Smuggling is the act of carrying goods or people illegally and hidden, like out of a building, into jail, or through of border, Contrary to the law or other regulations. Smuggling encouraged various reasons. These include illegal trade, such as drugs, Immigration and illegal migration, avoid excise, Smuggling of illegal goods to prisoners, or smuggling stolen goods. Another example is the financial motive for it is not like bringing banned items past a security checkpoint (as in airfield) or removal of confidential documents from the state or government officials. Type the smuggling of goods, people and wild creatures.
Grenzen sind soziale Tatsachen, die sich räumlich manifestieren – etwa wenn Schmuggler und Grenzschützer an Grenzübergängen aufeinandertreffen und in ritualisierter Form Bedingungen und Möglichkeiten des Grenzübertritts aushandeln. Das Grenzgeschehen wird in diesem Beitrag in soziologisch-ethnologischer Perspektive am Beispiel des Kaliningrader Grenzgebiets betrachtet.
The Routledge Handbook of Smuggling offers a comprehensive survey of interdisciplinary research related to smuggling, reflecting on key themes, and charting current and future trends. Divided into six parts and spanning over 30 chapters, the volume covers themes such as mobility, borders, violent conflict, and state politics, as well as looks at the smuggling of specific goods – from rice and gasoline to wildlife, weapons, and cocaine. Chapters engage with some of the most contentious academic and policy debates of the twenty-first century, including the historical creation of borders, re-bordering, the criminalisation of migration, and the politics of selective toleration of smuggling. As it maps a field that contains unique methodological, ethical, and risk-related challenges, the book takes stock not only of the state of our shared knowledge, but also reflects on how this has been produced, pointing to blind spots and providing an informed vision of the future of the field. Bringing together established and emerging scholars from around the world, The Routledge Handbook of Smuggling is an indispensable resource for students and researchers of conflict studies, borderland studies, criminology, political science, global development, anthropology, sociology, and geography.
The aim of the article is the study of the subjective side of smuggling, as a kind of shadow economy. Understanding the subjective side of contraband in the existing legislative acts of the Republic of Latvia and the response of the state for illegal actions does not fully meet the targets for reduction of the shadow economy, and requires more detailed study, especially in the subjective part of smuggling. Article novity shown as an expanded understanding of the subjective side comparison of smuggling in Latvia and other countries. A wide range of international experience and analysis of the regulatory framework helps to make conclusions about the direction of the correction in the understanding of the subjective side of smuggling today. Summing up the conclusions of the article and by the author's made proposals it can be said, that they will undoubtedly provide a more precise understanding of the weaknesses of the subjective side of contraband in the Latvian legislation and identify possible ways to improve the regulatory framework of the subjective side of such action as smuggling.
The study below is meant to focus on the migrant smuggling crime in Romania, especially analysis of the migrant smuggling infraction provided in the Romanian Criminal Code. Being a component of the human trafficking activity, the illegal migration is a phenomenon that is continuously extending and harder to stop due to the involvement of the organized crime networks and also due the ingenuousness and maliciousness of the people and the criminals. Therewith, the migrant smuggling is highly connected with drug trafficking, terrorism etc., aspects that are connected with the organized crime. Legally, there are many differences between the source states, the transit states or the destination states, that is slowing the fight of the states for combating this scourge. During this fight of preventing and stopping the illegal migrant smuggling, the states that are involved aligned their own legal frame to the international one in the activity field, by elaborating and promoting the regulatory acts that have been putting the responsibility on the governmental and non-governmental institution in this activity field. KEYWORDS: migrant, illegal migration, crime, organized crime, Romanian Criminal Code
The Routledge Handbook of Smuggling offers a comprehensive survey of interdisciplinary research related to smuggling, reflecting on key themes, and charting current and future trends. Divided into six parts and spanning over 30 chapters, the volume covers themes such as mobility, borders, violent conflict, and state politics, as well as looks at the smuggling of specific goods – from rice and gasoline to wildlife, weapons, and cocaine. Chapters engage with some of the most contentious academic and policy debates of the twenty-first century, including the historical creation of borders, re-bordering, the criminalisation of migration, and the politics of selective toleration of smuggling. As it maps a field that contains unique methodological, ethical, and risk-related challenges, the book takes stock not only of the state of our shared knowledge, but also reflects on how this has been produced, pointing to blind spots and providing an informed vision of the future of the field. Bringing together established and emerging scholars from around the world, The Routledge Handbook of Smuggling is an indispensable resource for students and researchers of conflict studies, borderland studies, criminology, political science, global development, anthropology, sociology, and geography. ; Please note: this is a large file. Individual chapters can be downloaded from the link under "more details" below.
