Suchergebnisse

L'albo lapillo Pier Paolo Pasolini nasce il 5 marzo 1922 a Bologna, prima tappa del lungo peregrinare della famiglia Pasolini imposto dalla professione del padre Carlo Alberto, ufficiale dell'esercito. Carlo Alberto appartiene ad una delle più illustri famiglie di Ravenna, i Pasolini Dall'Onda, nobili degli Stati della Chiesa che da sempre assolvono incarichi importanti in Vaticano. Tuttavia il padre, Argobasto, avvia la famiglia alla rovina a causa del gioco d'azzardo, rovina cui contribuirà a sua volta il figlio Carlo Alberto preda della medesima passione. L'aver scialacquato ciò che restava del patrimonio paterno, lo costringe nel 1915 ad abbracciare la vita militare, carriera che sopperiva ad un destino di degradazione economica. Carlo Alberto aderisce al fascismo e al riguardo, Enzo Siciliano addirittura si esprime con queste parole: "il fascismo apparteneva antropologicamente […] alla sua vanità, al suo evidente vitalismo, all'ombrosità del suo sguardo e ancor di più alla sua dissestata configurazione sociale, alla sua aristocrazia di sangue respinta verso le terre desolate della piccola borghesia" . L'angoscia del fallimento e il senso di solitudine che nasce da una passione non ricambiata spinge Carlo Alberto ai vizi perniciosi del vino e del gioco. Il dramma che suscitò nell'animo di Carlo Alberto lo "scandalo" del figlio, tralignò alla follia e unico rifugio, fino alla morte avvenuta nel 1958 per cirrosi epatica, lo trovò nel bere. Pier Paolo Pasolini nasce pochi mesi prima della storica Marcia su Roma, atto che sancisce la salita di Mussolini al potere. Le velleità dirigistiche e di controllo del fascismo coltivato dalla piccola borghesia che credeva di fare del Colpo di Stato delle camicie nere strumento per i propri fini particolari, viene travolta e rigettata. Questo il clima in cui cresce Pier Paolo Pasolini il quale, stabilitosi con la famiglia alla fine degli anni Trenta a Bologna, termina brillantemente gli studi liceali e si iscrive alla facoltà di Lettere. Pasolini amò profondamente il gioco del calcio, ma nella sua forma "pura": incontaminato, non degradato e inquinato come sarà quello reificato dalla società dei consumi, postindustriale, contro cui lancerà i suoi strali. È risaputo che si teneva in forma: aveva il terrore di invecchiare e negli ultimi anni della sua vita andò addirittura in Romania a fare la cura del Gerovital (a cui sottopone anche la madre). La prontezza del corpo fece di lui, come farà notare il suo amico Italo Calvino, uno dei pochi convincenti "descrittori di battaglie" della nostra letteratura recente. L'apparente normalità della sua vita si spezza l'8 settembre 1943, quando con lo storico armistizio, si frantumano le illusioni fasciste e l'Italia si trova allo sbando. Qui Pasolini prosegue la sua attività letteraria. Divenuto partigiano della brigata Osoppo, vicina al Partito D'Azione, cadrà vittima di quell'orribile episodio della Resistenza italiana che passò alla storia come "strage di Porzus", che vide i garibaldini e gli azionisti uniti contro le pretese territoriali sulle terre di confine delle truppe slovene fomentate dalla propaganda nazionalista e sciovinista di Tito. Questa pagina luttuosa e mesta della vita di Pier Paolo è calata nell'età storica dell'antifascismo segnata dal fenomeno della Resistenza, risultato dell'acuirsi del carattere politico-ideologico del conflitto tra il sistema democratico e i totalitarismi nazi-fascisti e che si traduce in una vera e propria resistenza nei confronti degli eserciti occupanti, sia in forma armata che in forma "passiva" (rifiuto del consenso, attività di intelligence e frenetica attività propagandistica di intellettuali e politici esuli). L'evento bellico della Liberazione attraversa e scuote tutta la penisola italiana, dalla Sicilia alle Alpi, lasciando un paese grondante di devastazione e distruzione. Enzo Siciliano parla di un'"ingenua furia romantica" del poeta Pasolini perché nel suo animo alberga il furore pedagogico di chi crede nella pregnante forza educatrice della poesia, della lingua che si fa storia e cultura attraverso il poeta che la plasma forgiando armi imperiture, vivificando una cultura locale in cui i poveri contadini possano riconoscersi e, insieme, superare l'eclissi e l'oblio dell'arcaicità d'espressione e dei costumi. Discutendo una tesi sulle Myricae di Pascoli, si laurea in Lettere a Bologna con Carlo Calcaterra, professore di storia della letteratura italiana che segnerà la formazione di Pasolini insieme a Roberto Longhi, professore di Storia dell'Arte, fondamentale nella successiva passione figurativa del Pasolini regista. È affascinato dal Friuli, a cui dona il suo cuore. Pasolini aderisce nell'ottobre-novembre 1945 all'associazione Patrie tal Friul, il cui programma politico era dichiaratamente autonomista. Nel 1947 Pasolini si iscrive al Pci, diventa segretario della sezione di San Giovanni di Casarsa e per vivere inizia ad insegnare italiano alle scuole medie statali a Valvasone (dopo una breve parentesi in una scuola privata a Versuta). Il paese lasciato in eredità dalla guerra alla nuova classe politica e dirigente è un paese umiliato, stremato, insozzato dalla ferocia sanguinaria della guerra civile, economicamente dipendente dagli aiuti stranieri; un paese che ha perso la sua credibilità all'estero, governato da una classe politica inesperta, conservatrice, che non ha saputo rispondere alle pulsioni modernizzatrici favorendo la sclerotizzazione della frattura tra un nord vivace, propositivo e attivo, e un sud dove ha prevalso l'impulso reazionario che ha favorito il ripristino del vecchio stato, dove le forze dell'ordine e la magistratura sono tutt'altro che convertiti alla democrazia e dove predominano due partiti di massa tra loro antitetici. Il sogno di una cosa viene visto come "lo sfondo mitico e contadino del romanzo "romano" (per) l'epicità del libro che trae sostanza dal senso di avventura che increspa il vivere dei tre protagonisti: soluzione stilistica a cui Pasolini arriva dopo Ragazzi di vita" . La situazione agraria e contadina, soprattutto nel sud Italia, risente fortemente della distruzione e degli sconvolgimenti causati dalla guerra. La manifestazione organizzata dalla Camera del Lavoro a San Vito del Tagliamento per ottenere i miglioramenti che il lodo prometteva agli agricoltori disoccupati e ai mezzadri danneggiati dalla guerra, è rivolta contro quei proprietari terrieri che si sono strenuamente opposti fino a quel momento all'applicazione della legge. La concezione ideologica di Pasolini si incarna in un personaggio del "romanzo" Il sogno di una cosa: una ragazza borghese, Renata, che abiura alle precedenti categorie di pensiero e all'impianto ontologico tipico della sua classe sociale, "che mai gliel'avrebbero perdonato", per farsi marxista. Pasolini dona così forma al suo "inconscio antropologico" (Enzo Siciliano), affidandolo alle parole di questa giovane ma anche a quelle del prete Paolo quando dice, ho notato quanto siano migliori i giovani del popolo da quelli della borghesia: è una superiorità sostanziale e assoluta, che non ammette riserve. Si insinua insidioso anche un altro tratto autobiografico, che lui avvertirà sempre come una colpa soverchiante e per cui i patimenti emotivi si susseguiranno fino alla fine della sua breve esistenza: l'omosessualità. Trauma inconscio che si riverbera nel suo atteggiamento sessuale adulto per cui Pier Paolo cerca "in folle caccia notturna" i ragazzi, stabilendo una distanza netta dalla sua realtà domestica. Muoio nell'odore di una latrina della mia infanzia, legato per sempre alla vita da una vespa che accende nell'aria l'odore dell'Estate. O anche "ciò che più tortura è il "cedere"/mi trovo al mesto bivio del peccato/e cedo […]". Isolato e epurato dal partito comunista -al tempo duro ed ortodosso in materia-, si decide alla partenza con la madre Susanna. Roma. Pasolini rimane pur sempre un "poeta" inteso, alla Elsa Morante, come scrittore che sa dar voce, anche con irriverenza, al proprio daimon, rimanendo fedele alla propria vocazione. Poeta vicino all'espressionismo, rifugge dalla trasposizione della realtà nella letteratura dove esprime invece tutto il suo disagio esistenziale. Nella capitale della neonata Repubblica Italiana, Pasolini arriva con la madre agli albori degli anni Cinquanta. Nel frattempo avrà l'occasione di un nuovo contatto con il cinema quando Mario Soldati lo invita a collaborare alla sceneggiatura, insieme anche a Bassani, del suo film del 1954, La donna del fiume. La prima opera in omaggio alla romanità è del 1955, Ragazzi di vita. Lapalissiano il fine politico: disvelare una realtà taciuta, volutamente emarginata anche geograficamente nelle borgate, nelle appendici da una società apparentemente riemersa dalle ceneri della guerra, sedicente superstite dell'horror vacui della disperazione e della distruzione che tende a celare a se stessa i propri dolori ed i propri mali. Ciò spiega il perché è addirittura la presidenza del Consiglio dei ministri, Antonio Segni, a muoversi scrivendo esso stesso al Procuratore della Repubblica di Milano, bollando il testo come "pornografico". Contro questi perbenisti piccolo borghesi detrattori di Pasolini, politici e non, Gadda (che definisce Ragazzi di vita una "colonna sonora"), Bertolucci, De Robertis, Bigongiari, Carlo Bo, Cassola, Sereni, Anna Banti, Mario Luzi e con loro altri esponenti della cultura del tempo, costituirono quella giuria che a Parma nell'estate del 1955 assegna al "romanzo" il premio "Colombi- Guidotti". Il plurilinguismo a cui è votato Pasolini lo riporta presto sulle scene con un'opera, forse l'unica che- data l'organicità della narrazione- può essere ascritto alla famiglia dei "romanzi", Una vita violenta (1959). È una sorta di manifesto letterario con cui sancisce il suo riavvicinamento al Partito Comunista. Questo è deducibile dalle parole di Pasolini il quale in un'intervista apparsa sulla rivista "Nuovi Argomenti" nel 1959 dirà io credo soltanto nel romanzo "storico" e "nazionale", nel senso di "oggettivo" e "tipico". Emblematico è a questo fine il titolo di una raccolta di undici componimenti poetici in lingua, Le ceneri di Gramsci, "i più intensi e profondi esperimenti poetici di Pasolini […] una vera e propria summa al contempo delle posizioni ideali del poeta e della sua visione del mondo" "una delle partiture più ingannevoli e più strabilianti di tutta l'opera di Pasolini" il cui segreto sta "nei poemi, che nelle intenzioni dovevano esprimere l'angoscia dell'inafferrabilità e dell'impermeabilità del reale, si trasformano in un flusso che riproduce il reale nei suoi tessuti e nelle sue strutture, come il continuum sintattico riproduce il continuum del paesaggio" , composti tra il 1951 e il 1956 e stampati nel 1957, precedente di due anni il romanzo Una vita violenta e intervallato da una collaborazione alla sceneggiatura di Le notti di Cabiria, a cui lo invita Federico Fellini, come revisore della parte dialettale romanesca (per cui si servirà della collaborazione di quello che diventerà uno dei suoi due pupilli e tenero amico, Sergio Citti). In questa raccolta di componimenti l'obiettivo è quello di dare un volto nuovo alla storia italiana e per farlo Pasolini indulge sul passato con brani dedicati alle origini medievali del canto popolare, al periodo classico, romano greco e barbarico, al periodo comunale: il tutto in un clima quasi di attesa, di sospensione del popolo che aspetta da sempre "mai tolto al tempo" (Il canto popolare) e quindi non obnubilato dalla modernità ma vivo, sopravvissuto nel Presente e emarginato, confinato, ghettizzato in vacui solitari e fatiscenti paesi di collina, in tuguri o baracche, in squallidi quartieri periferici che circondano, con ferina purezza e semplicità, le baldanzose, bislacche città frutto del tempo breve. L'occasione è data da una visita di Pasolini al "Cimitero degli Inglesi", accanto a Porta San Paolo a Roma, a ridosso del quartiere popolare il Testaccio, in cui era stato seppellito Gramsci. Pasolini contempla amareggiato la rovina storica, "in esso c'è il grigiore del mondo / la fine del decennio in cui ci appare / tra le macerie finito il profondo / e ingenuo sforzo di rifare la vita / il silenzio, fradicio e infecondo". In questi versi sono condensate tutte le cocenti delusioni che albergano nel cuore del poeta e la sofferenza per la sorte dell'Italia: i dieci anni di dominio della Democrazia Cristiana al potere, il tradimento della Resistenza, il naufragio delle speranze e la perdita degli affetti. Durante lo srotolarsi del poemetto, Gramsci abbandona le vestigia di ideologo e uomo di partito, di padre e diviene per Pasolini "umile fratello", completamente disarmato, non rivoluzionario bensì il Gramsci della sofferenza riflessiva della prigione da cui gemmano pagine di vibrante lirismo e puntigliosa razionalità, lucidità storica e politica. Confinato nella solitudine dalla mordacità dell'uomo e dalla crudeltà della storia. L'interesse è rivolto al giovinetto Gramsci, umiliato e vilipeso, partorito dalla sensibilità del poeta, non al personaggio storico. La protesta è rappresentata dall'essere "diverso", nella poesia come nella vita. Diverso da chi, da cosa? Diverso dai prodotti della mercificazione, dall'omologazione e dalla massificazione che crea e fa subire al popolo inerme e disarmato l'evoluzione della tecnica. Questo non farà che esacerbare ulteriormente le idiosincrasie all'interno del partito dal quale, in seguito agli scandali legati alla sua omosessualità, era stato espulso. Sono gli anni in cui all'interno del partito domina l'intransigenza teologica dei marxisti ("sono inflessibili, sono tetri, / nel loro giudicarti: chi ha il cilicio / addosso non può perdonare. Nel 1958 pubblica L'usignolo della chiesa cattolica, una summa del suo credo marxista intriso soavemente di pietas cristiana. L'attività critica di Pasolini vede la sua prima momentanea sistemazione nella raccolta saggistica del 1960 Passione e ideologia. Un profondo e drastico mutamento del clima culturale occorse negli ultimi anni prima della guerra. Questo nuovo clima non è infondato ma motivato dalla lotta vittoriosa del paese contro il fenomeno fascista e la riconquista che ne derivò della libertà e della democrazia. Il primo numero compare alla fine di settembre del 1945 e, novità, in edicola perché vuole assurgere subito a organo culturale di massa. Chiude la sua attività nel dicembre del 1947. L'editoriale del direttore Una nuova cultura apre il "Politecnico". Contrasti con la redazione e divergenze di vedute fra Vittorini e esponenti di spicco del Partito Comunista, di cui era un giovane neofita, portò alla chiusura dell'organo. I dissapori con i dirigenti comunisti, in particolar modo con Palmiro Togliatti e lo storico Alicata, ruotano intorno al valore che Vittorini attribuisce alla cultura nell'orientamento della storia e nella rinascita della società, compiti che il partito attribuisce più alla politica che alla cultura. La cultura invece non può non svolgersi al di fuori di ogni legge di tattica e di strategia sul piano diretto della storia. Vittorini tende, esecrabilmente, a mettere in discussione il rapporto organico tra intellettuali e partito che dominerà la vita culturale nei decenni successivi caratterizzando la storia della cultura a sinistra dell'Italia; si rifiuta di porre così dei limiti al suo lavoro, di assecondare i diktat del partito e chiude la rivista "Il Politecnico". Il "ceto intellettuale" svolge una funzione di prim'ordine nell'analisi gramsciana, per la formazione del "blocco storico" perché è l'unico che può condurre al cambiamento la società rifondandola. Da qui, la sua idea di "intellettuale organico" per indicare quell'intellettuale che si lega visceralmente ad una classe sociale e al suo destino e istaura un rapporto dialettico con il suo partito. Una tendenza volta a creare una cultura liberale nell'Italia dopo la Liberazione ma, al contempo, attenta ai problemi del socialismo e della democrazia, corrente di pensiero incarnata da Norberto Bobbio. Per ottenere questo fine, è necessaria la comprensione della realtà. Al cinema e nella letteratura il parlato e il dialetto si impongono sovrani. Asor Rosa parla, per introdurre Pasolini, di "apoteosi e crisi del neorealismo" ricordando al lettore che ogni periodo storico-letterario finisce sempre e comunque o per rottura o per eccesso. Quello fascista, ci dice, terminò bruscamente per rottura e si fa strada l'idea che una nuova fase debba aprirsi per rispondere alle speranze degli italiani, anche nel campo del gusto e della poesia. Si scontra allora con le posizioni ufficiali del Partito Comunista che lo accusa tramite la rivista culturale ufficiale del partito, "Il contemporaneo", fondata nel 1954 e diretta da Salinari e Trombadori, di deviare dalla via del realismo inserendo nelle sue opere elementi decadenti, irrazionalistici e vitalistici. Alla "Guerra Fredda" corrisponde una spartizione del mondo in due parti (a cui nel 1962 si aggiungerà una terza realtà che è quella del blocco dei cosiddetti "paesi non allineati" nata alla conferenza di Bandung), simbolicamente indicate nella carta geografica con due colori differenti, il blu per i paesi schierati con gli Stati Uniti e rosso per quelli che gravitano intorno all'Unione Sovietica. In seguito alla Conferenza di Yalta del 1945, che stabilisce la spartizione delle zone di influenza, l'Italia viene inserita nel gioco di alleanze della potenza americana. Nel nostro Paese, il lungo periodo inaugurato dalle elezioni politiche del 1948, che vedono la vittoria di De Gasperi e della Democrazia Cristiana e l'uscita di scena del blocco delle sinistre, viene vissuto in condizioni di sostanziale equilibrio politico: per quarantacinque anni si succederanno governi a guida democristiana il cui percorso è agevolato anche da quella conventio ad excludendum, grazie alla quale vengono respinte come forze di governo, le due frange estreme dello schieramento parlamentare (Msi, erede delle posizioni della Repubblica di Salò, e Pci) . Un Paese ancora impegnato sulla strada della ricostruzione della propria identità, materiale e spirituale. La quasi totalità degli italiani ancora era impegnata, per vivere, nei settori tradizionali- principe ancora l'agricoltura che all'inizio del 1950 assorbe ancora quasi il 50% della popolazione attiva, concentrata con picchi del 56-57% al Sud (Ginsborg) - a cui corrispondeva un basso tenore di vita legato, nel caso dell'agricoltura, all'arretratezza strutturale che rallentava la crescita e la produzione (unica eccezione quella delle aziende agricole, dinamiche, moderne e produttive della Pianura Padana). Ciò è legato sia ad una perdita di autorità del pater familias, per cui il figlio del mezzadro tende a non voler più seguire le orme del padre sia al fatto che il proprietario, dato il crollo dei profitti e gli alti prezzi del mercato, tende a vendere le proprie terre il più delle volte ai mezzadri stessi. Ugualmente nel sud Italia si avvia un processo di vendita di terra che, insieme alla legge del 1948 che stabilisce il sistema di crediti ipotecari rurali rimborsabili in quarant'anni, agevola la piccola proprietà contadina. La fine del protezionismo diede nuova vita all'economia del paese portandolo, quasi obtorto collo, a rimodernarsi. In breve tempo la produzione industriale, così sollecitata al dinamismo, supera quella di tutti gli altri settori e l'Italia da paese agricolo diviene una delle nazioni più progredite del continente. L'"urbanizzazione" cambia il volto del paesaggio umano e sancisce la morte dell'"homo italicus" (Asor Rosa) legato alla proprietà e alla coltivazione della terra, sovverte totalmente i precedenti rapporti di classe con la crescita esponenziale della classe operaia di fabbrica che sarà al centro delle lacerazioni che seguiranno questo primo periodo di ebbrezza e che trova sfogo nella dura politica antisindacale e persecutoria ai danni di operai di dichiarata fede comunista perseguita dalle imprese. Il clima sociale e politico si scalderà velocemente e le lotte, le manifestazioni, le repressioni e la rabbia sociale che questa realtà esacerberà tingeranno di nero molte pagine della storia politico- sociale della Prima Repubblica italiana. Il "miracolo economico" in realtà cova degli squilibri al suo interno. Ginsborg delinea perfettamente questa situazione: il boom si realizzò seguendo una logica tutta sua, rispondendo direttamente al libero gioco delle forze del mercato e dando luogo, come risultato, a profondi scompensi strutturali. Dunque, l'altro lato della medaglia vede quelle declinazioni obliate dalla vitalità del momento, i contraccolpi che cova al suo interno il "boom" e che, accanto al forte spaesamento culturale, genera