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Alors que la RATP gère un réseau de plus en plus étendu en superficie et complexe en termes d'acteurs et d'enchâssements des modes de transport, nous ne pouvons ignorer combien l'histoire des transports franciliens est constituée de strates chronologiques délimitées par des innovations successives. L'histoire des transports franciliens a toujours côtoyé celle des innovations technologiques améliorant les résultats techniques. Cette dialectique des besoins et de la performance n'a du reste pas fait que peser sur le développement des transports. L'idée même de démocratiser les transports publics, enracinée dans la politique générale des transports, a entraîné la mise au point de solutions de contrôle suffisamment malléables pour encaisser un trafic croissant. Le ticket a porté les stigmates de toutes les innovations technologiques.En brossant un portrait de l'histoire des techniques liées au contrôle d'accès, ce mémoire propose de revisiter l'histoire de transports et de leur place dans l'usage et la conception de la ville moderne.

Alors que la RATP gère un réseau de plus en plus étendu en superficie et complexe en termes d'acteurs et d'enchâssements des modes de transport, nous ne pouvons ignorer combien l'histoire des transports franciliens est constituée de strates chronologiques délimitées par des innovations successives. L'histoire des transports franciliens a toujours côtoyé celle des innovations technologiques améliorant les résultats techniques. Cette dialectique des besoins et de la performance n'a du reste pas fait que peser sur le développement des transports. L'idée même de démocratiser les transports publics, enracinée dans la politique générale des transports, a entraîné la mise au point de solutions de contrôle suffisamment malléables pour encaisser un trafic croissant. Le ticket a porté les stigmates de toutes les innovations technologiques.En brossant un portrait de l'histoire des techniques liées au contrôle d'accès, ce mémoire propose de revisiter l'histoire de transports et de leur place dans l'usage et la conception de la ville moderne.

The information given on flash floods in real time should undoubtedly answers to the citizens needs aswell as to the politic and the safety services. Face to such objective, Smartphone could positivelycomplete the official institutional systems, especially thanks to the dynamic and nature of postedmessages, and to the social interactions they support. This study questions the opportunity ofdeveloping a proactive and innovative alert system using the Smartphone technologies to face therisks due to flash flood hazards. A first study focuses on several alert systems existing actually inFrance but we quickly aim at identifying limits (legal rules, technologies and scientific problems) andchallenges usefulness and opportunities in the numeric sphere) of our objective in general manner.Finally, a local study in Var and Vaucluse permits us to see if population and local stakeholdersshould be interested (or not) by a smartphone application. The proposed solution tries to achieve amajor challenge: reducing the gap between a state approach (top-down), which positions and imposedthe state as the main official alert source, and the citizen action (bottom-up) which establishes theindividual as "Citizen sensor" (both in go up or disseminate information) through the use of issmartphone. Meeting this challenge is indispensable if we hope effectively minimizing material andhuman damages especially when high temporal acuity phenomena such as flash floods happen. ; En cas d'alerte aux inondations, l'information en temps réel et sa diffusion à un large public sont des éléments cruciaux pour limiter les comportements à risque, détecter les premiers dégâts ou préparer les acteurs locaux à gérer la crise. Face à ces enjeux, les technologies smartphones apparaissent, deplus en plus, comme des solutions logicielles et matérielles qui pourraient compléter de façon positiveles dispositifs d'alerte institutionnels, notamment grâce à la dynamique des contenus partagés et auxnombreuses interactions dont ils sont le support. Alors que ...

The information given on flash floods in real time should undoubtedly answers to the citizens needs aswell as to the politic and the safety services. Face to such objective, Smartphone could positivelycomplete the official institutional systems, especially thanks to the dynamic and nature of postedmessages, and to the social interactions they support. This study questions the opportunity ofdeveloping a proactive and innovative alert system using the Smartphone technologies to face therisks due to flash flood hazards. A first study focuses on several alert systems existing actually inFrance but we quickly aim at identifying limits (legal rules, technologies and scientific problems) andchallenges usefulness and opportunities in the numeric sphere) of our objective in general manner.Finally, a local study in Var and Vaucluse permits us to see if population and local stakeholdersshould be interested (or not) by a smartphone application. The proposed solution tries to achieve amajor challenge: reducing the gap between a state approach (top-down), which positions and imposedthe state as the main official alert source, and the citizen action (bottom-up) which establishes theindividual as "Citizen sensor" (both in go up or disseminate information) through the use of issmartphone. Meeting this challenge is indispensable if we hope effectively minimizing material andhuman damages especially when high temporal acuity phenomena such as flash floods happen. ; En cas d'alerte aux inondations, l'information en temps réel et sa diffusion à un large public sont des éléments cruciaux pour limiter les comportements à risque, détecter les premiers dégâts ou préparer les acteurs locaux à gérer la crise. Face à ces enjeux, les technologies smartphones apparaissent, deplus en plus, comme des solutions logicielles et matérielles qui pourraient compléter de façon positiveles dispositifs d'alerte institutionnels, notamment grâce à la dynamique des contenus partagés et auxnombreuses interactions dont ils sont le support. Alors que ...