The Australian government has become increasingly frustrated at the inability to prevent people smugglers from transporting asylum seekers to Australia, despite increasing law enforcement measures. Yet research on people smuggling networks remain dispersed and fail to take into account recent developments on people smugglers and their activities. This report thus addresses a need to re-examine people smuggling networks that target Australia as the destination country. There are various conceptual frameworks used to examine transnational organised crime as well as people smuggling networks. However, only certain elements of each framework 'fit' the Australian context. This gives credence to the argument that people smuggling networks are constantly developing and stereotypes of smuggling networks are unhelpful. As such, this report draws from elements of these networks and applies them to empirical research on people smuggling activities. In addition these elements are applied to profiles that have been created of individual smugglers as well as information from media reports and government documents. Research on people smuggling networks have established that they are highly adaptable and resilient and this is further strengthened by the profiles of smugglers. These profiles also suggest that roles traditionally assigned to specific actors within these smuggling networks do not fit in the Australian context. People smuggling networks also show flexibility in the way they respond to law enforcement measures and routes used to enter into Australia. Nevertheless, the profiles and research findings indicate that people smugglers show flexibility in the former. While there is a wide range of actors involved in people smuggling operations, there is a level of hierarchy distinguishing local Indonesian smuggling groups and the coordinators of smuggling networks. However, the real 'untouchable' actors seem to be corrupt public officials and traditional financiers of smuggling operations. Nevertheless, there is a lack of information on whether the latter exist in an Australian context. Furthermore, despite strong evidence suggesting that top smugglers are Australian residents, the research findings indicate otherwise. Ethnicity also plays an important role in people smuggling networks. It cannot be separated from other features of smuggling networks. Moreover, understanding the way in which Chinese smuggling networks operate can assist in understanding how smuggling networks operate in other regions. Though the research findings reflect the importance of ethnicity, they suggest that there is a stronger regional connection between smugglers and the people they smuggle. Lastly, the diversified pattern of criminal organisations has ted many to conclude that people smuggling networks are no different. There are numerous ways in which smuggling networks can transform to a trafficking situation, and there are various scenarios where people smuggling can be linked to drug trafficking as well as terrorist activities. However, the research findings only indicate a link between smuggling and potential drug trafficking organisations. Future research thus needs to focus on examining whether these connections exist, and finding ways to prevent the development of these links in the future.
Rikers Island is New York City's primary jail complex, with a daily inmate population of approximately 10,000. The 400-acre complex consists of ten different jails that can hold up to 15,000 inmates in total. Rikers has come under criticism as a rise in violent attacks, between inmates and against corrections officers, has drawn public attention to perceived systemic corruption, abuses, and a culture of violence within the complex.
The purpose of this report is to critically analyse and provide recommendations for Australia's detection and legal enforcement framework regarding wildlife smuggling. This will be . done by comparing the framework in Australia with the framework in the UK. This comparison is important because it will allow us to know if Australia's current framework is as effective as it should be. The UK was chosen as a suitable country to compare with Australia because the UK is a country which is well known for its effective Customs agency and stringent penalties regarding wildlife trafficking. Furthermore, the UK, like Australia, it is an island. This means that wildlife smuggling may not occur through land borders and may only occur through sea and airports. This inevitably means that the UK's border protection focus, like Australia, is on its sea and airports. In chapter 1, the report outlines the detection system in Australia. This chapter looks at the role of the Australian Customs Service in combating wildlife trafficking. It high lights the effectiveness of some of the wildlife detection methods utilised by Customs. Methods such as x-rays, detector dogs, intelligence and the Custom hotline are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the chapter concludes by analysing the effectiveness of the system and some of the problems that Australian Customs faces in the fight against wildlife trafficking. It was found that Customs already has a high rate of success in detecting wildlife but still face a shortage of resources to improve their operations. Chapter 2 focuses on the legal framework, prosecution and sentencing of wildlife smugglers. It firstly explores the CITES framework and how this controls the trade of endangered species of plants and animals around the world. The chapter then explores how CITES is implemented in Australia and the sentences available for a breach of the EPBC Act. It was found that the maximum sentence for wildlife smuggling was a fine of$ 110,000 and 10 years imprisonment. The chapter then discuses some of the problems with Australia's current legal framework such as the low level of prosecutions and the low penalties imposed by courts despite stringent maximum penalties. The third chapter turns to focus on the UK and explores the system in the UK. The focus is on the methods used by the UKBA to detect concealed wildlife in the UK's airports. Some of the methods discussed in this chapter include the training received by UKBA officers who deal exclusively with wildlife trafficking and the partnerships that the UKBA have with other agencies in the UK and internationally. This is then followed by an analysis of the effectiveness of and some of the issues with the system in the UK. This analysis shows that, even though it is very difficult to provide accurate estimates, it is thought that the UK has been very successful in detecting hidden wildlife. The chapter also found that the UK faces the same problem as Australia in the lack of adequate resources for their Customs agencies. II Chapter 4 discusses the UK's legal framework used to prosecute and sentence wildlife smugglers. It outlines the UK's implementation of CITES through the European Council's Regulations and through