bisogni difficilmente soddisfacibili, come la domanda aggiuntiva di case, ospedali e scuole essendo più rivolto alla produzione di beni privati, individuali o al massimo familiari a detrimento dei beni pubblici e dei servizi. Fomenta anche rancore sociale accanto alle rivendicazioni di nuovi diritti dei lavoratori, che cominciano a tradursi in fiammate di combattività, a partire dagli scioperi del 1962- che si concluderà con l'episodio tragico di Piazza Statuto - e soprattutto del 1969 con la rivendicazione di uguaglianza di salario e parità normative tra operai e impiegati (lo Statuto dei Lavoratori è del 1970). Le forme governative non sono pronte alla sfida che questi mutamenti sociali mettono in campo. Avvocato seguace della linea dura, della politica "legge e ordine", opportunista nelle sue strategie di alleanze, Tambroni non si schiera apertamente con l'ala destra o sinistra del suo partito e mantiene buoni rapporti sia con i dirigenti missini che del Psi (anche se sarà bollato come uomo di destra non solo per la politica perseguita contro i manifestanti ma perché ottenne la carica di presidente del Consiglio grazie al voto degli esponenti del Msi e dei monarchici). Tambroni risponde alle manifestazioni che si svolgono a Genova, a Roma e in Emilia Romagna nel 1960 in occasione del congresso nazionale dei missini che provocatoriamente annunciano di tenerlo a Genova, una delle patrie della Resistenza, merito riconosciutole istituzionalmente con una medaglia d'oro. La vicenda Tambroni, ci fa notare Ginsborg, ha il merito di chiarire una volta per tutte una costante della storia politica della nostra Repubblica: l'antifascismo è nel dna dell'ideologia egemone per cui qualsiasi velleità autoritaria o liberticida viene osteggiata fisicamente dalla massa e messa al bando. Inoltre questo episodio favorisce un avvicinamento della Dc con i socialisti con la conseguente avanzata delle sinistre alle elezioni. Nel gennaio 1961 viene eletto alla Casa Bianca il democratico John Kennedy che, dopo il rapporto stilato sulla situazione politica italiana da un suo funzionario, decide di appoggiare l'ascesa del Psi con il doppio scopo di oscurare il partito comunista -che aumenta il proselitismo di massa- e al contempo far uscire l'Italia dallo stallo in cui il vuoto riformista l'aveva incatenato. Un papa ieratico, lontano dal sentire della gente. "Riforme mancate e mancata riforma del sistema politico si intrecciano e si alimentano a vicenda, innescando un "cortocircuito perverso" che agisce in profondità, sotto l'apparente bonaccia che va dal superamento della crisi economica all'"esplosione" del 1968" . Togliatti si aprirà al policentrismo politico e culturale e caldeggerà il superamento dello schieramento ideologico dei due blocchi. Stalin è morto nel 1953 e nel corso del XX Congresso del Pcus, che si tenne a Mosca nel febbraio del 1956, il nuovo segretario Nikita Chruscev diffonde il rapporto segreto sui crimini nefandi commessi da Stalin, favorito in questo dal "culto della divinità" a cui aveva piegato non solo la popolazione ma anche tutti i suoi sodales. La tradizione culturale del comunismo italiano ha allora, con Togliatti e la sua necessità di "vie nazionali del socialismo", l'originalità di confondersi con quella liberale. Quest'ultimo aspetto è interessante perché testimonia un processo di unificazione nazionale frutto sia di un maggior intervento scolastico mirato all'aumento del tasso di alfabetizzazione sia dell'incontro di due realtà fino a quel momento agli antipodi, i contadini del sud e la classe operaia del nord. Affermato poeta e emergente cineasta, interviene nel dibattito sui caratteri dell'italiano nell'epoca del "miracolo economico" e dedica alla nuova questione linguistica una conferenza (apparsa sulla rivista "Rinascita" nel dicembre del 1964) dove denuncia un letale sovvertimento del tradizionale assetto dei rapporti comunicativi, inquinati dall'avvento dell'industrializzazione a-morale e selvaggia e alla diffusione sempre più massiccia della televisione che tende ad unificare al ribasso la lingua italiana dalla cui facies scompare, o comunque si erode irreversibilmente, la genuinità di un dialetto che si vede aggredito dai potenti mass media. I dati statistici sono a questo fine utile: nel 1958 solo il 12 percento delle famiglie italiane possiedono un televisore, nel 1965 la percentuale è già salita al 49, allo stesso modo il possesso di un frigorifero passa dal 13 al 55 per cento, quello di una lavatrice dal 3 al 23 mentre gli italiani che posseggono un'automobile passa da 342000 a 4670000. Cambiano le abitudini alimentari e il modo di vestire degli italiani. Tutto ciò avallato dallo Stato e dal suo lassismo, dalla pigrizia e inamovibilità dei governi che nel ventennio 1950-1960 concedono piena libertà all'iniziativa privata. Fu uno dei pionieri della critica serrata e violenta di questo nuovo stato di cose, sociale e politico e ferventi saranno gli attacchi che lancerà dalle pagine di quotidiani, in particolare il "Corriere della Sera". A lacerare il velo delle illusioni saranno, in campo politico-sociale, atti di terrorismo e violenza vigliacca che dopo il preludio sessantottino, dalla Strage di Piazza Fontana del 12 dicembre 1969 darà il via alla "strategia della tensione", allo stragismo nero e al fenomeno delle Br: vicende che tanto avviliranno la nostra democrazia. Il rifiutato è l'irruzione dell'estraneità e della diversità, l'oggetto inerte e passivo del rifiuto. L'essere del rifiutato è la sua povertà e la sua miseria inseparabili e irreparabili. Pasolini con la sua opera poetica, che contempla non solo la scrittura ma anche il cinema ("la lingua scritta della realtà"), offre al suo pubblico un ampio materiale di riflessione sulla figura del rifiutato, dell'emarginato e sulle sue implicazioni sociali, politiche e morali. Negli anni Sessanta la produzione culturale e artistica si sposta sul cinema perché ha una presa maggiore sul pubblico, è più sensibile alla quotidianità e fedele al paese che cambia. L'avventura del cinema lo porterà a viaggiare costantemente negli anni Sessanta. In Alì dagli occhi azzurri, un volume che raccoglie scritti tra il 1950 e il 1965, c'è un racconto in versi che presta il titolo alla raccolta, Profezia (1962-1964) in cui riversa la sua speranza nelle potenzialità rivoluzionarie dei popoli sfruttati del terzo mondo,essi sempre umili/essi sempre deboli/essi sempre timidi/essi sempre infimi/essi sempre colpevoli/essi sempre sudditi/essi sempre piccoli […] deponendo l'onestà/delle religioni contadine, /dimenticando l'onore/della malavita/tradendo il candore/dei popoli barbari, /dietro ai loro Alì/dagli occhi azzurri- usciranno da sotto la terra/per uccidere-/usciranno dal fondo del mare per aggredire/scenderanno dall'alto del cielo per derubare […]distruggeranno Roma/e sulle sue rovine/deporranno il germe/della Storia Antica. Accanto c'è anche il filone politico, di denuncia: Le mani sulla città di Francesco Rosi,1963, affronta il tema della speculazione edilizia a Napoli, o a Elio Petri, Marco Bellocchio (I pugni in tasca, 1965) etc. Accanto a questi registi Pier Paolo Pasolini è spinto al cinema dalla volontà di dare plasticità visiva alla sua immaginazione antropologica e poetica. Il suo è un cinema tutt'altro che consolatorio, non è foriero di speranze ed è colmo di rassegnazione e amarezza, sentimenti maturati in seguito al sopravvenire della crisi delle ideologie e allo sfigurarsi del mondo del "piccole patrie". Una nuova "Bibbia dei poveri". Un cinema che fa dell'intrattenimento piccolo-borghese una sorta di Moloch e che si staglia contro l'ipocrisia dei benpensanti attraverso l'esibizione del sesso senza veli, almeno finché il consumismo non farà della liberazione dai tabù sessuali un suo imperativo, trasformando lo stigmatizzato Pasolini in corifeo della nuova normalità borghese. In Pasolini il cinema si mostra da subito per ciò che è, "passione per la vita", un mezzo per portare la poesia nella realtà attraverso la chiarezza della prosa. "[…] Io amo il cinema perché con il cinema resto sempre al livello della realtà. Sempre del biennio 1968-69 sono La sequenza del fiore di carta e Porcile (a detta dell'autore, il suo film "che più tende al cinema di poesia") mentre successive altre significative produzioni, dall'Edipo Re (1967), a Medea (1969-'70), da la "Trilogia della vita" (stagione 1970-1974) che contempla Il Decameron I racconti di Canterbury Il fiore delle mille e una notte (una trilogia della "mancanza della vita", affermazione disperata di qualcosa che non esiste più) alla quale seguirà un documento scritto nel giugno 1975 (Abiura dalla Trilogia della vita) dove giustifica il suo gesto dell'abiura con la costatazione della scomparsa di quella gioventù capace di libertà e trasgressione a cui quasi lui inneggiava attraverso questi film. L'innocenza che lui aveva perseguito qui è cancellata dal meccanismo di emulazione dei modelli veicolati dalla televisione, figli della società capitalista che tutto ciò che tocca corrompe; alla violenza disarmante e demistificante di Salò o le Centoventi giornate di Sodoma (1975) in cui la rievocazione in chiave sado-masochista di un episodio della Repubblica fascista di Salò fa da metafora della situazione dell'Italia democratico-repubblicana; a cui avrebbe dovuto seguire Porno- Teo- Kolossal, progetto interrotto, insieme al suo romanzo Petrolio, dalla tragica fine dell'autore all'Idroscalo di Ostia. Riservandoci un'analisi più puntuale in un secondo momento, possiamo tuttavia cogliere la sua convinzione che sia in atto un mutamento socio- antropologico devastante, che oscura la prospettiva popolare della Storia spogliandola così del suo carattere "assoluto". Intuibile è, a questo punto, la sua netta condanna del movimento studentesco del 1968, da cui prende le distanze dichiarandosene estraneo perché avvertito come volontà di emancipazione piccolo- borghese. Lo stato d'animo del Pasolini degli ultimi anni è di "disperata vitalità": sa di non essere compreso. I suoi interventi si fanno sempre più numerosi e appassionati, ruotano intorno a ciò che Pasolini dice soggiacere alla base di questa drammatica realtà: l'esiziale vuoto democristiano, partito arroccato nel Palazzo per semplice tornaconto personale, l'inamovibilità del progressismo e gli errori tattici del Pci, la dissoluzione del mondo proletario- contadino. L'ingordigia dei governi di centro- sinistra che dominano la scena dal 1962 al 1968, rende sordi e ciechi i politici di fronte alle esigenze di un'Italia in rapido cambiamento. Le ragioni salienti del movimento studentesco vanno ricercate nelle riforme scolastiche degli anni Sessanta: con l'introduzione (1962) della scuola media dell'obbligo fino ai quattordici anni, si incentiva un livello di istruzione di massa oltre la scuola primaria ma contemporaneamente vengono alla luce le gravi carenze: dalla mancanza dei libri di testo alle gravissime lacune nella preparazione degli insegnanti, mai aggiornati. Il Sessantotto italiano nasce nelle università con la richiesta di un serio esame di coscienza alla cultura. Nel frattempo, nelle maglie comuniste torna in auge il pensiero marxista con la sua attenzione per i coni d'ombra aperti dallo sviluppo economico e la conseguente condizione della classe operaia. A completare il quadro, si aggiungono presto le influenze "terzomondiste" provenienti dall'America del Sud, a partire dalla morte di Che Guevara in Bolivia nel 1967 che diviene così il martire simbolo della rivolta. Siamo nell'autunno del 1967 e investe gli atenei a partire dalla facoltà di sociologia di Trento a cui seguono quelli di Milano, Torino, Pisa. La nuova lettura che viene data nel Sessantotto è libertaria e iconoclastica del materialismo storico. I lasciti saranno vari, non tutti della medesima natura: innegabile il forte impulso alla democratizzazione, alla modernizzazione e alla partecipazione con l'affermazione del primato dell'assemblea a detrimento della delega. Gli atti dimostrativi, provocatori, violenti e il disprezzo per le regole furono alla base del fallimento. Ebbero però l'intuizione della necessità di avere al proprio fianco gli operai, classe sociale sclerotizzata in una situazione intollerabile. La propaganda incendiaria inibisce qualsiasi istanza modernizzatrice, le modalità di rivendicazione sono corrotte da una torsione del marxismo e del leninismo, per cui la coronazione della lotta di classe si può ottenere solo per mezzo di un furore iconoclasta e casinista. Gli anni dal 1968 al 1972 vedranno un susseguirsi di tiepidi e brevi governi di coalizione, perlopiù di centro-sinistra, che tentano di mediare la protesta con una scialba politica riformatrice che favorirà l'istituzione delle Regioni, la regolamentazione del referendum abrogativo; in campo sociale la regolamentazione delle pensioni, la nascita (maggio 1970) per merito del socialista Giacomo Brodolini dello Statuto dei Lavoratori di cui si comincia da subito a fare largo uso, la conclusione della lunga lotta del Lid per l'introduzione del divorzio in Italia, intrapresasi dopo il progetto di legge del 1965 presentato dal socialista Fortuna, il cui iter parlamentare però venne bloccato dalla Democrazia cristiana. Una condizione di assoluta precarietà su cui si abbatterà la più grave crisi economica dopo quella del 1929 e che influirà sulle politiche economiche internazionali per tutti gli anni Settanta, conosciuta come crisi petrolifera perché generata dalla decisione dei paesi dell'Opec di aumentare del 70 per cento il prezzo del petrolio facendolo schizzare alle stelle e mostrando nella sua drammaticità la totale dipendenza dei paesi occidentali dall'esportazione del petrolio. Questa crisi si abbatte su una situazione internazionale già fortemente problematica: la rottura del sistema Bretton Woods con la conseguente incertezza sui mercati finanziari internazionali, la svalutazione del dollaro, l'esplosione dei tassi salariali europei, un eccesso di offerta sul mercato del lavoro e il rapido declino dei profitti. Interessante è l'analisi che fa dei motivi che soggiacciono a questo estremismo della "nuova sinistra" Silvio Lanaro. Si è molto discettato sull'anomalia del "bipartitismo imperfetto", sul blocco ultradecennale del quadro politico e sul "revisionismo" del Pci, accompagnato dalla tattica terzinternazionalista del far terra bruciata alla propria sinistra: e tuttavia non si è posto l'accento sullo scotoma idiomatico di cui soffre chi vive in un paese privo nel lungo periodo di tradizioni liberali, e dunque costretto ad articolare le proprie concettualizzazioni (e le proprie azioni) a seconda di quanto gli offre il mercato delle idee e dei linguaggi. Immediata l'accusa da parte di polizia e governo alle frange anarchiche con l'individuazione dei responsabili nel ballerino Valpreda (che dopo aver trascorso tre anni in galera, solo nel 1985 sarà prosciolto da ogni accusa) e nel ferroviere Pinelli che "cadrà" dalla finestra dell'ufficio del commissario Calabresi durante l'interrogatorio. Alla strage del 12 dicembre e alla tensione successiva si richiamerà il primo documento del Collettivo Politico metropolitano, da cui nasceranno le Brigate Rosse, gruppo che rimarrà isolato fino alle elezioni del 1972, quando il terrorismo si colora anche di rosso con l'incruento ma emblematico sequestro di un dirigente della Sit- Siemens. Nel marzo del 1972, al XIII Congresso del partito, viene eletto segretario Enrico Berlinguer. Alla strage di Piazza Fontana se ne aggiungono presto altre: Piazza della Loggia a Brescia, attentato al treno "Italicus" nel 1974 e attentato alla stazione di Bologna del 2 agosto 1980. L'unico argine, nell'opinione di Berlinguer, sarebbe stata allora una grande alleanza che si concretizzasse politicamente in un accordo con la Dc, presentandolo come una strategia in cui comunisti e cattolici avrebbero condiviso un medesimo codice morale con il quale risollevare le sorti del paese. Questa strategia avrebbe avuto il merito indiscutibile di porre il Pci al centro della scena politica dopo anni di evanescenza. La sensazione che si ha è di essere di fronte alla nemesi del Partito democristiano, come si coglie dall'esigenza pasoliniana di un "Processo etico" al "Potere", ossia al partito che lo ha incarnato, al fine di riscrivere delle regole civili universali e inviolabili. A Pasolini il "coraggio intellettuale della verità" non manca: Io so. Io so i nomi dei responsabili della strage di Milano del 12 dicembre 1969. Io so i nomi dei responsabili della strage di Brescia e di Bologna dei primi mesi del 1974. […] Io so tutti questi nomi e so tutti i fatti (attentati alle istituzioni e stragi) di cui si sono resi colpevoli. Colpa da cui discende la necessità di un processo, un "Processo come metafora" con cui "determinare nel paese una nuova coscienza politica" sancendo definitivamente la fine di "un'epoca millenaria di un certo potere", rendendo preclara una verità fondamentale, "che governare e amministrare bene non significa più governare e amministrare bene in relazione al vecchio potere bensì in relazione al nuovo potere", ossia alle esigenze etiche della collettività civile. Le successive elezioni politiche, 20 giugno 1976 -le prime aperte anche ai giovani tra i 18 e i 21 anni-, confermano la salita del Pci che con il 34,4 per cento dei voti si avvicina alla Dc che resta stabile al 38,7 per cento, grazie alla grande borghesia che fa quadrato intorno al partito (storico l'invito del più famoso giornalista conservatore italiano e direttore del "Giornale Nuovo", Indro Montanelli, a votare Dc "turandosi il naso") mentre il Psi esce indebolito (nel 1976 il segretario De Martino verrà sostituito da un esponente dell'ala destra del partito, Bettino Craxi). I due governi Andreotti che si susseguono tra il 1976 e il 1978 e che includono il Pci nell'area di governo, passeranno alla storia come governi di "solidarietà nazionale" all'interno dei quali si appannerà la diversità comunista, grazie anche all'abilità del fine statista Aldo Moro, che con l'ambiguità e la sottigliezza del suo linguaggio, favorisce il graduale inserimento del Pci nelle logiche del sistema dei partiti, processo vissuto come un tradimento da quegli elettori che avevano riposto vitali speranze in un partito per cui Pasolini spende queste parole: la presenza di un grande partito di opposizione come il Partito Comunista italiano è la salvezza dell'Italia e delle sue povere istituzioni democratiche. A provocare il fallimento della "solidarietà nazionale" è proprio l'assenza del soggetto "nazionale" con cui unanimemente si indica un agglomerato sociale relativamente uniformato da comportamenti e valori comuni. Questo avvenimento scuote le fondamenta del sistema spingendo alla riflessione parte della società civile sull'importanza di beni immateriali usurati fino a quel momento. La presa di coscienza di Berlinguer del fallimento del "compromesso storico", si ha a Genova dove, nel settembre 1978, durante la festa nazionale dell'"Unità" rivolgendosi alla folla dirà che è giunto il momento in cui "si possono e si devono cambiare" gli equilibri politici del paese. Tuttavia, la rottura della solidarietà nazionale segnerà anche il declino del Pci. Nelle manifestazioni giovanili del 1968, diviene inviso agli studenti, e a larga parte del Pci, per la netta posizione che assume. Individua una forte ambiguità nel movimento, all'interno del quale scorge elementi piccolo-borghesi. La polemica contro/il Pci andava fatta nella prima metà/del decennio passato. siamo ovviamente d'accordo con l'istituzione/della polizia.