The information given on flash floods in real time should undoubtedly answers to the citizens needs aswell as to the politic and the safety services. Face to such objective, Smartphone could positivelycomplete the official institutional systems, especially thanks to the dynamic and nature of postedmessages, and to the social interactions they support. This study questions the opportunity ofdeveloping a proactive and innovative alert system using the Smartphone technologies to face therisks due to flash flood hazards. A first study focuses on several alert systems existing actually inFrance but we quickly aim at identifying limits (legal rules, technologies and scientific problems) andchallenges usefulness and opportunities in the numeric sphere) of our objective in general manner.Finally, a local study in Var and Vaucluse permits us to see if population and local stakeholdersshould be interested (or not) by a smartphone application. The proposed solution tries to achieve amajor challenge: reducing the gap between a state approach (top-down), which positions and imposedthe state as the main official alert source, and the citizen action (bottom-up) which establishes theindividual as "Citizen sensor" (both in go up or disseminate information) through the use of issmartphone. Meeting this challenge is indispensable if we hope effectively minimizing material andhuman damages especially when high temporal acuity phenomena such as flash floods happen. ; En cas d'alerte aux inondations, l'information en temps réel et sa diffusion à un large public sont des éléments cruciaux pour limiter les comportements à risque, détecter les premiers dégâts ou préparer les acteurs locaux à gérer la crise. Face à ces enjeux, les technologies smartphones apparaissent, deplus en plus, comme des solutions logicielles et matérielles qui pourraient compléter de façon positiveles dispositifs d'alerte institutionnels, notamment grâce à la dynamique des contenus partagés et auxnombreuses interactions dont ils sont le support. Alors que ...

The information given on flash floods in real time should undoubtedly answers to the citizens needs aswell as to the politic and the safety services. Face to such objective, Smartphone could positivelycomplete the official institutional systems, especially thanks to the dynamic and nature of postedmessages, and to the social interactions they support. This study questions the opportunity ofdeveloping a proactive and innovative alert system using the Smartphone technologies to face therisks due to flash flood hazards. A first study focuses on several alert systems existing actually inFrance but we quickly aim at identifying limits (legal rules, technologies and scientific problems) andchallenges usefulness and opportunities in the numeric sphere) of our objective in general manner.Finally, a local study in Var and Vaucluse permits us to see if population and local stakeholdersshould be interested (or not) by a smartphone application. The proposed solution tries to achieve amajor challenge: reducing the gap between a state approach (top-down), which positions and imposedthe state as the main official alert source, and the citizen action (bottom-up) which establishes theindividual as "Citizen sensor" (both in go up or disseminate information) through the use of issmartphone. Meeting this challenge is indispensable if we hope effectively minimizing material andhuman damages especially when high temporal acuity phenomena such as flash floods happen. ; En cas d'alerte aux inondations, l'information en temps réel et sa diffusion à un large public sont des éléments cruciaux pour limiter les comportements à risque, détecter les premiers dégâts ou préparer les acteurs locaux à gérer la crise. Face à ces enjeux, les technologies smartphones apparaissent, deplus en plus, comme des solutions logicielles et matérielles qui pourraient compléter de façon positiveles dispositifs d'alerte institutionnels, notamment grâce à la dynamique des contenus partagés et auxnombreuses interactions dont ils sont le support. Alors que ...

The information given on flash floods in real time should undoubtedly answers to the citizens needs as well as to the politic and the safety services. Face to such objective, Smartphone could positively complete the official institutional systems, especially thanks to the dynamic and nature of postedmessages, and to the social interactions they support. This study questions the opportunity of developing a proactive and innovative alert system using the Smartphone technologies to face the risks due to flash flood hazards. A first study focuses on several alert systems existing actually inFrance but we quickly aim at identifying limits (legal rules, technologies and scientific problems) and challenges usefulness and opportunities in the numeric sphere) of our objective in general manner.Finally, a local study in Var and Vaucluse permits us to see if population and local stakeholders should be interested (or not) by a smartphone application. The proposed solution tries to achieve a major challenge: reducing the gap between a state approach (top-down), which positions and imposed the state as the main official alert source, and the citizen action (bottom-up) which establishes the individual as "Citizen sensor" (both in go up or disseminate information) through the use of is smartphone. Meeting this challenge is indispensable if we hope effectively minimizing material and human damages especially when high temporal acuity phenomena such as flash floods happen. ; En cas d'alerte aux inondations, l'information en temps réel et sa diffusion à un large public sont des éléments cruciaux pour limiter les comportements à risque, détecter les premiers dégâts ou préparer les acteurs locaux à gérer la crise. Face à ces enjeux, les technologies smartphones apparaissent, de plus en plus, comme des solutions logicielles et matérielles qui pourraient compléter de façon positive les dispositifs d'alerte institutionnels, notamment grâce à la dynamique des contenus partagés et aux nombreuses interactions dont ils sont le support. ...

