitant de la question de l'esclavage s'est surtout concentrée sur la période tardive de l'Empire (XIXe-XXe s.) produisant des livres de recherche et de synthèse (B. Lewis 1971, 1990 ; E. Toledano 1982, 1997, 2007 ; H. Erdem 1996 ; M. Zilfi 2010). Sur l'époque moderne, on dispose d'un corpus grandissant d'études portant sur des aspects ponctuels du phénomène servile. L'objectif de cette thèse est de réaliser la première monographie (en quelque langue que ce ...

Ottoman historiography dealing with slavery has been concentrated particularly on the later period of the Empire (19th-20th c.) and produced monographs of research and synthesis (B. Lewis 1971, 1990 ; E. Toledano 1982, 1997, 2007 ; H. Erdem 1996 ; M. Zilfi 2010).). For the early-modern period, there is a growing body of articles on localized aspects of the servile phenomenon. This dissertation's objective is to realize the first monograph on slavery in the Ottoman society of the so-called "classical" period in whatever language it may be. The main focus is on slavery in the private space as opposed to the more well-known and studied sultan's slaves and the military-administrative servitude (the "kul system"). Based essentially on archival documents of the Ottoman state, legal and juridical records, as well as literary texts, the dissertation tackles problems of juridical, social, economical, cultural history, as well as that of mentalities. Thus the research's main axes concern the legal doctrine of slavery as an institution and the implementation of law by the Ottoman authorities; the slave trade; various forms of slave labour; slavery in everyday life; the fate of manumitted slaves; but also the representations of slavery by the Ottoman elites (topic to which a third of the thesis is devoted). The geographical framework covers the "central provinces" (Rumelia, Istanbul, Anatolia), but the dissertation also includes micro-studies on Syria (Arab-speaking but inseparable from Anatolia), Egypt, Crimea, Caucasus and Kurdistan. ; L'historiographie ottomaniste traitant de la question de l'esclavage s'est surtout concentrée sur la période tardive de l'Empire (XIXe-XXe s.) produisant des livres de recherche et de synthèse (B. Lewis 1971, 1990 ; E. Toledano 1982, 1997, 2007 ; H. Erdem 1996 ; M. Zilfi 2010). Sur l'époque moderne, on dispose d'un corpus grandissant d'études portant sur des aspects ponctuels du phénomène servile. L'objectif de cette thèse est de réaliser la première monographie (en quelque langue que ce ...

Ottoman historiography dealing with slavery has been concentrated particularly on the later period of the Empire (19th-20th c.) and produced monographs of research and synthesis (B. Lewis 1971, 1990 ; E. Toledano 1982, 1997, 2007 ; H. Erdem 1996 ; M. Zilfi 2010).). For the early-modern period, there is a growing body of articles on localized aspects of the servile phenomenon. This dissertation's objective is to realize the first monograph on slavery in the Ottoman society of the so-called "classical" period in whatever language it may be. The main focus is on slavery in the private space as opposed to the more well-known and studied sultan's slaves and the military-administrative servitude (the "kul system"). Based essentially on archival documents of the Ottoman state, legal and juridical records, as well as literary texts, the dissertation tackles problems of juridical, social, economical, cultural history, as well as that of mentalities. Thus the research's main axes concern the legal doctrine of slavery as an institution and the implementation of law by the Ottoman authorities; the slave trade; various forms of slave labour; slavery in everyday life; the fate of manumitted slaves; but also the representations of slavery by the Ottoman elites (topic to which a third of the thesis is devoted). The geographical framework covers the "central provinces" (Rumelia, Istanbul, Anatolia), but the dissertation also includes micro-studies on Syria (Arab-speaking but inseparable from Anatolia), Egypt, Crimea, Caucasus and Kurdistan. ; L'historiographie ottomaniste traitant de la question de l'esclavage s'est surtout concentrée sur la période tardive de l'Empire (XIXe-XXe s.) produisant des livres de recherche et de synthèse (B. Lewis 1971, 1990 ; E. Toledano 1982, 1997, 2007 ; H. Erdem 1996 ; M. Zilfi 2010). Sur l'époque moderne, on dispose d'un corpus grandissant d'études portant sur des aspects ponctuels du phénomène servile. L'objectif de cette thèse est de réaliser la première monographie (en quelque langue que ce soit) sur l'esclavage dans la société ottomane de l'époque dite « classique » (XVIe-XVIIe s.), en s'intéressant à l'esclavage pratiqué dans l'espace privé et non au domaine, beaucoup plus étudié, des esclaves du sultan et du système d'asservissement militaro-administratif. À partir essentiellement de documents d'archives de l'État ottoman, du corpus juridique et législatif et de textes littéraires, la thèse aborde des questions d'histoire juridique, sociale, économique, culturelle et des mentalités. Les axes principaux de la recherche concernent ainsi le cadre juridique doctrinaire de l'esclavage en tant qu'institution et l'application du droit par les autorités ottomanes, le commerce des esclaves, les différentes formes de la main d'œuvre servile, l'esclavage au quotidien, le devenir des affranchis, mais aussi la représentation que se faisait l'élite ottomane de l'esclavage, sujet auquel est consacré un tiers de la thèse. Le cadre géographique couvre les « provinces centrales » (Roumélie, Istanbul, Anatolie), mais des micro-études sont consacrées à la Syrie (arabophone mais indissociable de l'Anatolie), l'Égypte, la Crimée, le Caucase et le Kurdistan.

International audience ; The purpose of this article is to show that the pledging institution, which was widespread in Akan societies of Gold Coast of the 17th and 18th century, was another form of slavery. À rereading of European travel narratives and oral sources revealed that in the 17th and 19th centuries, poor lineages in search of wealth, prestige and political influence were indebted to a wealthy man to finance their economic activities. By pledging one or more of their members as collateral for the repayment of the credit. Insolvent debtors are turned into slaves by their creditors despite the preservation of their parental identity and are used in different economic activities. Their freedom remained completely alienated during the period of debt cancellation. In the lineage of their masters, they did not enjoy certain civil rights (same prerogatives of access to the land, to political and social functions) as members of lineage blood. ; L'objectif visé par le présent article est de montrer que l'institution de mise en gage, très répandue dans les sociétés akan de la Côte de l'Or des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, constituait une autre forme d'esclavage. Une relecture des récits de voyage européens et des sources orales a révélé qu'aux XVIIe et XIXe siècles, des lignages démunis en quête de richesse, de prestige et d'influence politique s'endettaient auprès d'un homme riche pour financer leurs activités économiques en mettant en garantie un ou plusieurs de leurs membres comme garantie du remboursement du crédit. Les débiteurs insolvables sont transformés en esclaves par leurs créanciers en dépit de la conservation de leur identité parentale et sont utilisés dans les différentes activités économiques. Leur liberté demeurait complètement aliénée durant la durée de l'effacement de la dette. Dans le lignage de leurs maîtres, ils ne jouissaient pas de certains droits civiques (mêmes prérogatives d'accès à la terre, à des fonctions politiques et sociales) comme les membres de sang du lignage.

"Ouvrage couronné par l'Académie française et par l'Académie des sciences morales et politiques." ; Mode of access: Internet.

At head of title: Ministère de la marine et des colonies. Commission instituée, par décision royale du 26 mai 1840, pour l'examen des questions relatives à l'esclavage et à la constitution politique des colonies. ; "Liste des principaux livres et documents qui sont cités dans le rapport fait par la Commission des affaires coloniales": p. xi-xvi. ; Mode of access: Internet.