//a Valle Giulia ieri, si è così avuto un frammento/di lotta di classe: e voi cari (benché dalla parte/della ragione) eravate i ricchi/mentre i poliziotti (che erano dalla parte/del torto)erano i poveri. /Un borghese redento deve rinunciare a tutti i suoi diritti, /o bandire dalla sua anima, una volta per sempre/l'idea del potere. Il "perturbatore della quiete" Pasolini, ospite scomodo della cultura italiana, negli ultimi anni della sua vita sente il bisogno cocente di confrontarsi con l'opinione pubblica, atterrito da ciò che vede: un'omologazione incalzante di costumi e moralità cui si doveva celermente fuggire e contro cui doveva lanciare i suoi strali anche a costo di attirarsi critiche aspre, come fu. Nel frattempo, prende a scrivere caustici pamphlet politici nella prima pagina del "Corriere della sera" (possibilità che gli è data dalla successione a Giovanni Spadolini come direttore di Piero Ottone, più liberale e pronto a violare il moderatismo borghese a favore di una più vivace dialettica politica, al cui fine venne creata una "Tribuna aperta"). I bersagli di Pasolini sono il consumismo, l'esercizio democristiano del potere, il permissivismo nei giovani e la linea ufficiale dei comunisti. Il fine è quello di provocare accese polemiche, assumendo anche posizioni inaspettate, come nel caso del referendum sull'aborto del maggio 1974 la cui vittoria viene aspramente criticata da Pasolini perché dissolve definitivamente l'identità contadina, lasciando un vuoto riempito dalla "borghesizzazione", dai valori vacui ed effimeri di un consumismo sfrenato. La vertiginosa salita del Pci alle elezioni amministrative del giugno 1975, offre a un Pasolini galvanizzato da questa novità politica, da quella che sembra una nuova primavera nata da una restaurazione della sinistra -favorito anche dal consenso accordatogli dai ceti medi, i quali sembrano rispondere a quel sentimento di legittimità costituzionale che suscita nei confronti del Pci il terrorismo di destra-, l'occasione per delineare un suo personale progetto di riforma che prevede l'abolizione immediata della scuola media dell'obbligo e della televisione. Nei confronti del successo elettorale comunista però Pasolini tiene un atteggiamento di distacco . I "fascisti di sinistra" dal punto di vista della prassi, sono frange attive all'interno del partito e simili impurità rischiano di far perdere di vista le necessità della Storia. "Io mi sono sempre opposto al Pci con dedizione, aspettandomi una risposta alle mie obiezioni. Accanto alle passioni, l'eros e le abitudini sono recidive. Nei suoi vagabondaggi notturni si riverbera il deragliamento della società italiana. Sarà vittima di aggressioni, conati di violenze e intolleranza fino al triste epilogo: l'alba del 2 novembre 1975 consegna al mondo il corpo di Pasolini abbandonato su un anonimo terreno dell'Idroscalo di Ostia. Ogni società sarebbe stata contenta di avere Pasolini tra le sue fila. Poi abbiamo perso un regista che tutti conoscono, […] ha fatto una serie di film alcuni dei quali sono ispirati al suo realismo che io chiamo romantico ossia, un realismo arcaico, gentile e al tempo stesso misterioso; altri ispirati ai miti, al mito di Edipo ad esempio, poi ancora al mito del sotto-proletariato il quale è apportatore […] di una umiltà che potrebbe portare ad una palingenesi del mondo. Lì si vede questo schema del sottoproletariato. Lo schema dell'umiltà dei poveri Pasolini l'aveva esteso in fondo al Terzo Mondo e alla cultura del Terzo Mondo. […] Allora il saggista era una novità (che) corrispondeva al suo interesse civico e qui si viene ad un altro aspetto di Pasolini cioè, benché fosse uno scrittore con dei frammenti decadentistici, benché fosse estremamente raffinato e manieristico tuttavia aveva un'attenzione profonda per i problemi sociali del suo paese, per lo sviluppo di questo paese. Gli anni del boom economico italiano vedono un'incontrollabile e apparentemente solida crescita industriale a cui si accompagna un decisivo aumento del reddito e il conseguente espandersi dei consumi privati. Questa visione idilliaca è turbata tuttavia da alcune degenerazioni del sistema. La deflagrazione industriale, l'impennata della produzione settoriale e la diffusione del benessere hanno come contraltare una serie di sovvertimenti sociali che si manifestano sempre in maniera più evidente e che vanno dall'abbandono delle terre nel Meridione alla convivenza coatta nelle città industrializzate tra culture antitetiche e sconosciute sino a quel momento l'una all'altra al vuoto etico generato dalla perdita di quei valori diacronici, consolidati e comuni che informavano la vita relazionale. dove non c'è libertà ma un nuovo "dentro": il "penitenziario del consumismo" i cui "personaggi principali" sono i giovani. Il fenomeno della perdita non risarcita dei valori è devastante sui giovani, è l'ipoteca più amara che grava sul loro futuro e la caduta del prestigio irrelato dei valori culturali non poteva non produrre una mutazione antropologica, una crisi. È un sostituto della magia […] Ernesto De Martino lo chiama "paura della perdita della propria presenza" e i primitivi, appunto, riempiono questo vuoto ricorrendo alla magia, che lo spiega e lo riempie. Nel mondo moderno, l'alienazione dovuta al condizionamento della natura è sostituita dall'alienazione dovuta al condizionamento della società: passato il primo momento di euforia (illuminismo, scienza applicata, comodità, benessere, produzione e consumo), ecco che l'alienato comincia a trovarsi solo con se stesso: egli quindi, come il primitivo, è terrorizzato dall'idea della perdita della propria presenza . Alla distruzione anomica del mondo popolare, sottoproletario e delle borgate che favorisce certi fenomeni di alienazione psichica, è imputabile il clima di criminalità brutale che si diffonderà in Italia. La crisi della cultura fa sì, infatti, che molti giovani siano letteralmente ignoranti. La società viene reificata dalla nuova realtà economica. In una lettera al suo amico Alberto Moravia esprime tutto il suo disagio esistenziale, la sua rabbia e la sua disperazione fisica di fronte al cataclisma che sta investendo la società italiana, Il consumismo consiste in un vero e proprio cataclisma antropologico: e io vivo, esistenzialmente, tale cataclisma che, almeno per ora, è pura degradazione: lo vivo nei miei giorni, nelle forme della mia esistenza, nel mio corpo. Nel delineare il profilo strutturale della nuova società edonistica e consumistica si serve molto della descrizione delle relazioni individuali e del significato che queste acquistano. Pasolini parla di "genocidio" richiamandosi a Marx, intendendo dunque una totale sostituzione di valori, il genocidio: ritengo cioè che la distruzione e sostituzione di valori nella società italiana di oggi porti, anche senza carneficine e fucilazioni di massa, alla soppressione di larghe zone della società stessa. Non è del resto un'affermazione totalmente eretica e eterodossa. Oggi l'Italia sta vivendo in maniera drammatica per la prima volta questo fenomeno: larghi strati, che erano rimasti per così dire fuori della storia- la storia del dominio borghese e della rivoluzione borghese- hanno subito questo genocidio, ossia questa assimilazione al modo e alla qualità di vita della borghesia . La dignità della povertà, elemento caratteristico del mondo contadino e che racchiude quasi in una dimensione sacra il mito pasoliniano, si perde nelle borgate romane degli anni Settanta (unica consolazione per lui sarà la realtà contadina del Terzo Mondo). Sentivano l'ingiustizia della povertà, ma non avevano invidia del ricco, dell'agiato. È attratto dal sottoproletariato di cui delinea il profilo in una delle riflessioni fatte nel corso di una serie di incontri tenutesi nel 1975 con il giornalista inglese Peter Dragadze e che lui stesso definisce un "testamento spirituale- intellettuale", mi attrae nel sottoproletariato la sua faccia, che è pulita (mentre quella del borghese è sporca); perché è innocente (mentre quella del borghese è colpevole), perché è pura(mentre quella del borghese è volgare); perché è religiosa (mentre quella del borghese è ipocrita), perché è pazza (mentre quella del borghese è prudente); perché è sensuale (mentre quella del borghese è fredda); perché è infantile (mentre quella del borghese è adulta); perché è immediata (mentre quella del borghese è previdente), perché è gentile (mentre quella del borghese è insolente), perché è indifesa (mentre quella del borghese dignitosa), perché è incompleta (mentre quella del borghese è rifinita), perché è fiduciosa (mentre quella del borghese è dura), perché è tenera (mentre quella del borghese ironica), perché è pericolosa (mentre quella del borghese è molle), perché è feroce (mentre quella del borghese è ricattatoria), perché è colorata (mentre quella del borghese è bianca) . Pasolini non volge la tua attenzione alla caotica realtà del Nord dove le borgate sono popolate da immigrati spuri, fagocitati dal sistema neocapitalista industriale al quale hanno volontariamente aderito abbandonando le loro terre al Sud. Piuttosto trova analogie tra la cultura del sottoproletariato meridionale e la cultura contadina di quello che chiama Terzo Mondo. Individua l'errore dell'Italia nella rapidità del cambiamento e ricorda spesso nei suoi scritti come il passaggio nel secondo dopoguerra dalla società preindustriale agricola e commerciale a quella industriale sia avvenuta in soli venti anni. Il neocapitalismo è includente, unificante, tende ad inglobare creando una "unità del mondo". Tutto questo perché il neocapitalismo coincide insieme con la completa industrializzazione del mondo e con l'applicazione tecnologica della scienza. Sicché l'unità del mondo (ora appena intuibile) sarà un'unità effettiva di cultura, di forme sociali, di beni e di consumi . (Non so quindi cosa farmene di un mondo unificato dal neocapitalismo, ossia da un internazionalismo creato, con la violenza, dalla necessità della produzione e del consumo) . Per Pasolini appare di precipua importanza rifondare i modelli culturali, teorici rinnovando l'analisi marxista e della sinistra del tempo. Il capitalismo cui si riferisce Pasolini non è più quello statico, meno interessato dagli effetti della tecnologia che caratterizzò la prima fase industriale; non a caso lui parla di "neocapitalismo", dominato da una classe borghese almeno potenzialmente egemone, che informa la società dei suoi peculiari valori e caratterizzato, a differenza del vecchio capitalismo, dalla mercificazione della cultura attraverso l'industria culturale e favorito in questo dalla nascita e dalla rapida diffusione su larga scala di mezzi di comunicazione di massa, tra cui domina la televisione. La crescita industriale schizofrenica non permette dunque alle classi sociali di sedimentarsi ma al contrario le obbliga a formarsi in brevissimi lassi temporali. Giulio Sapelli nel suo testo marca la distanza della realtà italiana sia da quella inglese dove, come Engels testimonia nella sua celebre opera del 1845, Condizione della classe operaia in Inghilterra, la formazione del proletariato prende corpo già nell'Ottocento, sia da quella francese e tedesca dove il proletariato è concomitante all'espansione della borghesia. Non siamo di fronte ad una lenta trasformazione culturale, dice Pasolini, ma ad una vera e propria rivoluzione, una "rivoluzione antropologica". Il rifiuto della modernizzazione è assoluto e disperato. La cultura italiana è cambiata nel vissuto, nell'esistenziale, nel concreto. La tolleranza è l'aspetto più atroce della falsa democrazia . Quello messo in atto dall'edonismo interclassista è in realtà un subdolo razzismo che ha il volto della discriminazione per cui l'unico modello accettato è quello della normalità piccolo- borghese veicolato dalla pubblicità. Che viene dunque mimato di sana pianta, senza mediazioni, nel linguaggio fisico- mimico e nel linguaggio del comportamento nella realtà. […] Appunto perché perfettamente pragmatica, la propaganda televisiva rappresenta il momento qualunquistico della nuova ideologia edonistica del consumo: e quindi è enormemente efficace . Ecco allora cosa rimpiange Pasolini, non l' "Italietta" ma l'universo gaio dei contadini e degli operai prima dello Sviluppo. Io credo che non solo sia la salvezza della società: ma addirittura dell'Uomo. Una orrenda "Nuova Preistoria" sarà la condizione del neocapitalismo alla fine dell'antropologia classica, ora agonizzante. L'industrializzazione sulla linea neocapitalistica disseccherà il germe della Storia . È un marxista sui generis Pasolini, non possiede l'elemento principale dei marxisti: la fede nel progresso sociale. "Illuminismo culturale". Il sacro è l'elemento dell'esperienza sottratto alla materialità della vita quotidiana, alla sua relazione immediata con la sfera della vita biologica, e soprattutto con quella della vita raziocinante […] una "sospensione della ragione" che affida l'uomo ad una potenza spirituale più grande e da lui separata […] rappresenta qualcosa di diverso dalla religione, che è diffusa a livello di massa . La crisi della chiesa diventa crisi del sacro. L'ideologia illuministica del capitalismo fa vacillare una delle due uniche possibili resistenze al suo trionfo, l'atavico sentimento cattolico italiano. Richiamandosi al concetto di Engels (Antiduhring, 1878) per cui il socialismo è l'affermazione del passaggio dell'umanità dalla preistoria alla storia, Pasolini ribatte al giudizio espresso dal suo intervistatore Alberto Arbarsino che valuta la diffusione della ricchezza e l'accesso di larghi strati popolari al benessere mai conosciuto prima un fatto positivo perché segna la "liberazione dal bisogno, dalla paura, dal ricatto della fame", con queste parole: Sai cosa mi sembra l'Italia? Un tugurio i cui i proprietari sono riusciti a comprarsi la televisione, e i vicini, vedendo l'antenna, dicono, come pronunciando il capoverso di una legge "Sono ricchi! Stanno bene!". Alla domanda di Arbasino "Tu cosa vedi?", la risposta è illuminante: Due Preistorie: la Preistoria arcaica del Sud, e la Preistoria nuova nel Nord. La consistenza delle due Preistorie (e la lenta fine della Storia, che si identifica ormai soltanto nella razionalità marxista), mi rende un uomo solo, davanti ad una scelta egualmente disperata: perdermi nella preistoria meridionale, africana, nei reami di Bandung, o gettarmi a capofitto nella preistoria del neocapitalismo, nella meccanicità della vita delle popolazioni ad alto livello industriale, nei reami della Televisione. La marxista liberazione dell'uomo non avviene a seguito della serie di cambiamenti che l'avvento della tecnologia mette in atto, non si entra nella Storia ma in una nuova preistoria, quella del cupio dissolvi, dello stillicidio culturale ben rappresentato dalla televisione e voluto dal capitalismo "caro ai liberali", depositari di un'ideologia tipicamente borghese. Tutti i mali del mondo si identificano per me nella borghesia, intendendo naturalmente non il singolo individuo, ma la classe nel suo insieme e per quello che essa rappresenta . Questa borghesia per la prima volta nella storia della società italiana si pone non più come classe dominante, ma come classe egemonica. Per cui si forma una classe borghese avulsa dalle altre, contraddittoria in se stessa perché mentre dovrebbe essere protestante e liberale, nasce nel segno della Controriforma, in un mondo di contadini. Durante un intervento al congresso del partito liberale, delinea il profilo degli "sfruttatori" della seconda rivoluzione industriale, quella tecnologica, consumistica, che non sono più identificabili come coloro che semplicemente producono merci ma "nuova umanità", nuovi rapporti sociali. b) è un medium di massa […] è manipolata per ragioni extra- culturali, e la sua diffusione deve tenere anticipatamente conto del bassissimo livello medio della cultura dei destinatari, a cui si asserve per asservirli. Non può che dire, da intellettuale, "no" alla televisione (eccetto una collaborazione a Tv 7 che accetta perché la ritiene una forma di contestazione alla televisione fatta dall'interno) perché non individua in questo strumento un'autonomia propria, concreta tipica invece del giornalismo o del cinema o dell'insegnamento (in realtà Pasolini individua un momento autonomo della televisione, la "presa diretta", il cui linguaggio però stenta ad affermarsi). L'idiosincrasia di Pasolini è totale, viscerale. È per questo che Pasolini sente su di sé il dovere civico e intellettuale di proporre una radicale riforma al sistema televisivo e al suo "culturame": Bisogna rendere la televisione partitica e cioè, culturalmente, pluralistica. Ogni Partito avrebbe diritto alle sue trasmissioni […], al suo telegiornale […] e dovrebbe gestire anche altri programmi . La televisione inoltre mette in atto un altro cambiamento: avvia un processo di reificazione al ribasso della koinè linguistica. Pasolini si sofferma molto su questo aspetto perché nella sua analisi la lingua è un elemento imprescindibile dal momento che è dall'ordito del linguaggio che si studia la società nella sua immediatezza. L'ethos borghese tende ad essere introiettato dalla nuova società e ad informare di sé lavoro, disciplinamento sociale e selezione culturale. La cultura italiana è cambiata nel vissuto, nell'esistenziale, nel concreto. Il cambiamento consiste nel fatto che la vecchia cultura di classe (con le sue divisioni nette: cultura della classe dominata, o popolare, cultura della classe dominante, o borghese, cultura delle elites) è stata sostituita da una nuova cultura interclassista: che si esprime attraverso il modo di essere degli italiani, attraverso la loro nuova qualità di vita . Il consumismo altro non è che una nuova forma totalitaria- in quanto del tutto totalizzante, in quanto alienante fino al limite estremo della degradazione antropologica, o genocidio (Marx)- e che quindi la sua permissività è falsa: è la maschera della peggior repressione mai esercitata dal potere sulle masse dei cittadini . Afasia intellettuale, falsa tolleranza, interclassismo edonista: questo il risvolto drammatico della nuova società neocapitalistica che si presenta inerme, come un re nudo agli occhi di Pasolini. Il pessimismo storico di Pasolini è totale (" […] sono disperatamente pessimista"). Nei teppisti meridionali non c'è un'inconscia protesta moralistica, ma un'inconscia protesta sociale: essi non appartengono […] alla classe borghese […] ma al popolo o al sottoproletariato […] non commettono reati gratuiti, ma reati ben giustificati dalla necessità economica e dalla diseducazione ambientale . Il più emblematico cambiamento nelle abitudini degli italiani, il più lento ma al contempo più parossistico, riguarda la sessualità, fino ad allora il più forte tabù sociale. Non si può tornare indietro, la tradizione ha ceduto alla modernizzazione, all'edonè consumista: Pasolini è apocalittico. Un'analisi dettagliata e chiara ce la offre Sapelli che ci richiama alla memoria l'"economia delle aspettative" scoperta dai grandi classici dell'economia, tra cui spicca Keynes i cui studi sulla logica del consumo descrivono a livello teorico i mutamenti individuati da Pasolini. Oggi, la mancanza di determinati beni privati porta addirittura ad una sorta di isolamento all'interno della società" . Troppo manichea, la posizione di Pasolini a tratti si lascia andare forse troppo al catastrofismo, la sua visione apocalittica inficia l'oggettività dell'analisi. Turba il sistema produttivo, è di ostacolo all'affermazione del neocapitalismo nelle sue diverse accezioni, "anzitutto l'omosessualità è totalmente distaccata dalla produttività puramente umana, quella della specie, nel senso che influirebbe piuttosto negativamente sullo sviluppo demografico se si generalizzasse" . Questo fomenta il disprezzo di Pasolini verso la borghesia, lo assolutizza. Il borghese non subisce questa anomia, non partecipa della sofferenza della classe proletaria e contadina, del disagio dei borgatari ma al contrario "non hanno fatto altro che aggiornare i loro modelli culturali" per cui può affermare stentoreamente di non nutrire alcuna pena per una classe sociale che non ha fatto altro, come afferma Marx nel Manifesto del 1848, che mostrare la sua natura solipsistica tesa ad assimilare tutto a se stessa. L'assoluta (apparente) libertà sessuale, ossia il libero arbitrio sul nostro corpo, è alla base di un pensiero complesso, se vogliamo anche distorto, di Pasolini che parte dall'analisi della "nuova donna" calata all'interno della rivoluzione delle classi medie: l'essere-nel-mondo è esattamente questo, sperimentare le nuove realtà e "codificarle" per farne, conformisticamente, delle abitudini. Il meccanismo di codificazione normativa che un tempo era della matrona, della padrona di casa, ora è della "nuova donna", istruita e colta, borghese e libera nelle sue scelte politiche e sessuali. Ecco il cambiamento antropologicamente drammatico indicato da Pasolini: la piccola borghesia fa propri i comportamenti tipici della destra più gretta e intollerante. Nel corso di un dibattito con la redazione di "Roma giovani" del 1974 alla domanda sul ruolo del Sessantotto nella sua critica all'alienazione della società capitalistica e di conseguenza sulla costruzione di un nuovo discorso politico e culturale, Pasolini risponde con un secco "no". La scissione avvenuta, per opera della classe dominante, tra "progresso" e "sviluppo" viene imputata da Pasolini anche alla sinistra e alla cultura cattolica le quali avrebbero dovuto assumere su di loro la responsabilità del momento, avvertirne l'urgenza e impegnarsi al fine di tutelare i valori. Questa esortazione si collega ad uno degli interventi più dissacratori e oracolari di Pasolini, intitolato "Bologna, città consumista e comunista", contenuto nelle Lettere Luterane, una raccolta di articoli e saggi politici molto pugnaci e demistificatori del sistema di potere italiano, usciti di volta in volta sul "Corriere della Sera", su "Mondo" e su "Vie Nuove" nel corso del 1975. Nel saggio sopracitato descrive il suo strazio nel constatare come anche sull' Emilia, e sulla sua amata Bologna nello specifico, si sia diffuso lo spettro della modernizzazione capitalistica che con la sua furia distruttrice ha demolito alla base la possibilità (ai suoi occhi un tempo concreta) di realizza

