Suchergebnisse

BACKGROUND/AIMS—Landmines have long been used in conventional warfare. These are antipersonnel mines which continue to injure people long after a ceasefire without differentiating between friend or foe, soldier or civilian, women or children. This study focuses on Afghan non-combatants engaged in mine clearing operations in Afghanistan in the aftermath of the Russo-Afghan war. The patterns and types of injuries seen are described and experiences in their management, ways, and means to prevent them, and recommendations for the rehabilitation of the affected individuals are given. METHODS—It is a retrospective and analytical study of 84 patients aged 19-56 years who sustained mine blast injuries during mine clearing operations in Afghanistan from November 1992 to January 1996. The study was carried out at a military hospital with tertiary care facilities. The patients were divided into three groups on the basis of their injuries. Group 1 required only general surgical attention, group 2 sustained only ocular injuries, while group 3 had combined ocular and general injuries. Patients in groups 2 and 3 were treated in two phases. The first phase aimed at immediate restoration of the anatomy, while restoration of function wherever possible was done in subsequent surgical procedures in the second phase. RESULTS—It was observed that 51 out of 84 patients (60.7%) had sustained ocular trauma of a variable degree as a result of the blasts. The mean age of the victims was 29 years and they were all male. A total of 91 eyes of 51 patients (89.2%) had been damaged. Bilaterality of damage was seen in 40 (78.4%) patients. Most, 34 (37.3%), eyes became totally blind (NPL). Only a few escaped with injury mild enough not to impair vision. Foreign bodies, small and multiple, were found in the majority of eyes; most, however, were found in the anterior segment, and posterior segment injuries were proportionally less. CONCLUSIONS—The prevalence of blindness caused by mine blast injuries is quite high. The resulting psychosocial ...

Human service professionals may experience conflict about using their authority and the power that accompanies it when they must reconcile their humanitarian values about practice with requirements and expectations of the environmental context in which they operate. The author suggests that the political and economic environment, gender issues, and the impact of these on the exchange between client and worker are factors that cause uneasiness for practitioners in exercising authority.

Bibliography: pages 201-214. ; Environmental degradation is widely regarded as an integral part of South Africa's homeland areas. Conventional thinking often blames so-called traditional farming practices, attitudes and values for this situation. In other words, the blame is placed with the residents of the areas and environmental degradation is explained away as the result of a particular cultural make-up. Following this line of thought, education via agricultural extension is mooted as the primary solution to what is regarded as an inherent problem. The central concern of this dissertation is to examine the dynamics of natural resource management by residents of a rural area in KwaZulu known as oBivane. The thesis shows that the conditions leading to environmental degradation are best seen as the result of particular historical and political processes and not simply as the results of particular patterns of behaviour that are culturally driven. These processes, given primary impetus by massive population influx onto a restricted land base and combined with the peculiarities of differential access to resources and the need to preserve the interests of elite groups, have forced sectors of the South African population into situations where physical survival has necessarily had grave environmental cost. One of the consequences of apartheid policies has been to institutionalise environmental degradation in particular areas of the country.

A hands-on approach to the privatization process in Eastern Europe, divided into the following categories:- Guidelines for Foreign Purchasers of State Enterprises - A Business Survival Guide for Getting Things Done in Kiev - Critical Challenges of Capital Formation - The Greenfield Approach to Privatization - Vouchers and their Practical Use - Detailed Analysis of the Particulars of the Privatization Procedures in Russia, Ukraine, Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, and Hungary. Furthermore, Privatization in Eastern Europe includes a list of all privatization laws

Les femmes de la classe ouvrière : survie psychologique et sociale.
Dans ce texte, l'auteur se propose d'étudier certains aspects du discours produit autour des femmes de la classe ouvrière, dans un contexte, la période d'après-guerre, où la notion de classe ouvrière, à la fois surestimée, dénigrée et crainte, pose problème. Dans ces discours et ces pratiques, les femmes ont une place centrale en tant que mères ayant à leur charge la production de citoyens dans un ordre démocratique bourgeois en extension. En effet, le discours de la mobilité sociale, de l'égalité des chances transforme en pathologie tout échec d'entrer dans la classe moyenne définie comme normale. Il s'agit donc de "normaliser" les groupes potentiellement pathologiques et entre autres les mères de la classe ouvrière dont la capacité à exercer la maternité doit être mise sous surveillance. Inadéquates, ne sont-elles pas responsables d'un large éventail de maux sociaux (criminalité, délinquance...) ?
Ce modèle normatif et normalisant, ce nouveau mode de régulation sociale fait l'impasse sur les conséquences de l'oppression, et sur les réalités psychologiques qui découlent de la souffrance vécue, d'une subjectivité construite à travers des "vérités" projetées sur 1' ''autre".
L'auteur a mené une recherche auprès de femmes d'origine ouvrière ayant eu accès à l'Université pour comprendre la spécificité de ce groupe et les mécanismes de défense mis en place pour vivre et survivre l'oppression.