the CEMA, COTES and the WCA Acts. The report then turns to discuss some of the problems that have arisen in the UK. Here it was found that the UK also suffers from some of the same problems as Australia. The prosecution levels are low and up until2002, the fines imposed for these offences were inadequate and have allowed smugglers to continue to profit from this trade. The final chapter aims to provide general recommendations for the improvement of the current system in Australia. It does this by recapping the problems and issues that were seen in the previous chapters and then offering possible solution and recommendations for each issue. With respect to the detection of wildlife smuggling, even though Australian Customs are already extremely successful, the report recommends that more resources be devoted to Australian Customs so that they have adequate staff and equipment to monitor more passengers, luggage and containers. Another suggestion for Australian Customs is that they designate or create a group of officers to educate and assist other officers with wildlife trafficking offences, similar to the UKBA CITES Team. Recommendations proposed to tackle low level of prosecutions are amendments to the EPBC to lower the evidential requirement to prove 'intention' for wildlife import and export offences. With respect to the low fines given, the report recommends that the legislation creating the penalties be amended. The government may look into increasing the range of fines available or fining 3 times the value of the goods similar to what is available in the UK. Furthermore, proper authorities should also publish a sentencing guideline for magistrates to consider when sentencing wildlife criminals. Finally t his report believes that the root cause of the some of the deficiencies in the enforcement of wildlife trafficking in Australia come from within the Australian community. It is because the Australian people as a whole believe that wildlife crimes is not important, that resources are being allocated to other areas and that the judiciary does not perceive wildlife trafficking as a serious crime. Accordingly, this report further recommends that the government alongside other wildlife organisations educate and highlight the importance of Australia's animals and crimes against them.
The aim of this Article is to evaluate determination of value of smuggled goods according to existing Latvian and EU legislation and regulations. The problem analyzed in this study- existing determination metodology of smuggled goods value, which does not comply with EU legislation and case law, and European Commission opinion as well. Article`s novity has been shown by research carried out through analysis of the smuggled goods value, paying special attention to Latvian legislation in comparison with EU law, the case-law. As particular novelty of research should be emphasized Author`s proposals for improvements in national legislation and terminology, defining specific activities. Summarizing up conclusions of the article it can be said that the value of smuggled goods should be fixed according to market price or assimilated price at the time of the offense, but it is not acceptable to include customs tax, VAT and excise tax into the value of goods. These taxes can be applied to determine the compensation for losses if it will be proved that goods had been intended for use in commercial purposes.
Cigarette smuggling, now on the increase, is so widespread and well organised that it poses a serious threat to public health. This threat comes from two principal directions. First, smuggling makes cigarettes available cheaply, thereby increasing consumption. A third of annual global exports go to the contraband market, representing an enormous impact on consumption, and thus causing an increase in the burden of disease, especially in poorer countries. It is also costing government treasuries thousands of millions of dollars in lost tax revenue. Second, the tobacco industry uses smuggling politically, lobbying governments to lower tax, arguing that smuggling is caused by price differences. This paper shows that the claimed correlation between high prices and high levels of smuggling does not exist in western Europe. In fact, countries such as Norway and Sweden, with expensive cigarettes, do not have a large smuggling problem, whereas countries in the south of Europe do. Cigarette smuggling is not caused principally by "market forces". It is mainly caused by fraud, by the illegal evasion of import duty. The cigarettes involved are not the cheap brands from southern European countries, for which there is no international market. It is the well-known international brands such as Marlboro and Winston. We propose much tighter regulation of cigarette trade, including an international transport convention, and a total ban on transit trade—sale by the manufacturers to dealers, who sell on to smugglers.
Undoubtedly, the effectiveness of combating drug trafficking crimes, in particular their smuggling, depends on the extent to which current legislation is in line with current realities of life and how it is applied in the judicial practice. It should be noted that the situation with regard to the spread of drug addiction in the country is explained not only by crisis phenomena in different spheres of public life, deterioration of socio-economic and socio-psychological state of a number of population groups, but also by significant shortcomings in the work of customs and law enforcement agencies. bodies, their material, technical, informational and legal support for counteracting drug smuggling. Despite the urgency and importance of the issue under consideration, no special dissertation studies on the criminal-law characterization of drug smuggling as a crime, as well as its counteraction by domestic scientists, were conducted. Part of the work being investigated has been covered in the work of researchers in the fields of criminal law and criminology, who have, to one degree or another, addressed the issue of criminal liability for drug offenses and counteracting drug trafficking. The foregoing testifies to the expediency and relevance of the in-depth study of the concept of drug smuggling under domestic and foreign legislation, its social dangers, a deeper study of objective and subjective features, which to some extent will help to increase the effectiveness of counteraction. Analyze the process of forming criminal and legal counteraction to drug smuggling in the historical and legal aspect. Statements regarding the public danger of drug smuggling for the purpose of disclosure in a modern manner. To carry out comparative legal analysis of the criminal legislation of foreign countries on establishing responsibility for drug smuggling. To carry out a legal analysis of the composition of the crime provided for in Article 305 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Identify ways to improve the fight against drug ...