In this edition, the reader will find ten articles distributed in two thematic sections: Cooperation and asymmetric international integration in matters of security, strategy and commerce and Global culture in international relations.Cooperation and asymmetric international integration in matters of security, strategy and commerce We opened the 2018-I edition of the article entitled "How to strengthen EU-China cooperation based on Belt and Road", by the authors Weidong Wang and Simona Picciau; in which the Belt and Road initiative, presented by the Chinese president Xi Jinping in 2013, promotes cooperation and the strengthening of person-to-person connections between Asia, Africa, and Europe. China has already signed cooperation agreements with more than forty States and trained thirty others. This initiative impacted the establishment of relations between China and the European Union, based on win-win cooperation and aimed at fostering mutual respect.Sonia Alda Mejías publishes her article "The challenges of Latin America to project as a regional actor in the field of international security", in which she considers the possibility of Latin America to project itself as a regional actor in the field of global security from a qualitative methodology. Also, reference as necessary the processes of subregional or regional integration and the development of national and international multilateral cooperation in the field of security and defense, and the participation of Latin American countries in international peace missions, from a sovereignty perspective very marked.The article "Notions of safety and control in the Northern Border Plan: an expression of teichopolitics", by the authors Gilberto Aranda and Cristian Ovando, considers the teichopolitics as a current expression of segmented globalization, which not only raises the erection of walls. Chile manifested this policy in the 70s, undermining border areas as preventive mechanisms to a foreign invasion and today, through the Northern Border Plan. This securitization mechanism aims to guarantee the continuity of trade flows and the cultural consequences that it entails, from the constructivist approach.Pablo Garcés Velástegui presents his article "Latin American integration as a wicked problem: the case for a plural approach". In this paper, social planning is not any problem, but a "wicked", not docile, a problem of exact sciences that involves a public policy issue; a problem hard to define, unique, inherently paradoxical, important, subject to many interpretations and, thus, without a correct solution. Latin American integration has these characteristics, and the implications are relevant for academics and decision makers. If regional integration continues to be approached as an easy problem, the results will probably continue to disagree with expectations."The United Kingdom and Argentina: geopolitics of technological constraint and strategic-export controls", by Daniel Blinder, shows how the United Kingdom controls the export of military or dual-use technology to the Argentine Republic through its defense institutions and trade, as well as with others of an international nature. A strategic public policy at a local and global level represented in the logical space/power, relative to the possibility of Argentina acquiring sensitive technologies.The co-authors Roldán Andrés-Rosales, Luis Alberto Sánchez-Miter and José Nabor Cruz Marcelo, present the article entitled "Insecurity and its impact on tourism in Guerrero: a spatial approach, 1999-2014". This paper gives the reader the possibility to know how Mexican insecurity has affected the economic growth of the State and the region at the tourist level. This is done through a case study in Guerrero because it obeys one of the most insecure areas, classified worldwide, which is an index of violence that shows the concentration of the danger through the analysis of the figures of the Institute. National Statistics and Geography."Asymmetric regionalism as the axis of the South American resistance to Brazil (2000-2013)", by Rita Giacalone, assumes that regionalism in itself creates asymmetric tensions. Brazilian regionalism has realistic, constructivist and institutionalist features, which emphasize such asymmetries following the region-centric paradigm. The organizations built to support the regional and global projection of Brazil generated resistance in South American governments between 2000 and 2013. This article analyzes the opposition of Chile, Argentina, and Venezuela, through a decentralized multipolarity.Global culture in international relationsWe open this thematic section with the article by Juliano Oliveira Pizarro titled "Governance of sport: an inflection of global governance?" In this, it is considered that the global is a birthplace of diverse actors that exercise specific governments, as represented by football. A sport made a social and cultural mechanism that suffers direct impacts from the globalizing processes. FIFA is a non-profit, non-governmental organization, although it may not seem so, because its activities express hybrid and contradictory conditions, either from the perspective of global governance or as a multinational company.Luis González Tule, in his article "Organization of global space in 'classic' geopolitics: a view from critical geopolitics", starts at the roots of the geopolitics and its development, in between of European imperial rivalries, global wars, border mutations, political changes, significant technological developments and transformation in the dynamics of power (1870 and 1945). The classic indoctrinators coming from the main powers established the geopolitical discourses to their accommodation.Thus, this edition closes with the article "The emergence and increase of Anti-Semitism in the Governments of Hugo Chávez and its relationship with the deepening of the relations between Venezuela and Iran (2005-2013)", by Margarita Figueroa Sepúlveda, which establishes the growth of media and Chavez anti-Semitic incidents in 2004, as well as their direct proportional relationship with the rapprochement and creation of new ties with the Islamic Republic of Iran. The ideological convergence —based on anti-imperialism— is analyzed through the empirical evidence provided by primary and secondary sources. The author considers that anti-imperialism made Israel be conceived as an enemy of both countries.Thanking the confidence of the institutional authorities again to edit the Journal of International Relations, Strategy and Security, I invite you to know, use and disseminate the content of this edition. ; En esta edición el lector encontrará diez artículos distribuidos en dos secciones temáticas: Cooperación e integración internacional asimétrica en asuntos de seguridad, estrategia y comercio y Cultura global en relaciones internacionales.Cooperación e integración internacional asimétrica en asuntos de seguridad, estrategia y comercio Abrimos la edición 2018-I con el artículo denominado "Cómo fortalecer la cooperación EE. UU. - China basada en el cinturón y la carretera", de los autores Weidong Wang y Simona Picciau, en el cual la iniciativa belt and road, presentada por el presidente chino Xi Jinping en 2013, promueve la cooperación y el reforzamiento de las conexiones persona-a-persona entre Asia, África y Europa. China ya ha firmado acuerdos de cooperación con más de cuarenta Estados y capacitó a otros treinta. Esto impactó el establecimiento de relaciones entre China y la Unión Europea, basadas en la cooperación win-win y direccionadas al favorecimiento del respeto mutuo.Sonia Alda Mejías publica su artículo "Los desafíos de América Latina para proyectarse como actor regional en el ámbito de la seguridad internacional", en el que contempla la posibilidad de América Latina de proyectarse como actor regional en el ámbito de la seguridad internacional desde una metodología cualitativa. Asimismo, referencia como necesarios los procesos de integración subregional o regional y el desarrollo de la cooperación multilateral intra e internacional en el ámbito de la seguridad y la defensa, y la participación de los países latinoamericanos en las misiones internacionales de paz, desde una perspectiva soberanista muy marcada.El artículo "Las nociones de seguridad y control en el plan frontera norte: una expresión de teichopolítica", de los autores Gilberto Aranda y Cristian Ovando, considera la teichopolítica como una expresión actual de la globalización segmentada, la cual no solo plantea la erección de muros. Chile manifestó dicha política en los años 70, minando zonas fronterizas como mecanismos preventivos a una invasión extranjera y hoy, a través del plan Frontera Norte. Este mecanismo securitario pretende garantizar la continuidad de los flujos comerciales y las consecuencias culturales que conlleva, desde el enfoque constructivista.Pablo Garcés Velástegui presenta su artículo "Integración latinoamericana como un problema perverso: el caso para un abordaje plural". En este la planificación social no es un problema cualquiera, sino uno "perverso", nada dócil, un problema de ciencias exactas que conlleva un tema de política pública; un problema difícil de definir, único, inherentemente paradójico, importante, sujeto a muchas interpretaciones y, así, sin una solución correcta. La integración latinoamericana tiene estas características y las implicaciones son relevantes para académicos y tomadores de decisión. Si la integración regional continúa siendo abordada como un problema dócil, los resultados probablemente seguirán discordando con las expectativas."El Reino Unido y Argentina: geopolítica de la limitación tecnológica y controles de exportación estratégicos", de Daniel Blinder, muestra cómo el Reino Unido controla la exportación de tecnología militar o de uso dual a la República Argentina a través de sus instituciones de defensa y comercio, así como con otras de índole internacional. Una política pública estratégica a nivel local y global representada en la lógica espacio/poder, relativa a la posibilidad de que la Argentina adquiera tecnologías sensibles.Los coautores Roldán Andrés-Rosales, Luis Alberto Sánchez-Mitre y José Nabor Cruz Marcelo presentan el artículo titulado "La inseguridad y su impacto en el turismo en Guerrero: un enfoque espacial, 1999-2014", que le brinda al lector la posibilidad de conocer cómo la inseguridad mexicana ha afectado el crecimiento económico del Estado y la región a nivel turístico. Esto lo hacen a través de un estudio de caso en Guerrero, pues obedece a una de las zonas más inseguras, clasificada a nivel mundial, lo que constituye un índice de violencia que muestra la concentración del peligro a través del análisis de las cifras del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía."El regionalismo asimétrico como eje de la resistencia sudamericana a Brasil (2000-2013)", de Rita Giacalone, supone que el regionalismo en sí mismo crea tensiones asimétricas. El regionalismo brasileño posee rasgos realistas, constructivistas e institucionalistas, que enfatizan tales asimetrías siguiendo el paradigma región-céntrico. Las organizaciones construidas para apoyar la proyección regional y global de Brasil generaron resistencia en Gobiernos sudamericanos entre 2000 y 2013. Este artículo analiza la resistencia de Chile, Argentina y Venezuela, mediante una multipolaridad descentralizada.Cultura global en relaciones internacionalesAbrimos esta sección temática con el artículo de Juliano Oliveira Pizarro titulado "Gobernanza del deporte: ¿una inflexión de la gobernanza global?". En este se considera que lo global es un espacio de nacimiento de diversos actores que ejercen gobiernos específicos, como lo representa el fútbol. Un deporte hecho mecanismo social y cultural que sufre impactos directos desde los procesos globalizadores. La FIFA es una organización no gubernamental sin fines lucrativos, aunque no lo parezca, pues sus actividades expresan condiciones híbridas y contradictorias, bien sea desde la óptica de la gobernanza global, o bien como una empresa multinacional.Por su parte, Luis González Tule, en su artículo "Organización del espacio global en la geopolítica "clásica": una mirada desde la geopolítica crítica", inicia en las raíces de la geopolíca y su desarrollo, en medio de rivalidades imperiales europeas, guerras mundiales, mutaciones fronterizas, cambios políticos, grandes desarrollos tecnológicos y transformación en las dinámicas de poder (1870 y 1945). Los doctrinantes clásicos provenientes de las principales potencias establecieron los discursos geopolíticos a su acomodo.Así, pues, la presente edición se cierra con el artículo "La emergencia y aumento del antisemitismo en los Gobiernos de Hugo Chávez y su relación con la profundización de las relaciones entre Venezuela e Irán (2005-2013)", de Margarita Figueroa Sepúlveda, que establece el crecimiento de los incidentes antisemitas mediáticos y chavistas en 2004, así como su relación directamente proporcional con el acercamiento y creación de nuevos lazos con la República Islámica de Irán. Se analiza la convergencia ideológica –sustentada en el antiimperialismo–, a través de la evidencia empírica proporcionada por fuentes primarias y secundarias La autora considera que el antiimperialismo hizo que Israel fuera concebido como enemigo de ambos países.Agradeciendo nuevamente la confianza de las autoridades institucionales para editar la Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad, los invito a conocer, usar y divulgar el contenido de la presente edición. ; Nesta edição o leitor encontrará dez artigos distribuídos em duas seções temáticas: Cooperação é integração internacional assimétrica em assuntos de seguran- ça, estratégia, comércio e Cultura global em relações internacionais.Cooperação e integração internacional assimétrica em assuntos de segurança, estratégia e comércioAbrimos a edição 2018-I com o artigo denominado "Como fortalecer a coopera- ção EE. UU - China baseada no cinturão e a estrada", dos autores Weidong Wang e Simona Picciau, no qual a iniciativa belt and road apresentada pelo presidente chino, Xi Jinping em 2013, promove a cooperação e o fortalecimento das conexões pessoa-a-pessoa entre a Ásia, África e a Europa. China já assinou acordos de cooperação com mais de quarenta Estados e treinou a outros trinta. Isto impactou o estabelecimento das relações entre a China e a União Europeia, baseadas na cooperação win-win e direcionadas ao favorecimento do respeito mútuoSonia Alda Mejías publica no seu artigo "Os desafios da América Latina para projetar-se como ator regional no âmbito da segurança internacional", no qual contempla a possibilidade da América Latina de projetar-se como ator regional no âmbito da segurança internacional desde uma metodologia qualitativa. Assim mesmo, referência como necessários, os processos de integração sub-regional ou regional e o desenvolvimento da cooperação multilateral "intra" e internacional no âmbito da segurança e a defesa, e a participação dos países latino-americanos nas missões internacionais de paz, desde uma perspectiva "soberanista" muito marcada.O artigo "As noções de segurança e controle no plano fronteira norte: uma expressão de "teichopolítica", dos autores Gilberto Aranda e Cristian Ovando, considera a "teichopolítica" como uma expressão atual da globalização segmentada, na qual não fala somente na construção de muros. Chile manifestou tal política nos anos 70, minando zonas de fronteiras como mecanismos preventivos a uma invasão estrangeira, através do plano Fronteira Norte. Este mecanismo de segurança pretende garantir a continuidade dos fluxos comerciais e as consequências culturais que leva, desde o foco construtivista. Pablo Garcés Velástegui apresenta seu artigo "Integração latino-americana como um problema perverso: o caso para uma abordagem plural". Neste a planificação social não é um problema qualquer, si não um problema "perverso", nada suave, um problema de ciências exatas que encaminha a um tema de política pública; um problema difícil de definir, único, inerentemente paradóxico, importante, sujeito a muitas interpretações e assim sem uma solução correta. A integração latino-americana tem estas características e as implicações são relevantes para acadêmicos e tomadores de decisão. Sem a integração regional continua sendo abordada como um problema suave, os resultados provavelmente continuarão discordando com as expectativas."O Reino Unido e Argentina: geopolítica da limitação tecnológica e controles de exportação estratégicas", de Daniel Blinder, mostra como o Reino Unido controla a exportação tecnologia militar ou de uso dual para a República Argentina através de suas instituições de defesa e comércio, assim também como com outras de caráter internacional. Uma política pública estratégica a nível local e global representada na lógica espaço/poder, relativa a possibilidade de que Argentina adquira tecnologias sensíveis.Os co-autores Roldán Andrés-Rosales, Luis Alberto Sánchez-Mitre e José Nabor Cruz Marcelo apresentam o artigo titulado "A insegurança e o seu impacto no turismo em Guerrero: um enfoque espacial, 1999-2014", que lhe oferece ao leitor a possibilidade de conhecer como a insegurança mexicana tem afetado o crescimento econômico do Estado e da região a nível turístico. Isto o faz através de um estudo de caso em Guerrero, pois abrange a uma das zonas mais inseguras, classificada a nível mundial, o que constitui um índice de violência que mostra a concentração do perigo através das análises das cifras do Instituto Nacional de Estatística e Geografia."O regionalismo assimétrico como eixo da resistência sul-americana ao Brasil (2000-2013)", de Rita Giacalone, supõem que o regionalismo em si mesmo cria tensões assimétricas. O regionalismo brasileiro possui rasgos realistas, construtivistas e institucionalistas, que enfatizam tais assimetrias seguindo o paradigma "região-centrico". As organizações construídas para apoiar a projeção regional e global do Brasil geram resistência nos Governos sul-americanos entre 2000 e 2013. Este artigo analisa a resistência do Chile, Argentina e Venezuela, mediante uma multipolaridade descentralizada.Cultura global em relações internacionaisAbrimos esta seção temática com o artigo de Juliano Oliveira Pizarro titulado "Governança do deporte: uma inflexão da governança global?". Neste se considera que o global é um espaço de nascimento de diversos atores que exercem governos específicos, como representa o futebol. Um esporte feito para mecanismo social e cultural que sofre impactos diretos desde os processos globalizadores. A FIFA é uma organização não governamental sem fins lucrativos, ainda que não pareça, pois, as suas atividades expressam condições híbridas e contraditórias, seja ela, desde a ótica da governança global ou bem como uma empresa multinacional.Luis González Tule, por sua parte, no seu artigo "Organização do espaço global na geopolítica "clássica": um olhar desde a geopolítica crítica", inicia nas raízes da geopolítica e seu desenvolvimento, em meio das rivalidades imperiais europeias, guerras mundiais, mutações de fronteiras, mudanças políticos, grandes desenvolvimentos tecnológicos e transformações nas dinâmicas do poder (1870 e 1945). Os doutrinantes clássicos provenientes das principais potencias estabeleceram os discursos geopolíticos de acordo a sua conveniênciaAssim, a presente edição se fecha com o artigo "A emergência e aumento do antissemitismo nos Governos de Hugo Chávez e sua relação com a aprofundamento das relações entre Venezuela e o Iram (2005-2013)", de Margarita Figueroa Sepúlveda, que estabelece o crescimento dos incidentes antissemitas mediáticos e chavistas em 2004, assim como a sua relação diretamente proporcional com a aproximação e criação de novos laços com a República Islâmica do Iram. Se analisa a convergência ideológica –sustentada no anti-imperialismo–, através da evidencia empírica proporcionada por fontes primárias e secundarias. A autora considera que o anti-imperialismo fez que Israel fosse concebido como inimigo de ambos países.Agradecendo novamente a confiança das autoridades institucionais para editar a Revista de Relações Internacionais, Estratégia e Segurança, os convido a conhecer, usar e divulgar o conteúdo da presente edição.

