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Purpose. To describe the factors associated with interest of homeless former smokers in helping homeless smokers quit. Methods. A cross-sectional survey administered to an optimized convenience sample of homeless persons (n = 4570) at emergency shelters, transitional housing units, and open encampments in 80 cities across Minnesota. The in-person survey response rate was 90%. Analysis. Chi-square tests and t-tests for univariate analysis. Results. Of 4534 participants completing the smoking questions, 546 participants (12%) self-identified as former smokers, of which 59% expressed interest in helping homeless smokers quit. Significant predictors of reported interest in helping included racial/ethnic background (p < .05), number of people known who had quit smoking (p < .01), and receiving social services as an adult (p < .01). Conclusion. Homeless former smokers are a potential resource for peer support programs to promote smoking cessation among homeless current smokers.

Prolonged ingestion of arsenic in drinking water can increase the risks of dying of lung and bladder cancer, particularly for smokers. In a survey of arsenic hotspots in the United States, we elicited individuals' subjective mortality risks related to the presence of arsenic in drinking water. Using this data, we address whether smokers perceive mortality risks from this source differently from non‐smokers. We find that those who have smoked at some point in their life have significantly higher perceived arsenic mortality risks than those who have never smoked, on average. We also find that the sample group of current smokers has higher average perceived arsenic mortality risks than those who have quit smoking. We model the decision to treat water for arsenic and find some evidence that current smokers are less likely to engage in this mitigating behavior than are ex‐smokers or non‐smokers even though their perceived risk is higher. We infer that smokers are either less risk averse or have a higher rate of time preference than non‐smokers and ex‐smokers. (JEL I0, D81, Q53)

The tobacco epidemic is one of the biggest public health problems in the world. Based on the data from WHO, Tobacco kills nearly 6 million people a year around the world. Monitoring tracks of smokers' growth population can be important things for the government to find the best implement policies to overcome this problem. This paper presents a smoker's growth model with uncertainty in the transmission and recovery rate. In classical smoker's growth model, the transmission and recovery rate assumed to be constant. However, in reality, the age of the population is heterogeneous, and the transmission among the population may depend on the age of the smoker. Therefore, in this paper, the transmission and recovery rate of smokers' growth model depends on the age of smokers. We divide the transmission and recovery rate into three categories based on age: Children (0-10), Adolescent (10-30), Adult (30-60). The uncertainty of transmission and recovery rate in this model represented by a triangular fuzzy number. The most important things in the model are the basic reproduction number. A basic reproduction number is an indicator of when the endemic case will occur. Therefore, the main focus of this paper is to determine the basic reproduction number of fuzzy smokers growth models using the fuzzy expected value concept. The result is the basic reproduction number of the fuzzy model is an interval. This may can be used as an upper and lower limit of the basic reproduction number

Abstract Background Smoking is the cause of inducing changes in taste functionality under conditions of chronic exposure. The objective of this study was to evaluate taste sensitivity in young smokers and non-smokers and identify any differences in the shape, density and vascularisation of the fungiform papillae (fPap) of their tongue. Methods Sixty-two male subjects who served in the Greek military forces were randomly chosen for this study. Thirty-four were non-smokers and 28 smokers. Smokers were chosen on the basis of their habit to hold the cigarette at the centre of their lips. Taste thresholds were measured with Electrogustometry (EGM). The morphology and density of the fungiform papillae (fPap) at the tip of the tongue were examined with Contact Endoscopy (CE). Results There was found statistically important difference ( p < 0.05) between the taste thresholds of the two groups although not all smokers presented with elevated taste thresholds: Six of them (21%) had taste thresholds similar to those of non-smokers. Differences concerning the shape and the vessels of the fungiform papillae between the groups were also detected. Fewer and flatter fPap were found in 22 smokers (79%). Conclusion The majority of smokers shown elevated taste thresholds in comparison to non-smokers. Smoking is an important factor which can lead to decreased taste sensitivity. The combination of methods, such as EGM and CE, can provide useful information about the vascularisation of taste buds and their functional ability.