The information given on flash floods in real time should undoubtedly answers to the citizens needs as well as to the politic and the safety services. Face to such objective, Smartphone could positively complete the official institutional systems, especially thanks to the dynamic and nature of postedmessages, and to the social interactions they support. This study questions the opportunity of developing a proactive and innovative alert system using the Smartphone technologies to face the risks due to flash flood hazards. A first study focuses on several alert systems existing actually inFrance but we quickly aim at identifying limits (legal rules, technologies and scientific problems) and challenges usefulness and opportunities in the numeric sphere) of our objective in general manner.Finally, a local study in Var and Vaucluse permits us to see if population and local stakeholders should be interested (or not) by a smartphone application. The proposed solution tries to achieve a major challenge: reducing the gap between a state approach (top-down), which positions and imposed the state as the main official alert source, and the citizen action (bottom-up) which establishes the individual as "Citizen sensor" (both in go up or disseminate information) through the use of is smartphone. Meeting this challenge is indispensable if we hope effectively minimizing material and human damages especially when high temporal acuity phenomena such as flash floods happen. ; En cas d'alerte aux inondations, l'information en temps réel et sa diffusion à un large public sont des éléments cruciaux pour limiter les comportements à risque, détecter les premiers dégâts ou préparer les acteurs locaux à gérer la crise. Face à ces enjeux, les technologies smartphones apparaissent, de plus en plus, comme des solutions logicielles et matérielles qui pourraient compléter de façon positive les dispositifs d'alerte institutionnels, notamment grâce à la dynamique des contenus partagés et aux nombreuses interactions dont ils sont le support. ...

The information given on flash floods in real time should undoubtedly answers to the citizens needs as well as to the politic and the safety services. Face to such objective, Smartphone could positively complete the official institutional systems, especially thanks to the dynamic and nature of postedmessages, and to the social interactions they support. This study questions the opportunity of developing a proactive and innovative alert system using the Smartphone technologies to face the risks due to flash flood hazards. A first study focuses on several alert systems existing actually inFrance but we quickly aim at identifying limits (legal rules, technologies and scientific problems) and challenges usefulness and opportunities in the numeric sphere) of our objective in general manner.Finally, a local study in Var and Vaucluse permits us to see if population and local stakeholders should be interested (or not) by a smartphone application. The proposed solution tries to achieve a major challenge: reducing the gap between a state approach (top-down), which positions and imposed the state as the main official alert source, and the citizen action (bottom-up) which establishes the individual as "Citizen sensor" (both in go up or disseminate information) through the use of is smartphone. Meeting this challenge is indispensable if we hope effectively minimizing material and human damages especially when high temporal acuity phenomena such as flash floods happen. ; En cas d'alerte aux inondations, l'information en temps réel et sa diffusion à un large public sont des éléments cruciaux pour limiter les comportements à risque, détecter les premiers dégâts ou préparer les acteurs locaux à gérer la crise. Face à ces enjeux, les technologies smartphones apparaissent, de plus en plus, comme des solutions logicielles et matérielles qui pourraient compléter de façon positive les dispositifs d'alerte institutionnels, notamment grâce à la dynamique des contenus partagés et aux nombreuses interactions dont ils sont le support. ...

The information given on flash floods in real time should undoubtedly answers to the citizens needs as well as to the politic and the safety services. Face to such objective, Smartphone could positively complete the official institutional systems, especially thanks to the dynamic and nature of postedmessages, and to the social interactions they support. This study questions the opportunity of developing a proactive and innovative alert system using the Smartphone technologies to face the risks due to flash flood hazards. A first study focuses on several alert systems existing actually inFrance but we quickly aim at identifying limits (legal rules, technologies and scientific problems) and challenges usefulness and opportunities in the numeric sphere) of our objective in general manner.Finally, a local study in Var and Vaucluse permits us to see if population and local stakeholders should be interested (or not) by a smartphone application. The proposed solution tries to achieve a major challenge: reducing the gap between a state approach (top-down), which positions and imposed the state as the main official alert source, and the citizen action (bottom-up) which establishes the individual as "Citizen sensor" (both in go up or disseminate information) through the use of is smartphone. Meeting this challenge is indispensable if we hope effectively minimizing material and human damages especially when high temporal acuity phenomena such as flash floods happen. ; En cas d'alerte aux inondations, l'information en temps réel et sa diffusion à un large public sont des éléments cruciaux pour limiter les comportements à risque, détecter les premiers dégâts ou préparer les acteurs locaux à gérer la crise. Face à ces enjeux, les technologies smartphones apparaissent, de plus en plus, comme des solutions logicielles et matérielles qui pourraient compléter de façon positive les dispositifs d'alerte institutionnels, notamment grâce à la dynamique des contenus partagés et aux nombreuses interactions dont ils sont le support. ...