In this edition, the reader will find ten articles distributed in two thematic sections: Cooperation and asymmetric international integration in matters of security, strategy and commerce and Global culture in international relations.Cooperation and asymmetric international integration in matters of security, strategy and commerce We opened the 2018-I edition of the article entitled "How to strengthen EU-China cooperation based on Belt and Road", by the authors Weidong Wang and Simona Picciau; in which the Belt and Road initiative, presented by the Chinese president Xi Jinping in 2013, promotes cooperation and the strengthening of person-to-person connections between Asia, Africa, and Europe. China has already signed cooperation agreements with more than forty States and trained thirty others. This initiative impacted the establishment of relations between China and the European Union, based on win-win cooperation and aimed at fostering mutual respect.Sonia Alda Mejías publishes her article "The challenges of Latin America to project as a regional actor in the field of international security", in which she considers the possibility of Latin America to project itself as a regional actor in the field of global security from a qualitative methodology. Also, reference as necessary the processes of subregional or regional integration and the development of national and international multilateral cooperation in the field of security and defense, and the participation of Latin American countries in international peace missions, from a sovereignty perspective very marked.The article "Notions of safety and control in the Northern Border Plan: an expression of teichopolitics", by the authors Gilberto Aranda and Cristian Ovando, considers the teichopolitics as a current expression of segmented globalization, which not only raises the erection of walls. Chile manifested this policy in the 70s, undermining border areas as preventive mechanisms to a foreign invasion and today, through the Northern Border Plan. This securitization mechanism aims to guarantee the continuity of trade flows and the cultural consequences that it entails, from the constructivist approach.Pablo Garcés Velástegui presents his article "Latin American integration as a wicked problem: the case for a plural approach". In this paper, social planning is not any problem, but a "wicked", not docile, a problem of exact sciences that involves a public policy issue; a problem hard to define, unique, inherently paradoxical, important, subject to many interpretations and, thus, without a correct solution. Latin American integration has these characteristics, and the implications are relevant for academics and decision makers. If regional integration continues to be approached as an easy problem, the results will probably continue to disagree with expectations."The United Kingdom and Argentina: geopolitics of technological constraint and strategic-export controls", by Daniel Blinder, shows how the United Kingdom controls the export of military or dual-use technology to the Argentine Republic through its defense institutions and trade, as well as with others of an international nature. A strategic public policy at a local and global level represented in the logical space/power, relative to the possibility of Argentina acquiring sensitive technologies.The co-authors Roldán Andrés-Rosales, Luis Alberto Sánchez-Miter and José Nabor Cruz Marcelo, present the article entitled "Insecurity and its impact on tourism in Guerrero: a spatial approach, 1999-2014". This paper gives the reader the possibility to know how Mexican insecurity has affected the economic growth of the State and the region at the tourist level. This is done through a case study in Guerrero because it obeys one of the most insecure areas, classified worldwide, which is an index of violence that shows the concentration of the danger through the analysis of the figures of the Institute. National Statistics and Geography."Asymmetric regionalism as the axis of the South American resistance to Brazil (2000-2013)", by Rita Giacalone, assumes that regionalism in itself creates asymmetric tensions. Brazilian regionalism has realistic, constructivist and institutionalist features, which emphasize such asymmetries following the region-centric paradigm. The organizations built to support the regional and global projection of Brazil generated resistance in South American governments between 2000 and 2013. This article analyzes the opposition of Chile, Argentina, and Venezuela, through a decentralized multipolarity.Global culture in international relationsWe open this thematic section with the article by Juliano Oliveira Pizarro titled "Governance of sport: an inflection of global governance?" In this, it is considered that the global is a birthplace of diverse actors that exercise specific governments, as represented by football. A sport made a social and cultural mechanism that suffers direct impacts from the globalizing processes. FIFA is a non-profit, non-governmental organization, although it may not seem so, because its activities express hybrid and contradictory conditions, either from the perspective of global governance or as a multinational company.Luis González Tule, in his article "Organization of global space in 'classic' geopolitics: a view from critical geopolitics", starts at the roots of the geopolitics and its development, in between of European imperial rivalries, global wars, border mutations, political changes, significant technological developments and transformation in the dynamics of power (1870 and 1945). The classic indoctrinators coming from the main powers established the geopolitical discourses to their accommodation.Thus, this edition closes with the article "The emergence and increase of Anti-Semitism in the Governments of Hugo Chávez and its relationship with the deepening of the relations between Venezuela and Iran (2005-2013)", by Margarita Figueroa Sepúlveda, which establishes the growth of media and Chavez anti-Semitic incidents in 2004, as well as their direct proportional relationship with the rapprochement and creation of new ties with the Islamic Republic of Iran. The ideological convergence —based on anti-imperialism— is analyzed through the empirical evidence provided by primary and secondary sources. The author considers that anti-imperialism made Israel be conceived as an enemy of both countries.Thanking the confidence of the institutional authorities again to edit the Journal of International Relations, Strategy and Security, I invite you to know, use and disseminate the content of this edition. ; En esta edición el lector encontrará diez artículos distribuidos en dos secciones temáticas: Cooperación e integración internacional asimétrica en asuntos de seguridad, estrategia y comercio y Cultura global en relaciones internacionales.Cooperación e integración internacional asimétrica en asuntos de seguridad, estrategia y comercio Abrimos la edición 2018-I con el artículo denominado "Cómo fortalecer la cooperación EE. UU. - China basada en el cinturón y la carretera", de los autores Weidong Wang y Simona Picciau, en el cual la iniciativa belt and road, presentada por el presidente chino Xi Jinping en 2013, promueve la cooperación y el reforzamiento de las conexiones persona-a-persona entre Asia, África y Europa. China ya ha firmado acuerdos de cooperación con más de cuarenta Estados y capacitó a otros treinta. Esto impactó el establecimiento de relaciones entre China y la Unión Europea, basadas en la cooperación win-win y direccionadas al favorecimiento del respeto mutuo.Sonia Alda Mejías publica su artículo "Los desafíos de América Latina para proyectarse como actor regional en el ámbito de la seguridad internacional", en el que contempla la posibilidad de América Latina de proyectarse como actor regional en el ámbito de la seguridad internacional desde una metodología cualitativa. Asimismo, referencia como necesarios los procesos de integración subregional o regional y el desarrollo de la cooperación multilateral intra e internacional en el ámbito de la seguridad y la defensa, y la participación de los países latinoamericanos en las misiones internacionales de paz, desde una perspectiva soberanista muy marcada.El artículo "Las nociones de seguridad y control en el plan frontera norte: una expresión de teichopolítica", de los autores Gilberto Aranda y Cristian Ovando, considera la teichopolítica como una expresión actual de la globalización segmentada, la cual no solo plantea la erección de muros. Chile manifestó dicha política en los años 70, minando zonas fronterizas como mecanismos preventivos a una invasión extranjera y hoy, a través del plan Frontera Norte. Este mecanismo securitario pretende garantizar la continuidad de los flujos comerciales y las consecuencias culturales que conlleva, desde el enfoque constructivista.Pablo Garcés Velástegui presenta su artículo "Integración latinoamericana como un problema perverso: el caso para un abordaje plural". En este la planificación social no es un problema cualquiera, sino uno "perverso", nada dócil, un problema de ciencias exactas que conlleva un tema de política pública; un problema difícil de definir, único, inherentemente paradójico, importante, sujeto a muchas interpretaciones y, así, sin una solución correcta. La integración latinoamericana tiene estas características y las implicaciones son relevantes para académicos y tomadores de decisión. Si la integración regional continúa siendo abordada como un problema dócil, los resultados probablemente seguirán discordando con las expectativas."El Reino Unido y Argentina: geopolítica de la limitación tecnológica y controles de exportación estratégicos", de Daniel Blinder, muestra cómo el Reino Unido controla la exportación de tecnología militar o de uso dual a la República Argentina a través de sus instituciones de defensa y comercio, así como con otras de índole internacional. Una política pública estratégica a nivel local y global representada en la lógica espacio/poder, relativa a la posibilidad de que la Argentina adquiera tecnologías sensibles.Los coautores Roldán Andrés-Rosales, Luis Alberto Sánchez-Mitre y José Nabor Cruz Marcelo presentan el artículo titulado "La inseguridad y su impacto en el turismo en Guerrero: un enfoque espacial, 1999-2014", que le brinda al lector la posibilidad de conocer cómo la inseguridad mexicana ha afectado el crecimiento económico del Estado y la región a nivel turístico. Esto lo hacen a través de un estudio de caso en Guerrero, pues obedece a una de las zonas más inseguras, clasificada a nivel mundial, lo que constituye un índice de violencia que muestra la concentración del peligro a través del análisis de las cifras del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía."El regionalismo asimétrico como eje de la resistencia sudamericana a Brasil (2000-2013)", de Rita Giacalone, supone que el regionalismo en sí mismo crea tensiones asimétricas. El regionalismo brasileño posee rasgos realistas, constructivistas e institucionalistas, que enfatizan tales asimetrías siguiendo el paradigma región-céntrico. Las organizaciones construidas para apoyar la proyección regional y global de Brasil generaron resistencia en Gobiernos sudamericanos entre 2000 y 2013. Este artículo analiza la resistencia de Chile, Argentina y Venezuela, mediante una multipolaridad descentralizada.Cultura global en relaciones internacionalesAbrimos esta sección temática con el artículo de Juliano Oliveira Pizarro titulado "Gobernanza del deporte: ¿una inflexión de la gobernanza global?". En este se considera que lo global es un espacio de nacimiento de diversos actores que ejercen gobiernos específicos, como lo representa el fútbol. Un deporte hecho mecanismo social y cultural que sufre impactos directos desde los procesos globalizadores. La FIFA es una organización no gubernamental sin fines lucrativos, aunque no lo parezca, pues sus actividades expresan condiciones híbridas y contradictorias, bien sea desde la óptica de la gobernanza global, o bien como una empresa multinacional.Por su parte, Luis González Tule, en su artículo "Organización del espacio global en la geopolítica "clásica": una mirada desde la geopolítica crítica", inicia en las raíces de la geopolíca y su desarrollo, en medio de rivalidades imperiales europeas, guerras mundiales, mutaciones fronterizas, cambios políticos, grandes desarrollos tecnológicos y transformación en las dinámicas de poder (1870 y 1945). Los doctrinantes clásicos provenientes de las principales potencias establecieron los discursos geopolíticos a su acomodo.Así, pues, la presente edición se cierra con el artículo "La emergencia y aumento del antisemitismo en los Gobiernos de Hugo Chávez y su relación con la profundización de las relaciones entre Venezuela e Irán (2005-2013)", de Margarita Figueroa Sepúlveda, que establece el crecimiento de los incidentes antisemitas mediáticos y chavistas en 2004, así como su relación directamente proporcional con el acercamiento y creación de nuevos lazos con la República Islámica de Irán. Se analiza la convergencia ideológica –sustentada en el antiimperialismo–, a través de la evidencia empírica proporcionada por fuentes primarias y secundarias La autora considera que el antiimperialismo hizo que Israel fuera concebido como enemigo de ambos países.Agradeciendo nuevamente la confianza de las autoridades institucionales para editar la Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad, los invito a conocer, usar y divulgar el contenido de la presente edición. ; Nesta edição o leitor encontrará dez artigos distribuídos em duas seções temáticas: Cooperação é integração internacional assimétrica em assuntos de seguran- ça, estratégia, comércio e Cultura global em relações internacionais.Cooperação e integração internacional assimétrica em assuntos de segurança, estratégia e comércioAbrimos a edição 2018-I com o artigo denominado "Como fortalecer a coopera- ção EE. UU - China baseada no cinturão e a estrada", dos autores Weidong Wang e Simona Picciau, no qual a iniciativa belt and road apresentada pelo presidente chino, Xi Jinping em 2013, promove a cooperação e o fortalecimento das conexões pessoa-a-pessoa entre a Ásia, África e a Europa. China já assinou acordos de cooperação com mais de quarenta Estados e treinou a outros trinta. Isto impactou o estabelecimento das relações entre a China e a União Europeia, baseadas na cooperação win-win e direcionadas ao favorecimento do respeito mútuoSonia Alda Mejías publica no seu artigo "Os desafios da América Latina para projetar-se como ator regional no âmbito da segurança internacional", no qual contempla a possibilidade da América Latina de projetar-se como ator regional no âmbito da segurança internacional desde uma metodologia qualitativa. Assim mesmo, referência como necessários, os processos de integração sub-regional ou regional e o desenvolvimento da cooperação multilateral "intra" e internacional no âmbito da segurança e a defesa, e a participação dos países latino-americanos nas missões internacionais de paz, desde uma perspectiva "soberanista" muito marcada.O artigo "As noções de segurança e controle no plano fronteira norte: uma expressão de "teichopolítica", dos autores Gilberto Aranda e Cristian Ovando, considera a "teichopolítica" como uma expressão atual da globalização segmentada, na qual não fala somente na construção de muros. Chile manifestou tal política nos anos 70, minando zonas de fronteiras como mecanismos preventivos a uma invasão estrangeira, através do plano Fronteira Norte. Este mecanismo de segurança pretende garantir a continuidade dos fluxos comerciais e as consequências culturais que leva, desde o foco construtivista. Pablo Garcés Velástegui apresenta seu artigo "Integração latino-americana como um problema perverso: o caso para uma abordagem plural". Neste a planificação social não é um problema qualquer, si não um problema "perverso", nada suave, um problema de ciências exatas que encaminha a um tema de política pública; um problema difícil de definir, único, inerentemente paradóxico, importante, sujeito a muitas interpretações e assim sem uma solução correta. A integração latino-americana tem estas características e as implicações são relevantes para acadêmicos e tomadores de decisão. Sem a integração regional continua sendo abordada como um problema suave, os resultados provavelmente continuarão discordando com as expectativas."O Reino Unido e Argentina: geopolítica da limitação tecnológica e controles de exportação estratégicas", de Daniel Blinder, mostra como o Reino Unido controla a exportação tecnologia militar ou de uso dual para a República Argentina através de suas instituições de defesa e comércio, assim também como com outras de caráter internacional. Uma política pública estratégica a nível local e global representada na lógica espaço/poder, relativa a possibilidade de que Argentina adquira tecnologias sensíveis.Os co-autores Roldán Andrés-Rosales, Luis Alberto Sánchez-Mitre e José Nabor Cruz Marcelo apresentam o artigo titulado "A insegurança e o seu impacto no turismo em Guerrero: um enfoque espacial, 1999-2014", que lhe oferece ao leitor a possibilidade de conhecer como a insegurança mexicana tem afetado o crescimento econômico do Estado e da região a nível turístico. Isto o faz através de um estudo de caso em Guerrero, pois abrange a uma das zonas mais inseguras, classificada a nível mundial, o que constitui um índice de violência que mostra a concentração do perigo através das análises das cifras do Instituto Nacional de Estatística e Geografia."O regionalismo assimétrico como eixo da resistência sul-americana ao Brasil (2000-2013)", de Rita Giacalone, supõem que o regionalismo em si mesmo cria tensões assimétricas. O regionalismo brasileiro possui rasgos realistas, construtivistas e institucionalistas, que enfatizam tais assimetrias seguindo o paradigma "região-centrico". As organizações construídas para apoiar a projeção regional e global do Brasil geram resistência nos Governos sul-americanos entre 2000 e 2013. Este artigo analisa a resistência do Chile, Argentina e Venezuela, mediante uma multipolaridade descentralizada.Cultura global em relações internacionaisAbrimos esta seção temática com o artigo de Juliano Oliveira Pizarro titulado "Governança do deporte: uma inflexão da governança global?". Neste se considera que o global é um espaço de nascimento de diversos atores que exercem governos específicos, como representa o futebol. Um esporte feito para mecanismo social e cultural que sofre impactos diretos desde os processos globalizadores. A FIFA é uma organização não governamental sem fins lucrativos, ainda que não pareça, pois, as suas atividades expressam condições híbridas e contraditórias, seja ela, desde a ótica da governança global ou bem como uma empresa multinacional.Luis González Tule, por sua parte, no seu artigo "Organização do espaço global na geopolítica "clássica": um olhar desde a geopolítica crítica", inicia nas raízes da geopolítica e seu desenvolvimento, em meio das rivalidades imperiais europeias, guerras mundiais, mutações de fronteiras, mudanças políticos, grandes desenvolvimentos tecnológicos e transformações nas dinâmicas do poder (1870 e 1945). Os doutrinantes clássicos provenientes das principais potencias estabeleceram os discursos geopolíticos de acordo a sua conveniênciaAssim, a presente edição se fecha com o artigo "A emergência e aumento do antissemitismo nos Governos de Hugo Chávez e sua relação com a aprofundamento das relações entre Venezuela e o Iram (2005-2013)", de Margarita Figueroa Sepúlveda, que estabelece o crescimento dos incidentes antissemitas mediáticos e chavistas em 2004, assim como a sua relação diretamente proporcional com a aproximação e criação de novos laços com a República Islâmica do Iram. Se analisa a convergência ideológica –sustentada no anti-imperialismo–, através da evidencia empírica proporcionada por fontes primárias e secundarias. A autora considera que o anti-imperialismo fez que Israel fosse concebido como inimigo de ambos países.Agradecendo novamente a confiança das autoridades institucionais para editar a Revista de Relações Internacionais, Estratégia e Segurança, os convido a conhecer, usar e divulgar o conteúdo da presente edição.