[full article, abstract in English; abstract in Lithuanian] Drug trafficking is a very lucrative criminal activity, with a growing number of organized criminal groups from the Balkans. According to Europol's report, about 5000 organized criminal groups are active in the European Union.2According to the results of the National survey on the lifestyles of the citizens in the Republic of Serbia in 2014, the use of psychoactive substances and games of chance and illegal drug use at least once during a lifetime was recorded at 8.0% of the total population aged 18 to 64 (10.8% of males and 5.2% of females), with greater prevalence (12.8%) in the younger adult population aged 18 to 34. The number of heroin users who inject drugs in Serbia is between 10 000 and 25 000. The main estimated number is 20 000 heroin users who inject drugs, i.e., 0.4% of the population aged 15 to 64. Based on the analysis of data on drug-related deaths, it can be noted that there has been a decline in the number of deaths in the past five years, and most of these cases are related to opiates. In the territory of the Republic of Serbia, the production of heroin has not been recorded, and that gives trafficking a greater primacy, which is supported by the fact that high quality heroin is further trafficked in the form of a base that is mixed with other substances (paracetamol, caffeine, sugar etc.). In this way, such a high degree of purity of heroin allows the members of criminal groups to increase the quantity of narcotics by mixing substances suitable for this and, in that way, achieve greater profits. The most commonly used illegal drug among the adult population is cannabis (marijuana and hashish), and the use of the mentioned drugs has been recorded at least once during a lifetime in 7.7% of subjects aged 18 to 64 (10.4% of men and 4.9% of women). The use of other illegal drugs is very rare; 1.6% of questioned individuals (2.5% of the population aged 18 to 34) have used other illegal drugs. ; [straipsnis ir santrauka anglų kalba, santrauka lietuvių kalba] Prekyba narkotikais yra labai pelninga nusikalstama veikla, lydima augančio organizuotų kriminalinių grupuočių iš Balkanų šalių skaičiaus. Kaip teigiama Europolo ataskaitoje, Europos Sąjungoje veikia apie 5000 organizuotų nusikalstamų grupuočių15. Remiantis 2014 metų nacionalinės apklausos Serbijos Respublikoje duomenimis, bent kartą gyvenime psichoaktyviąsias medžiagas ir nelegalius narkotikus yra vartoję ar azartinius žaidimus žaidę 8proc. asmenų iš 18–64 metų amžiaus grupės (10,8proc. vyrų ir 5,2proc. moterų), didesnis vartojimas (12,8proc.) užfiksuotas jaunų suaugusiųjų 18–34m. amžiaus grupėje. Serbijoje heroino vartotojų, kurie leidžiasi narkotikus, skaičius yra tarp 10000 ir 25000. Pagrindinis tikėtinas dydis yra 20000 heroino vartotojų, kurie leidžiasi narkotikus, t.y. 0,4proc. visos populiacijos nuo 15 iki 64m. amžiaus. Remiantis su narkotikais susijusių mirčių duomenų analize, galima matyti, kad per paskutinius penkerius metus tokių mirčių sumažėjo, o dauguma jų atvejų buvo susiję su opiatais. Serbijos Respublikos teritorijoje heroino gamybos atvejų nenustatyta, dėl to atsiranda dar didesnė prekybos paskata. Tai patvirtina ir tas faktas, kad aukštos kokybės heroinas toliau perparduodamas grynąją medžiagą maišant su kitomis (paracetamoliu, kofeinu, cukrumi ir kt.). Didelio grynumo heroiną maišydamos su kitomis medžiagomis nusikalstamos grupuotės padidina narkotikų kiekį ir taip gauna didesnį pelną. Suaugusiųjų populiacijoje dažniausiai vartojamas nelegalus narkotikas yra kanapės (marihuana ir hašišas), vieną kurį iš šių narkotikų bent kartą gyvenime yra pavartoję 7,7proc. asmenų iš 18–64m. amžiaus grupės (10,4proc. vyrų ir 4,9proc. moterų). Kitų nelegalių narkotikų vartojimas yra labai retas; 1,6proc. apklaustų asmenų (2,5proc. 18–34m. amžiaus grupėje) yra vartoję kitų nelegalių narkotikų
Publication issue de Pierre Kopp. Understanding the Financial Flows Generated by Human Trafficking. World Bank Conference: The Dynamics of Illicit Flows from Developing Countries, Sep 2009, Washington, United States. ; International audience