"The French taxis trapped by 36,000 local governments" Taxis can pick up customers in the streets or at taxi rank only inside the jurisdiction of the authority that granted them the license. This is their "Authorised Pickup Area". In most European countries there are only a few hundred of these areas. In France there are potentially 36,000. Their narrowness, combined with the fact that taxi licenses are negotiable prevents taxis from offering optimized non emergency patient transport or from adopting new technologies like smartphone booking apps. ; Les taxis ne peuvent prendre des clients dans la rue ou en station qu'à l'intérieur du périmètre de l'autorité qui leur a accordé la licence. C'est leur " zone de prise en charge ". Dans la plupart des pays d'Europe il n'y a que quelques centaines de ces zones. En France il y en a potentiellement 36 000. Leur étroitesse, combinée au fait que ces licences sont négociables, empêche les taxis d'offrir un service optimisé pour le transport de malades ou d'adopter les nouvelles technologies de réservation par applications de téléphonie mobile.

"The French taxis trapped by 36,000 local governments" Taxis can pick up customers in the streets or at taxi rank only inside the jurisdiction of the authority that granted them the license. This is their "Authorised Pickup Area". In most European countries there are only a few hundred of these areas. In France there are potentially 36,000. Their narrowness, combined with the fact that taxi licenses are negotiable prevents taxis from offering optimized non emergency patient transport or from adopting new technologies like smartphone booking apps. ; Les taxis ne peuvent prendre des clients dans la rue ou en station qu'à l'intérieur du périmètre de l'autorité qui leur a accordé la licence. C'est leur " zone de prise en charge ". Dans la plupart des pays d'Europe il n'y a que quelques centaines de ces zones. En France il y en a potentiellement 36 000. Leur étroitesse, combinée au fait que ces licences sont négociables, empêche les taxis d'offrir un service optimisé pour le transport de malades ou d'adopter les nouvelles technologies de réservation par applications de téléphonie mobile.

"The French taxis trapped by 36,000 local governments" Taxis can pick up customers in the streets or at taxi rank only inside the jurisdiction of the authority that granted them the license. This is their "Authorised Pickup Area". In most European countries there are only a few hundred of these areas. In France there are potentially 36,000. Their narrowness, combined with the fact that taxi licenses are negotiable prevents taxis from offering optimized non emergency patient transport or from adopting new technologies like smartphone booking apps. ; Les taxis ne peuvent prendre des clients dans la rue ou en station qu'à l'intérieur du périmètre de l'autorité qui leur a accordé la licence. C'est leur " zone de prise en charge ". Dans la plupart des pays d'Europe il n'y a que quelques centaines de ces zones. En France il y en a potentiellement 36 000. Leur étroitesse, combinée au fait que ces licences sont négociables, empêche les taxis d'offrir un service optimisé pour le transport de malades ou d'adopter les nouvelles technologies de réservation par applications de téléphonie mobile.

International audience ; Southeast Asia is experiencing rapid urban and economic growth, along with profound changes in urban mobility systems. It is also witnessing the rapid spread of smartphone and mobile applications that are likely to transform mobility services and ultimately shift the balance among them. Based on an extensive literature review and field interviews in that region, this article explores the role of mobile applications in the transformation of taxi services in two Southeast Asian cities: Kuala Lumpur, in Malaysia; and Ho Chi Minh City, in Vietnam. It shows that ride-hailing mobile applications contribute to increasing taxi drivers' income and to enhancing users' perception of the quality of the service. It also shows that these mobile applications challenge the government's role in planning, regulating and controlling this industry. ; L'Asie du Sud-Est connaît une croissance urbaine et économique rapide, accompagnée d'une transformation en profondeur des systèmes de mobilité urbains. Elle est également le théâtre d'une diffusion rapide du smartphone et d'applications mobiles susceptibles de transformer les services de mobilité et, à terme, de déplacer les équilibres entre ces services. À partir d'une revue de littérature extensive et d'entretiens sur le terrain, cet article explore le rôle des applications mobiles dans la transformation des services de taxi dans deux villes d'Asie du Sud-Est : Kuala Lumpur, Malaisie, et Ho Chi Minh Ville, Vietnam. L'analyse montre notamment que les applications mobiles de réservation de taxi contribuent à augmenter les revenus des chauffeurs et à améliorer la qualité du service perçue par l'usager. Elle montre également que ces applications mobiles questionnent le rôle des pouvoirs publics en matière de planification, de régulation et de contrôle du secteur.