RIJEČ UREDNIŠTVANegativna medijska kampanja usmjerena protiv šumara, a posebice na predstavnike trgovačkog društva Hrvatske šume d.o.o., traje neprestano već nekoliko godina, a intenzivnije unatrag dvije godine. Sve je eskaliralo nedavno aferom s vjetroelektranom Krš-Pađene. Mediji su se brže-bolje natjecali tko će više oblatiti pojedinačne i kolektivne vinovnike događaja. Temeljem paušalnih analiza zamjeralo se Hrvatskim šumama svašta, od privremenog neplaćanja šumskog doprinosa gradovima i općinama (u vrijeme kompletnog zastoja države uvjetovanog epidemijom koronavirusa ta namjenska sredstva ionako nitko nije mogao trošiti na izgradnju i održavanje šumskih cesta) do pripreme podizanja kredita za likvidnost tvrtke, koja je u sklopu pomoći pristala na produljenje roka plaćanja drvne industrije za isporučenu sirovinu sa 60 na 100 dana od dana izdavanja računa za sve isporuke od početka 2020. godine. Primjedbe na korištenje valjda najpoznatijega parafiskalnog nameta u Hrvata za usluge općekorisnih funkcija šuma ne treba ni spominjati, jer nema bitnijeg poduzetnika ili bilo kojeg političara koji u cilju pomoći gospodarstvu ne spomene smanjenje ili ukidanje toga. Laicima nije ni poznato da su Hrvatske šume svojim kriznim planom u potpunosti izbacile ovaj način financiranja gospodarenja šumama za 2020. godinu. U vrijeme korona krize to su vjerojatno bili najispravniji poslovni potezi u cilju sačuvanja vlastite zaposlenosti, zaposlenosti kupaca i dobavljača, kao i likvidnosti tvrtke. Koga to zanima kad čitatelje zanimaju negativne vijesti i afere. Većini njih također nije poznato da se šumarstvo uvijek u kriznim vremenima pobrinulo samo za sebe, ali i za druge koje je nosilo na svojim plećima. U svim krizama šumarstvo je pomagalo drvnoj industriji, pa i otpisivalo dugove u raznim državama i uređenjima koji su vladali na našem prostoru, ali i snosilo posljedice objektivnih i subjektivnih poslovnih rizika aktera u drvnom sektoru.Moć objavljenih tekstova na mrežnim stranicama i društ­ve­nim mrežama je velika. U kratkom vremenu dopire do velikog broja čitatelja. Većina tekstova objavljuju se kao bom­bastični naslovi i podnaslovi. Čitanjem sadržaja tek upućenijem čitatelju je jasno što ne odgovara istini. Obično se prema kraju članka sadržaj ublažava, ali to pročitaju najuporniji čitatelji, dok im u percepciji ostaju negativne informacije iz naslova i s početka teksta. Na društvenim mrežama javljaju se mnogi od pojedinaca do udruga, a dosta njih i anonimno te pisanjem svojih komentara stvaraju negativno ozračje o šumarskoj struci. Čitajući brojne napise stječe se dojam da su šumari jedan od većih problema Lijepe naše.Bolji poznavatelji prilika priznat će da je šumarstvo uz poljoprivredu nositelj opstanka preostalih ruralnih krajeva. Šumarstvo koje je najzastupljenije u ruralnim i manje razvijenim područjima osigurava egzistenciju zaposlenicima Hrvatskih šuma, zaposlenicima brojnih izvoditelja radova u šumarstvu te tvrtki i obrta u drvnom sektoru, posredno svima koji prodaju svoje proizvode drvnim tvrtkama, a čuvar je najvećeg dijela ekološke mreže Republike Hrvatske. Kroz zaštitu šuma i šumskih zemljišta od požara na krškom području važna je karika sačuvanja bioraznolikosti države, ali i kulise koja pomaže hrvatskoj grani gospodarstva od posebnog interesa – turizmu. U vrijeme Domovinskog rata šumarstvo je umjesto države gradilo i ceste kako bi povezalo dijelove Republike Hrvatske, gdje su nekada stanovnici putovali preko susjednih do matične države.U dragoj nam Hrvatskoj domovini danas postoji osam nacionalnih parkova i 11 parkova prirode u kojima je većina temeljnih fenomena šuma. Zaštita prirode u biti je sačuvana područja preuzela na upravljanje od šumara. Da se na tim područjima nije gospodarilo uz šumarske postulate i s ekološkim obzirom, ne bi se danas dičili s parkovima kao što su Plitvička jezera, Risnjak, Sjeverni Velebit ili Mljet. U krškom dijelu Hrvatske, gdje se nalazi većina zaštićenih parkova, nikad nije nestalo šume upravo zbog dva i pol stoljetnog gospodarenja s njom. Današnje generacije se ne sjećaju izgleda šuma u prijašnjim razdobljima. Većina najvrjednijih šuma hrasta lužnjaka posječena je kompletno između 1820-ih i 1920-ih godina. Danas stasaju nove generacije tih uzgojenih šuma koje su u biti proizvod hrvatskih šumara. Nakon Drugoga svjetskog rata sjeklo se količinski skoro kao i danas, jer nije bilo drugih resursa pa se država obnavljala i dolazila do potrebnih financijskih sredstava. Uz sve to zahvaljujući mudrosti i radu više generacija šumara, današnja je pokrivenost države pod šumama 44 posto, a sa šumskim zemljištima i 49 posto. Nažalost, većina javnosti ne može shvatiti pojam vječnih šuma koje nisu stalno u istoj dobi, jer jednako kao i druga bića imaju svoje razvojne stadije. Njihova vječnost se proteže kroz slijed generacija šume. Sječa starih zrelih šumskih sastojina preduvjet je nove generacija šume kojoj se svi iskreni šumari najviše vesele, jer je uspješno napravljena smjena generacija i sačuvana opstojnost šume na istoj površini. Taj prijelaz je u nizinskim šumama vidljiviji, no postoje i gorske šume na kojima se tako očiti prijelaz ne vidi, pa to i promatračima manje upada u oko.Neupućeni ili zlonamjerni ne znaju ili zaboravljaju na desetljetne pritiske ponajprije na državno šumarstvo radi pogodovanja pojedincima i tvrtkama u cilju podizanja nekad više maslinika i vinograda, a danas više gradnji vjetroelektrana i pašarenja na obraslim i neobraslim šumskim zemljištima. Hrvatski šumari baštine pojam potrajnog gospodarenja, pojma danas poznatijeg kao održivo gospodarenja, kojim su se borili da se površine pod šumom ne smanjuju. Tako, ako se u funkciji razvoja kojemu se nitko pametan neće protiviti ako je održiv i racionalan, negdje i krče šume radi prenamjene odobrene prostornim planom, smanjena površina pod šumama se nadoknađuje podizanjem nove šume na drugom mjestu. Koliko god se državno šumarstvo najčešće smatralo kočničarem razvoja, ono je zapravo bilo branitelj zakonskog djelovanja, dok su često pa i danas neki investitori, ali i državne institucije, vršili pritisak ubrzavajući proceduru u svoju korist bez pravne podloge. Hrvatske šume d.o.o. sa svim svojim prednostima i manama samo su dio slike koju danas imamo u Republici Hrvatskoj. Način kadroviranja i upravljanja jednak je kao i u ostalim javnim poduzećima i trgovačkim društvima u većinskom državnom vlasništvu. Kao u svakoj struci postoje previdi i pogreške, ali postulati hrvatskoga šumarstva su isprobani i dokazani kroz više od 250 godina. Današnje manje kvalitetne izvedbe u pojedinim šumama posljedica su raznih faktora i ne razlikuju se od pogrešaka koje se u svim djelatnostima događaju (zar se djelomično pogrešno ne obavi operacija, sagradi zgrada ili sastavi stroj?). Čak i u recentnom slučaju s vjetroelektranom Krš-Pađene Hrvatske šume d.o.o. pozitivno su odradile svoju zadaću naplatom duga investitoru za služnost ') INSERT INTO slTekst VALUES('202002290',2,'HR','u iznosu prema pravilniku važećem u vremenu pokretanja investicije. Hrvatske šume većinom su u svom djelovanju između čekića i nakovnja, s jedne strane pritisak korisnika drvne sirovine za što većom sječom i proizvedenom i plasiranom količinom ili korisnika prostora preko služnosti ili zakupa, a s druge strane sve veći pritisak za zaštitom staništa i jedinki što usložnjava i poskupljuje proizvodnju.Resorno ministarstvo, koje osim što je krajem 2011. godine prvi put nakon 1919. godine ispustilo u svom imenu naziv šumarstva, uz taj simbolički čin postalo je maćeha vlastitom čedu, budući resorni ministar/ministrica kao jednočlana skupština trgovačkog društva Hrvatske šume d.o.o. svojim nalozima prema upravi toga Društva djeluju u korist svih aspiranata na sve vrste proizvoda i usluga iz šume i šumskoga zemljišta. Tako se najvrjedniji trupci prodaju po dogovornim cijenama, koje već dugi niz godina nisu usklađene s tržišnim, čak ni s manje razvijenim susjednim zemljama, ogrjevno drvo i drvni ostaci se prodaju po dugogodišnjim ugovorima, bez obzira na promjene tržišnih uvjeta, a neobraslo šumsko zemljište, čak i tartufi, moraju se prepustiti svakome tko zaželi, čak i ako se ne pridržava zakonske regulative.Hrvatsko šumarsko društvo učestalo ističe politizaciju cijeloga sustava kao jedan od najvećih problema našega društva. Politike mijenjaju kompletne Uprave društva, garnirane s većom ili manjom kvotom uhljeba, svake četiri godine, a ponekad i u kraćim terminima. Tako postavljena vodstva dužna su provoditi naloge te iste politike, pa bile one i protuzakonite. Na taj se način tvrtke, kao u našem slučaju Hrvatske šume d.o.o., povlače po medijima kao kriminalne organizacije, ili se čak protiv njih organiziraju javni prosvjedi. Kako se pritom osjećaju zaposlenici, naše kolege koji s ljubavlju i odgovorno obavljaju svoj posao, možemo naslutiti?Prateći sva zbivanja postoji bojazan da se ne priprema teren kako bi se državne šume dale u koncesiju nakon što se trgovačko društvo Hrvatske šume proglase nesposobnim za upravljanje. Na brojnim primjerima poznato je kako koncesije uglavnom donose samo eksploataciju bez ulaganja u šume. Većina europskih država bogatih šumama imaju jake svoje državne tvrtke za gospodarenje državnim šumama i čuvari su tih šuma, ali i prostora kao i života na njima.Svrha ovoga teksta nije obrana bilo koga unaprijed, jer o nečijoj nevinosti i krivnji odlučivat će institucije kojima je to posao. U državi gdje se vode mnoge besplodne rasprave, koje se većinom tiču prošlosti, treba početi racionalnije sagledavati sadašnjost i ne povoditi se za huškačkom histerijom. Potrebno je popuštati okove politike i prepuštati struci da radi ono što najbolje zna, a to je u šumarstvu gospodarenje šumama i šumskim zemljištima. Uredništvo ; EDITORIALThe negative media campaign directed against foresters, and particularly against the representatives of the company Croatian Forests Ltd, has been going on for several years and has gained in intensity in the past two years. It all escalated recently with the scandal concerning the wind power plant Krš-Pađene. The media rushed to smear individual and collective entities involved in the event. Based on impromptu analyses the company Croatian Forests was criticised for all kinds of things, including temporary non-payment of forest contributions to cities and municipalities (at the time when the state was at a complete standstill due to the coronavirus epidemics these earmarked funds could not be spent on the construction and maintenance of forest roads anyway), as well as raising a loan to boost the company's liquidity. Namely, the company agreed to extend the payment period of the wood industry for the delivered raw material from 60 to 100 days from the date of issuing the invoice for all deliveries from the beginning of the year 2020. Let us not even mention all those remarks on the use of probably the most well-known parafiscal levy in Croatia related to non-market forest functions. There is not one entrepreneur or politician who has not requested the reduction or abolition of this levy as a way of helping the economy. Lay people are not even aware of the fact that the crisis plan of Croatian Forests envisages complete elimination of this form of financing forest management for 2020. At the time of the coronavirus crisis these are probably the best business moves aimed at preserving employment in the company, employment of the customers and suppliers, as well as the company's liquidity. But who wants to read about this when negative news and scandals are much more interesting? Most people do not know either that at times of crises forestry has always taken care not only of itself but also of others dependent on it. In all crises forestry has helped the wood industry, written off debts of various states and political systems reigning in these areas, but also borne the consequences of objective and subjective business risks of those working in the wood sector.The power of the texts published on websites and social networks is enormous. They reach large numbers of readers in a very short time. The majority of the published texts feature bombastic headlines and sub headlines. Only when the whole text is read does it transpire what is the truth and what is not. Usually the content of an article is softened towards the end, but the whole article is read only by the most persevering reader, while the majority retain only the negative information from the headlines and the beginning of the text. Social networks are full of individuals and associations whose comments, often anonymous, create a negative image of the forestry profession. All these comments give an impression that foresters are one of the biggest problems of Our Beautiful Homeland.Those better acquainted with the situation realize that forestry and agriculture are the pillars of survival in the remaining rural areas. Forestry, which is most represented in rural and less developed areas, provides a livelihood for employees of Croatian Forests, employees of numerous contractors in forestry and companies and crafts in the wood sector, and indirectly of all those who sell their products to wood companies. Forestry also guards and cares about the largest part of the ecological network in the Republic of Croatia. By protecting forests and forestland from fires in karst areas it forms an important link in the conservation of biodiversity in the state, but also creates a setting which helps the Croatian economic branch of particular interest - tourism. During the Homeland War it was forestry professionals who constructed roads needed to connect parts of the Republic of Croatia at the time when residents had to travel through neighbouring countries in order to reach their home country.In our beloved homeland there are eight national parks and eleven nature parks in which forests constitute the basic phenomena. Basically, nature conservation has taken over the preserved areas for management from foresters. If these areas had not been managed according to forestry postulates and ecological considerations, we would not be able to boast of parks such as Plitvice Lakes, Risnjak, North Velebit and Mljet. In the karst part of Croatia, where the majority of protected parks are located, forests have never disappeared thanks to two and a half century long forest management. Present day generations do not know what forests looked like in earlier periods. The majority of the most valuable forests of pedunculate oak were completely cut down between the 1820s and 1920s. Today we witness the growth of new generations of managed forests, which are essentially the product of Croatian foresters. After World War Two the quantities of forests that were cut down almost equalled present day quantities because there were no other resources and the state needed the necessary financial means for rebuilding and renovation. Moreover, thanks to the wisdom and hard work of several generations of foresters, the present forest cover in Croatia amounts to 44 percent and forestland to 49 percent. Regrettably, most people do not comprehend the concept of eternal forests, which are not always of the same age, because just like other beings they have their development stages. Their eternity extends through generations of forests. Cutting down old, mature forest stands opens the door to a new generation of a forest, and all foresters rejoice in it because it testifies to a successful change of generations and the survival of the forest in the same area. This transition is visible in lowland forests, but there are also mountain forests in which such an obvious transition is not striking, so it is less noticeable to observers.Those less well informed or malicious do not know about or close their eyes to decades of pressures on the state forestry. These pressures are aimed at enabling individuals and companies to receive different benefits: in the past it was olive groves and vineyards, today it is the construction of wind power stations and grazing in vegetation-covered or bare forest areas. Croatian foresters staunchly adhere to the concept of sustainable management, under which they fight against reducing forested areas. Thus, if forests are sometimes cut down for conversion purposes as regulated by spatial plans, reduced forested areas are immediately replaced with new forests in another place. Although state forestry has often been thought as a hindrance to development, it has in fact defended lawful activities in circumstances in which some investors, as well as state institutions, have exerted pressure by speeding up the procedure in their favour without any legal basis. ') INSERT INTO slTekst VALUES('202002290',2,'EN','The company Croatian Forests Ltd, with all its strengths and weaknesses, is only a part of the overall picture in the Republic of Croatia. Personnel recruitment and management is the same as in other public companies and state-owned companies. Just like in any other profession, there are omissions and mistakes, but one things is always the same: the postulates of Croatian forestry have been tested and verified for over 250 years. Present-day activities of lesser quality in some forests are the consequence of various factors and they do not differ from mistakes taking place in all other professional spheres (is not it true that sometimes a surgical operation may go wrong, or a building can be poorly constructed or a piece of machinery badly assembled?). Even in the most recent case of the Krš-Pađene wind power station, Croatian Forests Ltd have done their homework well by collecting the debt to the investor for easement in the amount according to the regulations valid at the time of starting the investment. In most of its activities Croatian Forests Ltd are between the hammer and the anvil: on the one hand, there is constant pressure by users of wood resources for more felling and more produced and sold quantities, and on the other, there is growing pressure to protect habitats and species, which all makes production more complex and more expensive. The relevant ministry, in addition to dropping the word forestry from its name at the end of 2011 for the first time after 1919, has also become an evil stepmother to its own child, since the line minister, as a one-member assembly of the company Croatian Forests Ltd, by his/her orders to the Company management acts to benefit all aspirants to receive all kinds of products and services from forests and forestland. Thus, the most valuable logs are sold at negotiated prices which have for years been out of touch with market conditions, fuel wood and wood residues are sold under long-term contracts regardless of changed market conditions, and bare forest land, and even truffles, must be given over to anyone who wants them, even if legal regulations are not complied with. The Croatian Forestry Association frequently points out that politicization of the entire system is one of the biggest problems of our society. Entire company managements are changed by politics every four or fewer years and nepotism is an inherent part of the system. Managements installed by politics in this way are forced to carry out the orders of the same policies, even if they are illegal. This is how companies, in our case Croatian Forests Ltd, are dragged through the media as criminal organisations; even public protests are organized against them. Can we even guess how the employees, our colleagues who do their jobs responsibly and lovingly, feel?All these events raise fears of the terrain being prepared for giving state forests for concession after the company Croatian Forests is declared incapable of forest management. There are many examples of concessions generating exploitation of forests without any investments in them. The majority of European countries with abundant forest areas have strong state companies which manage and guard state forests, their areas and the life in them.This text does not aim to defend anybody in advance: someone's innocence or guilt will be decided on by relevant institutions. In the state in which fruitless debates about the past are held, it is time to turn to the present in a more rational manner and not succumb to harangues and hysteria. Politics should loosen its grip and leave it to the profession to do what it knows best: in the case of forestry, it is the management of forests and forestland.Editorial Board

Over the past five years, the World Bank has made significant progress supporting governance as a core element in operations to end extreme poverty and boost shared prosperity. To help its clients, the Bank strives to deepen its understanding of the environment through the design and implementation of its projects. Since the inception of the Governance and Anticorruption (GAC) Strategy in 2008, the Governance Partnership Facility (GPF) has played a vital role in the success of its implementation.

AGREEMENT SHEET This is to certify that the Journal with the title "AN ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH TEXTBOOK FOR FIRST GRADERS OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL "BAHASA INGGRIS UNTUK SMA/MA DAN SMK/MAK KELAS X" PUBLISHED BY PUTRA NUGRAHA AND USED IN SMAN 18 SURABAYA BASED ON BASIC COMPETENCES OF CURRICULUM 2013" written by ABU DARRIN (NIM.102084005) has been thoroughly checked and fulfilled the requirements for Yudisium. Surabaya, January 2014 Advisor Drs. Fahri, M.A. NIP. 19640819 199003 1 003 AN ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH TEXTBOOK FOR FIRST GRADERS OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL "BAHASA INGGRIS UNTUK SMA/MA DAN SMK/MAK KELAS X" PUBLISHED BY PUTRA NUGRAHA AND USED IN SMAN 18 SURABAYA BASED ON BASIC COMPETENCES OF CURRICULUM 2013 Abu Darrin English Education Department, Language and Art Faculty, Surabaya State University Email: abudarrin92@gmail.com Drs. Fahri, M.A. English Education Department, Language and Art Faculty, Surabaya State University. Email: fahri@unesa.ac.id Abstrak Kurikulum adalah sebuah alat untuk mengontrol implementasi dari pendidikan di semua negara tidak terkecuali Indonesia. Di tahun 2013, pemerintah Indonesia telah menerbitkan kurikulum yang baru yaitu kurikulum 2013. Kurikulum ini diklaim dapat meningkatkan kualitas pendidikan di Indonesia. Berkaitan dengan pentingnya hal tersebut, kesesuain antara materi di dalam buku pelajaran dengan kompetensi dasar di dalam kurikulum 2013 juga sangatlah penting. Hal ini juga didukung oleh fakta bahwa kebanyakan guru menggunakan buku pelajaran sebagai sumber utama pengajaran di dalam kelas karena pelatihan guru tentang kurikulum baru ini masih minim sekali. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui apakah komtensi dasar di dalam buku pelajaran dengan judul "Bahasa Inggris Untuk SMA/MA dan SMK/MAK Kelas X" yang diterbitkan oleh Putra Nugraha sesuai dengan kompetensi dasar yang tercantum di dalam silabus bahasa inggris kurikulum 2013. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga dilakukan untuk mengetaui dan mendeskripsikan materi-materi apa saja di dalam buku pelajaran tersebut diatas yang sesuai dengan kompetensi dasar di dalam silabus kurikulum 2013. Dengan menggunakan konsep deskriptif kualitatif, penelitian ini menggunakan field notes yang diadaptasi dari garis besar evaluasi buku pelajaran di dalam BSNP (Badan Standar Nasional Pendidikan). Materi di dalam buku pelajaran ini dianggap sesui apabila telah memenuhi indikator materi urutan dari kompetensi dasar kurikulum 2013. Dari hasil penelitian, dapat diketahui bahwa semua kompetensi dasar di dalam buku pelajaran sesuai dengan kompetensi dasar di dalam silabus kurikulum 2013. Selain itu, diketahui juga bahwa kebanyak materi di dalam buku pelajaran tersebut tidak sesuai dengan kompetensi dasar di dalam silabus kurikulum 2013. Materi yang sesuai antara lain adalan materi di dalam bab 1, 2, 3, 5 dan 7. Ketidaksesuain tersebut kebanyakan disebabkan oleh ketidaksesuaian urutan materi di dalam buku pelajaran dengan kompetensi dasar kurikulum 2013.Kata Kunci: Buku Pelajaran Bahasa Inggris, Kompetensi Dasar kurikulum 2013, kesesuaian. Abstract Curriculum is a tool to control the implementation of education in the country including Indonesia. In 2013, the Indonesian government has issued a new curriculum, namely, curriculum 2013. It is claimed as improving the education in Indonesia. Since it is very important, the conformity between the materials in the textbook to the 2013 English basic competence is also taking a vital role in implementing this new curriculum. It is supported by the fact that mostly the teachers uses textbook to deliver the material in the class because they are not well introduced yet to it. This research is conducted to figure out whether the basic competences in the textbook entitled "Bahasa Inggris Untuk SMA/MA dan SMK/MAK Kelas X" published by Putra Nugraha conform to the basic competences in the syllabus of English curriculum 2013 or not. Besides, this also figure out whether the materials in the textbook entitled "Bahasa Inggris Untuk SMA/MA dan SMK/MAK Kelas X" published by Putra Nugraha conform to the basic competences in the syllabus of English curriculum 2013 or not. By employing the concept of descriptive qualitative study, this research uses the field notes which are adapted from BSNP textbook evaluation guideline as the research instrument. The textbook is claimed as representing the basic competence of the syllabus in the curriculum if the materials completely conform to the basic competences and its sequence. The results of this study show that all of the basic competences in the textbook conform to the basic competences for first graders of Senior High School in the first semester syllabus of English curriculum 2013. Besides, it also shows that most of the materials in the textbook do not conform to the basic competences in the syllabus of English curriculum 2013. Few of the relevant materials are there in chapter 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7. In addition, most of the inconformity of the materials in the textbook is because they are not in the right sequence as mentioned in the Syllabus of English curriculum 2013. Key Words: English textbook, 2013 English basic competences, conformity. INTRODUCTION Students of all ages are learning to speak English all around the world (Harmer 2007). That is the evidence of the fact that English is the most popular International language used in the world. This language is used as a tool to transfer many kind of information from the others language. It is used to communicate importantly when the people do not know the certain unpopular international or even non international language. For the example; Indonesian that would like to communicate with Japanese, in case, both of them cannot speak Indonesian or Japanese, they can use English. It is rationally because English is the popular international language that mostly used by the people around the world both, in target language community or even in somewhere it is one of the main languages of culture or commerce. Target-language community is a place where English is used as the national language- e.g. Britain, Canada, New Zealand, etc. besides, India, Pakistan, Nigeria are the example of the countries where English is one of the main languages of culture and commerce (Harmer 2007). Those examples show us that English has widely used almost all around the world referring to the fact that the origin of English is from Germany. Besides, people can take a look on the point of view of education field and work field. English as a subject taught in school and college deals with the student's understanding and use of language (Guth 1973). Furthermore, the transfer of information and knowledge has been easily accessed whenever and wherever, seems there is not any limitation of time and place anymore. As the example, people can easily get the information from social media or internet. As long as they could use English to communicate, they could keep in touch with whoever or whatever around the world. As the concrete example, the student could use international references in doing their project or research. Moreover, it is not surprising news anymore knowing the transfer of the students around the world. According to the fact, it seems like not enough to study in the country for the specific purposes of certain people. They would rather choose to continue their study abroad than in their own country. This opportunity leads to make the use of English being more and more important than the other foreign language. Looking to another point of view, the use of English essentially spreads widely in the international business sector, so much so that English has become the standard language of world business (Yoneda 2008). Relating to the development of some international development, the use of English is also getting more important. For the example is the implementation of ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) in 2014. This agreement among ASEAN countries about free economic market in ASEAN open a new opportunity for every people in ASEAN countries to work in certain country in ASEAN (Community 2008). This also shows us that the role of English is very fundamental according to the fact that the countries in ASEAN have their own language. English as international language relates the people of ASEAN to communicate each other, so that there are not any difficulties anymore in term of communication of those different language countries. In addition, we can easily find the requirements of job field in our country that requires English whether written or oral skill to fulfill. In this circumstance, English also take a great importance in human social life even though it is not in English-native speaker country. Those great importance of English in daily life of the society and its prospect in the future lead the governance to put English as a major material begin in junior high school and senior high school. As the higher continuant education, senior high school has a significant role to build the extensive foundation of the student competence of English after the very basic level in elementary and junior high school. In this level, English is delivered more seriously and being a component of the syllabus of curriculum in Indonesia as stated in constitution of Indonesia number 68 2013. This curriculum has been launched in 2013. It has been used and being implemented in certain school all around Indonesia starts from the first class of junior and also senior high school. This curriculum was built based on two major challenges. Those are internal and external challenges (Permendikbud 2013a). The internal challenge is that the human resources of Indonesia are getting large and large. As the response of the government, the curriculum 2013 was build to increase the competence of the people itself. Furthermore, the global change and development are acting as the external challenge that encourages the development and the existence of curriculum 2013. The curriculum 2013 actually is developed from standard-based curriculum and competence based curriculum, that is why, the difference between this curriculum and the previous curriculum can be clearly seen from the format of the curriculum itself. In the other hand, textbook is getting a great role in education related with the implementation of the curriculum (Permendikbud 2013b). It is also supported by the fact that nowadays, there is a change of education paradigm. Begin with teacher as a center in learning in the class to the students as the center in the class. That is why, textbook as the main source of knowledge which is stated in the curriculum besides the teacher is holding a fundamental role in the education. A little bit different with the previous curriculum, especially in English object, the curriculum 2013 uses thematic approach. Based on the English textbook published by Putra Nugraha entitled "Bahasa Inggris Untuk SMA/MA dan SMK/MAK Kelas X", there is not any skill dividing such as in the English textbook of the previous curriculum. The skill such as listening, reading, writing and speaking are no longer used to divide the competences in the textbook. It uses the thematic approach that integrates those kinds of skill to be one competence. Those differences lead the researcher to figure out a problem, does the content of the textbook really conform to the content of the syllabus of curriculum 2013?. In addition, this textbook is published in 2013 and used in SMAN 18 Surabaya. It is the only one which is found in the field. Even though the English curriculum 2013 has been implemented, only SMAN 18 Surabaya that uses the English textbook to deliver the English material. The gap exists in the previous study also supports the researcher to conduct the research to answer the question. There are a lot of researches about textbook analysis of previous curriculum textbook such as a research conducted by the graduate of state University of Surabaya. The title is "An Analysis of Listening Material of English Textbook Entitled Get Along With English for Vocational High School Grade X Based on 2006 English Standard Competence" (Widiyawati 2012). This descriptive qualitative research is conducted to evaluate the book in the point of listening skill competence based on the 2006 English Standard Based Competence. The researcher take the Listening skill as the competence to be evaluated in the book because, in fact the book was made based on curriculum 2006 that still uses skill competence to divide the material in the book. Another one is a research conducted by Meta Chairani (2011) the graduate of Muria Kudus University entitled "The Analysis of English Textbook based on Competence Based Curriculum (CBC) for The First Year of Senior High School Published by Penerbit Erlangga and PT. Intan Pariwara. This research also analyzes the textbook of previous curriculum that is Competence Based Curriculum (CBC). So far, none of the researchers conduct a research of the textbook of curriculum 2013 that has been implemented since 2013. Recognizing this gap and urgency that it is a must for the content of the English textbook to conform with the Syllabus of the curriculum 2013, the researcher is supported to conduct this research. In addition, the researcher will use the instrument based on Badan Nasional Standart Pendidikan (BSNP) with also referring to another theory. This is to check the conformity between the basic competences in the syllabus of curriculum 2013 and the basic competences in the textbook and also the conformity between the materials in the English textbook to the basic competences in the syllabus of curriculum 2013. Based on the background and the reason above, it shows that conformity between the book and the basic competence is an urgent and important thing in the implementation of curriculum 2013. Based on the Background above, the researcher decide to research questions of this study are: How is the conformity between the basic competences in the English textbook for first graders of senior high school used in SMAN 18 Surabaya entitled "Bahasa Inggris Untuk SMA/MA dan SMK/MAK Kelas X" published by Putra Nugraha and the basic competences in the syllabus of curriculum 2013? And How is the conformity between the materials in the English textbook for first graders of senior high school used in SMAN 18 Surabaya entitled "Bahasa Inggris Untuk SMA/MA dan SMK/MAK Kelas X" published by Putra Nugraha and the basic competences in the syllabus of curriculum 2013? The result of this study is expected to give more information and input to the teacher in using the English textbook entitled "Bahasa Inggris Untuk SMA/MA dan SMK/MAK Kelas X". It is expected to give them a brief overview of the textbook, so that they would know the appropriate use of it, whether they have to add some material of the syllabus that does not exist in the textbook or even skip some contents in the textbook that does not included in the syllabus of curriculum 2013. Furthermore, this research is also introduced to the writer and the editor of the textbook in order to give them input and guideline in making the next English textbook which is more relevant to the curriculum 2013. In addition, the researcher focuses on the English textbook for the first grade of senior high school entitled "Bahasa Inggris Untuk SMA/MA dan SMK/MAK Kelas X" used in SMAN 18 Surabaya only to check the conformity of it to the basic competences of the syllabus of curriculum 2013. REVIEW LITERATURE Curriculum is a set of planning and setting of the objectives, contents, and the material of the teaching and learning process that is used as a guideline in realization of the teaching to achieve the goal of the certain education (UU No. 20 Th. 2003 Tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional). Besides, Tanner (1980) defined curriculum as "the planned and guided learning experiences and intended outcomes, formulated through the systematic reconstruction of knowledge and experiences under the auspices of the school, for the learners' continuous and willful growth in personal social competence". It is used to develop and increase the even distribution of education. Every country usually has each own standard of the curriculum because it is related with the development of the country itself. Besides, it also depends on the students' needs in the each country. Since it depends on the students needs the curriculum always having the improvement time by time. It is caused by the global change that occur influence the needs of the learner. In case of English curriculum, there have been some changes or improvement of it in Indonesia. The changes are stated as follows: Old style, Grammar Translation Based Curriculum (1945), New Style, Audio Lingual Based Curriculum (1958), Revision, Audio Lingual Based Curriculum (1975), Structure Based Curriculum (1984), Communicative Based Curriculum (1994), Competency Based Curriculum (2004), Unit Level in Education Curriculum (2006) and Integrated English Curriculum (2013). The most recent curriculum is curriculum 2013 that has been launched in 2013. The English curriculum in it is no longer using skill as the point to divide the competence. It is integrated and thematic. Furthermore, Curriculum 2013 has been launched by the ministry of education and culture of Indonesia in more than 6000 schools all around Indonesia. This is the next step of the ministry of education and culture after holding some process- target teacher and instructor teacher training about curriculum 2013 (Sutiana 2013). Actually, the main substance of curriculum 2013 is the review of internal factors as a demand of education that refers to the 8 national education standards. Those include the management standard, expense standard, infrastructure standard, teacher standard, content standard, assessment standard and the competence standard of the alumnus. The other internal challenges are related with the development of Indonesia from the citizen productive age point of view (in 2020-2035 the productive age is abundant). Besides, the external challenge is also taking a role, the demand of the globalization that comes up with certain goals to achieve through future competence. Those are; communication competence, critical thinking competence, the competency to see the moral values of the problem, ready to work and the ability to live in global society, and etc (Permendikbud 2013a). So far, the global challenge in the society, especially in the future of work field that soon will be globalized, is the basic philosophical framework of this curriculum beside the past and the current condition of Indonesia. Those three values of point of view are taken to build the strength of the mental thinking of Indonesian to face the globalization above. Since the implementation of this curriculum is step by step, it is implemented in the first grade of junior high school. Based on the basic framework of this curriculum from the ministry of education and culture of Indonesia the description of English curriculum is something like the explanation as follows (Sutiana 2013). As stated in the constitution, there is a significant change in this curriculum 2013. That is the graduate standard competence or "standart kompetensi lulusan (SKL)" that related with all of the subjects. It means that the implementation of all subjects must refer to the standard. In the other side, the graduate standard competence itself is depending on the student's needs in the future that focusing on the balance soft skills and hard skills. Furthermore, the main competence is related with the basic competence that exists in every subject. In addition, the text distributing that will be the content in the linguistic material are:Interpersonal Text, Private expression such as greeting and the responds, leave taking and the responds, thanks giving and the responds, and apologizing and the responds; Transactional Text, asking and giving the information about the fact and feeling and also offering things and service; Special Functional Text, such as: name label, List (list of thing in one group), instruction, sign or traffic light, warning sign and song; Public Functional Text, such as: names of the day, month, time in a day, time in form of number, dates and years, self introduction, names of animal, things and public building, the characteristic of human, animal and things. The attitude/action/function of human/animal/things. Descriptive (human, things, and animal); Conversation Topic: related with human self and the social and natural environment around the house and school. Teaching process in curriculum 2013 using scientific approach, through some steps of the process: observing: the student read/watch/listen to the examples of texts that is being learned from many kind of sources, directly/ or using a recording that concerning to the social function, text structure, linguistic element or the delivery format or the writer; asking : through questions from the teacher, the students are asking many things based on the topic/ teaching material, such as social function, expression and text structure and etc; Exploration/ experiment : reading/watching/ listening the other examples of the text they learn; associating/analyzing : in an under control group work, the students are learning to mention the social function, expression and text structure, linguistic element, and the writing format of the type of text they learn. The feedback from the teacher and students in every result of group work are delivered. The last is, communicating: reading, listening, presenting/publishing/ speaking/reading the text they learn. In the other hand, 2006 English curriculum is unit level in education curriculum (KTSP). In this curriculum, each school in Indonesia has each own authority to develop the material based on the students' needs (Nahrowi 2013). Furthermore, this curriculum also concern on the skills as the point to deliver the competences in English such as listening, speaking, reading, and writing. It is completely different with the curriculum 2013. The government standardizes the curriculum as the same one for every school. It means that there is not any differences for every school in Indonesia, in fact, the condition of schools are different each other. Besides, the curriculum 2006 divides the competences into several point based on the skills. Then, The curriculum 2013 is integrated (Nahrowi 2013). This difference of course is included as a significant difference that also could significantly differentiate the previous textbook of the curriculum to the textbook of curriculum 2013. The textbook of curriculum 2013 is no longer divided based on the skill competence, but it is divided based on the theme as shown in the textbook of curriculum 2013 published by Putra Nugraha entitled "Bahasa Inggris Untuk SMA/MA dan SMK/MAK Kelas X". Textbook is used as a main guideline in language teaching especially where the teacher is least capable to deliver the material, but the fact said that not all the textbook can reflect the materials well (Williams 1983). This situation of also happens in Indonesia where the EFL classrooms are applied. Furthermore, the existence of the textbook also causes some questions. What the textbook actually is, what advantages of disadvantages of the textbook are, how to create the textbook, how to evaluate it, and also, the most important is, what the relationship between the textbook and the curriculum actually is. Textbook generally is a book contains some material of certain subject to learn by the students in the school. It is used as a main component to deliver the material framework designed in the curriculum. They may deliver the foundation for the content of the lessons, the balance of skills taught and the types of language practice the students take part in. In other hand, the textbook may provide primarily to supplement the teacher's instruction (Richards 2013). Besides, sauvignon (1983) stated that textbook contains a collection of written or oral texts with accompanying explanations that are selected and sequenced for the learners as cited in the previous study (Widiyawati 2012). As the definition above, we can see that actually, textbook can varies based on the language teaching stakeholders. It can adapt the curriculum, the teacher needs, and also the students' needs. That is why, we can find a different textbook used in a different schools. This chosen textbook is used as a basic guideline in teaching and learning process. It is stack because the teacher should follows the curriculum framework designed by the government beside they could adjust their needs. This textbook is very helpful because it contains the material instruction for the teacher that also can support the students to learn by themselves whenever and wherever they want. The material instructions usually could be varied as the curriculum framework. It could be in form of oral or written text, sounds for listening in form of CD that is very practice to use. The existence of the textbook is very crucial in language teaching. It has so many advantages to support the language learning and teaching process, but as the creation of human being, it also has some disadvantages. As the evidence, the textbook evaluation and its revision always applied time by time. The advantages and the advantages of the commercial textbook also depends on the how they are used and the contextual factors and the advantages are stated as (Richards 2013): It is providing structure and a syllabus for a program. Without textbooks a program may have no central core and learners may not receive the material as stated in the syllabus that has been systematically planned and developed by the government; It is helping standardize instruction. The textbook helps the government to implement the even distribution of the education by the similarity of the material taught in each school or even in each class; It is maintaining quality. If a good textbook is used, students are exposed to a tried and tested, that are based on certain pointed learning principles, and that are skipped appropriately; It is providing a variety of learning resources. Textbooks are usually accompanied by workbooks, CDs and cassettes, videos, CD ROMs, and comprehensive teaching guides, providing great resource for teachers and learners; It is efficient. The textbook save teachers' time, enabling teachers to devote time to teaching rather than material's delivering; It is providing effective language models and input. Textbooks can provide supports for non-native teachers and who may not be able to produce accurate language input on their own; They can train teachers. It can be a medium of initial teacher training or a limited teaching experience teacher; It is usually appealing. Commercial textbooks usually have high standards of design and production and hence are appealing to learners and teachers. Contradictory to that, the potential negative effects of the use of textbooks are: It may contain inauthentic language. Textbooks in some cases present inauthentic language since texts, dialogs and other aspects of content tend to be specially written to incorporate teaching points and are often not representing real language use; It may distort content. Textbooks often deliver an idealized view of the world or fail to represent real issues. In order to make fail represented view of material, controversial topics are avoided; It may not reflect students' needs. Textbook are produced in mass amount. That is why; usually the textbook doesn't match the certain needs of the students; It can deskill teachers. If the teacher just use the textbook as an over dominant centered, it can de skill the teacher. It occurs when the teacher is not having improvement in experiencing the class; It is expensive. Commercial textbook that is usually expensive can burden the students in low financial level; Those advantages and advantages gives the redline review for the teacher. If the disadvantages side of the textbook takes a dominant position in the class. The alternative action should be taken, such as adding some materials if there are some of them do not exist in the textbook and etc. Furthermore, what does differentiate the previous textbook curriculum and the textbook of curriculum 2013 especially in language teaching is the approach. The previous curriculum divide each skill competences in the material delivery, but, significantly different to that, the curriculum 2013 use an integrated approach that divide the material into several theme. This is considered more effective in language teaching just like the idea of Oxford (2001) that stated, the integrated approach in foreign language teaching must focus on the integration of language elements like vocabulary, pronunciation and the structure that support the language skill (sundayana 2013). Those two significance differences lead to the textbook construction difference. The textbook of previous curriculum uses the skill in dividing the material in the textbook, they divide listening, speaking, reading, and writing in every material. For the example, descriptive text teaching that is delivered by listening to the descriptive text sound, descriptive speech, descriptive reading, and descriptive writing. Different to that, based on the curriculum 2013framework that has been explained above, the textbook of English curriculum 2013 is constructed by referring to the basic competence in the syllabus. It is constructed as an integrated language material that integrates all language skill such as listening, speaking, reading, and writing into one thematic material. For the example, the language teaching in the first grade of senior high school with the theme "I am going to…". In this theme the material is given to lead the students to explore their language skill. By this theme, the teacher indirectly teaches listening, speaking, reading, and writing in the same time. In condition where there it is lack of trained Teacher, textbook has a vital position in language teaching (Williams 1983). This statement also strengthens the urgency of a well evaluated textbook because of the importance of the existence of textbook itself in the language teaching. The criteria of evaluating the textbook is also take a big role in defining and evaluating the textbook for the betterment of the language teaching. The criteria to build the instrument should be relevant and based on the trusted sources. Since it is important, this evaluation of the textbook should be done especially for the stakeholder of the teacher. The teacher could be given some practices in evaluating the textbook in order to figure out whether the organization of materials is consistent with the objectives of given English curriculum (Williams 1983). The statement of this English education scientist indirectly also shows us that the consistency between the objectives of given English curriculum and the organization of materials is holding an important urgency in the English language teaching. This could be the foundation in making an instrument to define an appropriate textbook based on the curriculum. Besides, there is a valid instrument for evaluating the textbook, including English textbook for senior high school. This instrument that is made by BSNP (Badan Standard Nasional Pendidikan) contains some components of textbook which are arranged based on characteristic of English learning and the criteria of English textbook development (Widiyawati 2012) . The textbook evaluation instrument made by BSNP consists of three main components; the feasibility of the content of the evaluated textbook, the feasibility of the language use of the evaluated textbook, and the feasibility of the presentation of the evaluated textbook. Furthermore, there are sub-components for each component of this evaluation instrument (BSNP 2007), they are: the feasibility of the content of the evaluated textbook; The feasibility of the language use of the evaluated textbook; the feasibility of the presentation of the evaluated textbook. Curriculum is a fundamental substance in the educational system. It drives how the education would look like and it controls the whole unit of education. For the betterment of education in Indonesia for example, the governance does not just revise improve the front liner of education here is the teacher, the facility, and the maintenance but also, the regular revision of curriculum. This fact leads us to understand that the basic change of education improvement is led by the curriculum. In addition, the recent curriculum has taken a serious focus on the equality of education. The equality of education support the potential talent (Rajakumar 2006). It is also reflected by this new policy of education that equal all the material for all school implemented with the standardized standard competence. This basic competence is the main reflection of the curriculum 2013 itself. All of the material guidelines are stated in this standard competence. Furthermore, as the competition of this new curriculum implementation, the teacher mostly uses the textbook as the main material in English teaching. It is caused by the less trained teacher that wants to give the most appropriate material based on the curriculum. Moreover, the well trained teacher uses the textbook as well as the main guideline based on many kind of reason. This idea is strengthen by the language researcher that stated "They can be given practice in analyzing textbooks in order to find out whether the organization of materials is consistent with the objectives of a given English language curriculum" (Williams 1983). Form this view, it can be seen that the role of appropriate textbook of curriculum 2013 is very fundamental and indirectly it also shows that their relationship is very close and can't be divided each other. There have been some previous studies about the textbook analysis, and some of them found that in certain point, there are irrelevancies between the textbook and the goals of English teaching as included in the curriculum. Those findings are clearly proves that the textbook used by school as a teaching guideline has a possibility to have the irrelevancy between the curriculum and the materials in the textbook itself. As the first example, a research conducted by a graduate of State University of Surabaya have found that there are some speaking indicators that are not covered in each unit of the textbook entitled " Mandiri: Practice your English Competence". For example, two indicators of basic competence 2.4 in Chapter 3; and two indicators of basic competence 2.3 in Chapter 6 (Xingli 2013). The second research is also conducted by the graduate of State University of Surabaya. Several text in the textbook entitled "kumpulan kegiatan siswa Bahasa Inggris" designed by Surabaya MGMP team have not fulfilled yet the requirement of the generic structures and the linguistic features yet as stated in 2004 English Curriculum (Sari 2007). Then, the last example of research is conducted by Meta Chairani, the undergraduate of Muria Kudus University (UMK) entitled "The Analysis of English textbook Based on Competence based Curriculum (CBC) for the First Year of Senior Higfh School Published by penerbit Erlangga and PT. Intan Pariwara. Different with the two previous research example, this research was comparing two different textbook to know which one is more appropriate to the curriculum. The result of this study is both of the textbook are fairly good, but only the book of PT. Intan Pariwara entitled "Bahasa Inggris Kelas 1 SMU" was appropriate in content and evaluation to cover the objective of Competence Based Curriculum (Chairani 2011). So far, based on the examples of researches above, it has been clearly found that there are some irrelevance between the textbook and the curriculum starts from Competence Based Curriculum (CBC) that was implemented since 2004 to 2006, and the Unit Level of Education Curriculum (KTSP) that was implemented in 2006 to 2013. This kind of evidences shows us that there is a big possibility of the textbook published by the Government that does not match with the curriculum in certain point. Of course, it is included the textbook entitled "Bahasa Inggris Untuk SMA/MA dan SMK/MAK Kelas X" published by Putra Nugraha as a guideline to implement the Curriculum 2013. This is the main reason why the researcher would like to conduct this study. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Design This study is designed to answer the research question as stated in the Chapter I. It focuses on analyzing the conformity of the material in English textbook entitled "Bahasa Inggris Untuk SMA/MA dan SMK/MAK Kelas X" published by Putra Nugraha to the basic competencies in the syllabus of curriculum 2013. This English textbook is used by SMAN 18 Surabaya in the first year of curriculum 2013 implementation. Based on the objectives and the aim of the study above, this research is designed to analyze the English textbook that has been a phenomenon. Until nowadays, there is not any legal curriculum 2013 English textbook for senior high school published by the government. Since this study is descriptive qualitative research, the analysis of the study is presented in form of words rather than numbers without any statistical calculation (Fraenkel JR & Wallen, NE 1990; McMillan (as cited in Widiyawati 2012). Besides, this study is also documentary analysis research in which it describes the data gotten from the research instrument in detail and deeply. Object of the Study The Subject of this study is the English textbook for the first graders of Senior High School entitled "Bahasa Inggris Untuk SMA/MA dan SMK/MAK Kelas X" published by Putra Nugraha. It was published in 2013. The materials in the textbook are organized in form of chapter in which the four skills of English such as Listening, Speaking, Reading, and writing are integrated to be one thematic chapter. There are seven chapters that cover one semester material, they are: I Live in Semarang, Wow! You Look So Pretty! , Are You Ok? , I'm Going to…, Congratulations, Simple Past Tense and Simple Present Perfect Tense, Descriptive Text. As stated above, those themes provide integrated English materials that also integrate the four skills of English. Data of the Study The data of this study are all of the English learning material presented in this textbook entitled "Bahasa Inggris Untuk SMA/MA dan SMK/MAK Kelas X" published by Putra Nugraha that covers one semester program of the first grade. The data are in the form of dialogues, passages, monologues, tasks, activities, instructions, tables, and etc. The textbook that is being analyzed contains seven chapters that are elaborated into 64 pages. Research Instruments As a device to collect the data, the research instrument is very important. It is a device to collect the data from the object of the study. As a descriptive qualitative study, the data of this study are in form of words rather than numbers in which the researcher is the main instrument. The main role of the researcher as the instrument in this study is profoundly to collect and analyze the data as deep as possible. However, the researcher cannot work alone. The researcher is assisted by the other research instruments; here is the field note. Others contrast field notes with data, defining field notes more along the lines of Field note is a daily input made in a field journal to record thoughts, impressions, initial ideas, working hypotheses, issues to pursue and so on. Besides, it is also everything collected in the fieldwork —the fieldwork journal, transcripts of conversations and interviews, photographs, audiotapes and videotapes, copies of documents, and artifacts (Schwandt 2007). In this study, the field note is used help the researcher to record the verbal data of the object of the study and verify the conformity of the materials in the textbook and the basic competences of curriculum 2013. The field notes are in form of table which contain the analyzed data and also the evidence of the materials. The first table of field note contains basic competences in the syllabus of curriculum 2013, basic competence in the analyzed textbook and relevant or irrelevant column. Besides, the second table of field note contains basic competences of curriculum 2013, main materials based on the Syllabus of English curriculum 2013, relevant or irrelevant column and the evidence of materials. Data Collection Technique In this study, the technique to collect the data is document analysis based on the checklist. The analysis deals with the conformity between the English learning material and the 2013 English basic competencies. There are two steps that use two tables in this study. The first is the researcher checks the conformity between the basic competences in the textbook to the basic competences in the syllabus of English curriculum 2013. The second is the researcher checks the conformity between the English materials in the textbook to the basic competences of English curriculum 2013. While it is done, the verbal data is also written in the field notes. After those two steps, the researcher collects the data and the result from the instrument table, after that, those data are analyzed and elaborated. Data Analysis Technique Since the English material in the textbook are integrated, the researcher directly describe the results of the study without any skill dividing in form of words rather than numbers. In addition, there are two steps in this study analysis. The first is describing conformity between the basic competences in the analyzed textbook and the basic competences in the syllabus of curriculum 2013. The second is describing the conformity between the materials in the textbook entitled "Bahasa Inggris Untuk SMA/MA dan SMK/MAK Kelas X" published by Putra Nugraha English and the basic competences in the 2013 English curriculum. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results of this study are divided into two parts. The first is describing the conformity field note of the basic competences in the textbook for the first grade of senior high school used in SMAN 18 Surabaya entitled "Bahasa Inggris Untuk SMA/MA dan SMK/MAK Kelas X" to the Basic competences in the syllabus of curriculum 2013. The second is describing the conformity field note of the content in the textbook for first graders of senior high school used in SMAN 18 Surabaya entitled "Bahasa Inggris Untuk SMA/MA dan SMK/MAK Kelas X" to the Basic competences in the syllabus of curriculum 2013. The Conformity of the English Basic competences in the textbook to the English Basic Competences in the Syllabus of C urriculum 2013 This part of the results aims to describe the conformity of the basic competences in the textbook for first grader of senior high school used in SMAN 18 Surabaya entitled "Bahasa Inggris Untuk SMA/MA dan SMK/MAK Kelas X" to the basic competences in the syllabus of curriculum 2013. This part is describing the example of field note of Chapter 1 and 2 analyses in which it is described into words to be more specifically explained. The Conformity of the Basic Competences in the Textbook Chapter 1 to the Basic Competences in the Syllabus No. Basic Competence in the Syllabus of Curriculum 2013 Basic Competences in the textbook Conformity 1. 1.1. Mensyukuri kesempatan dapat mempelajari bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa pengantar Komunikasi internasional yang diwujudkan dalam semangat belajar. 1.1. Mensyukuri kesempatan dapat mempelajari bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa pengantar Komunikasi internasional yang diwujudkan dalam semangat belajar. relevant 2. 2.2. Menunjukkan perilaku jujur, disiplin, percaya diri, dan bertanggung jawab dalam melaksanakan Komunikasi transaksional dengan guru dan teman. 2.2. Menunjukkan perilaku jujur, disiplin, percaya diri, dan bertanggung jawab dalam melaksanakan Komunikasi transaksional dengan guru dan teman. relevant 3. 3.1. Menganalisis fungsi sosial, struktur teks, dan unsur kebahasaan dari teks pemaparan jati diri, sesuai dengan konteks penggunaannya. 3.1. Menganalisis fungsi sosial, struktur teks, dan unsur kebahasaan dari teks pemaparan jati diri, sesuai dengan konteks penggunaannya. relevant 4. 4.1 Menyusun teks lisan dan tulis sederhana, untuk memaparkan, menanyakan, dan merespon pemaparan jati diri, dengan memperhatikan fungsi sosial, struktur teks, dan unsur kebahasaan, secara benar dan sesuai dengan konteks. 4.1 Menyusun teks lisan dan tulis sederhana, untuk memaparkan, menanyakan, dan merespon pemaparan jati diri, dengan memperhatikan fungsi sosial, struktur teks, dan unsur kebahasaan, secara benar dan sesuai dengan konteks. relevant As can be seen above, all of the Basic competences in chapter 1 are relevant to what they are stated in the syllabus of English curriculum 2013. The basic competences are stated in the beginning of the chapter in the textbook. They are Basic Competences 1.1, 2.2, 3.1 and 4.1. The evidence of this analysis is a picture taken from the analyzed textbook as follows: The Basic Competences in Chapter 1 of the Textbook The picture above shows some basic competences in chapter 1 of the textbook. The basic competences in the textbook above conform to the basic competences in the syllabus as shown in table 4.1. The Conformity of the Basic Competences in the Textbook Chapter 2 to the Basic Competences in the Syllabus No. Basic Competence in the Syllabus of Curriculum 2013 Basic Competences in the textbook Conformity 1. 1.1 Mensyukuri kesempatan dapat mempelajari bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa pengantar Komunikasi internasional yang diwujudkan dalam semangat belajar. 1.1. Mensyukuri kesempatan dapat mempelajari bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa pengantar Komunikasi internasional yang diwujudkan dalam semangat belajar. relevant 2. 2.1. Menunjukkan perilaku santun dan peduli dalam melaksanakan Komunikasi interpersonal dengan guru dan teman. 2.1. Menunjukkan perilaku santun dan peduli dalam melaksanakan Komunikasi interpersonal dengan guru dan teman. relevant 3. 3.2. Menganalisis fungsi sosial, struktur teks, dan unsur kebahasaan pada ungkapan memuji bersayap serta responnya, sesuai dengan konteks penggunaannya 3.3. Menganalisis fungsi sosial, struktur teks, dan unsur kebahasaan pada ungkapan memuji bersayap serta responnya, sesuai dengan konteks penggunaannya. relevant 4. 4.2. Menyusun teks lisan dan tulis untuk mengucapkan dan merespon pujian bersayap, dengan memperhatikan fungsi sosial, struktur teks, dan unsur kebahasaan yang benar dan sesuai konteks. 4.2 Menyusun teks lisan dan tulis untuk mengucapkan dan merespon pujian bersayap, dengan memperhatikan fungsi sosial, struktur teks, dan unsur kebahasaan yang benar dan sesuai konteks. relevant Besides, the Filed note above also shows that all of the Basic competences in the chapter 2 are relevant to what they are stated in the syllabus of English curriculum 2013. The basic competences are stated in the beginning of the chapter in the textbook. They are Basic Competences 1.1, 2.1, 3.2 and 4.2. The evidence of this analysis is a picture taken from the analyzed textbook as follows: The Basic Competences in Chapter 2 of the Textbook The picture above shows some basic competences in chapter 2 of the textbook. It can be seen that the basic competences in the textbook above conform to the basic competences in the syllabus as shown in table 4.2. Overall, the study results that all of the basic competences in the textbook for first graders of senior high school used in SMAN 18 Surabaya entitled "Bahasa Inggris Untuk SMA/MA dan SMK/MAK Kelas X" conforms to the basic competences in the syllabus of English Curriculum 2013 (see appendix 1). The conformity of the Materials in the Textbook to the Basic Competences in the Syllabus The textbook entitled "Bahasa Inggris Untuk SMA/MA dan SMK/MAK Kelas X" published by Putra nugraha are claimed as representing the English Curriculum 2013. This book uses thematic and integrated material in delivering four English skills. Since it is integrated, no more skill dividing found in this book. The thematic and integrated material are delivered into seven chapters, they are: I Live in Semarang, Wow! You Look So Pretty, Are You Ok?, I'm Going to…, Congratulations, Simple Past Tense and Simple Present Perfect Tense and Descriptive Text. This part of the study explains and describes the result of the instrument to figure out whether or not materials in the English textbook for first graders of senior high school used in SMAN 18 Surabaya entitled "Bahasa Inggris Untuk SMA/MA dan SMK/MAK Kelas X" conforms to the Basic competences in the Syllabus of Curriculum 2013. The data collection uses table of conformity (see Appendix 2) and the descriptions are divided chapter per chapter. The table analysis of the first and second chapter is presented as the example below: The Conformity of Materials in Chapter 1 to the Basic Competences in the Syllabus NO. Basic Competences in the Syllabus Main Materials Based on the Syllabus Conformity Evidence 1. 1.1. Mensyukuri kesempatan dapat mempelajari bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa pengantar Komunikasi internasional yang diwujudkan dalam semangat belajar 2.2. Menunjukkan perilaku jujur, disiplin, percaya diri, dan bertanggung jawab dalam melaksanakan Komunikasi transaksional dengan guru dan teman. 3.1. Menganalisis fungsi sosial, struktur teks, dan unsur kebahasaan dari teks pemaparan jati diri, sesuai dengan konteks penggunaannya. 4.1. Menyusun teks lisan dan tulis sederhana, untuk memaparkan, menanyakan, dan merespon pemaparan jati diri, dengan memperhatikan fungsi sosial, struktur teks, dan unsur kebahasaan, secara benar dan sesuai dengan konteks. Simple spoken text to explain self introduction which concerns on right social function, text structure and linguistic element that is appropriate with the context. irrelevant Simple spoken text to ask about self introduction which concerns on right social function, text structure and linguistic element that is appropriate with the context. irrelevant Simple spoken text to respond self introduction which concerns on right social function, text structure and linguistic element that is appropriate with the context. irrelevant Simple written text to explain self introduction which concerns on right social function, text structure and linguistic element that is appropriate with the context. relevant Simple written text to ask about self introduction which concerns on right social function, text structure and linguistic element that is appropriate with the context. irrelevant Simple written text to respond self introduction which concerns on right social function, text structure and linguistic element that is appropriate with the context. irrelevant The table above shows that most of the materials in the textbook do not conform to the basic competences in the syllabus of Curriculum 2013. There is only one material in chapter 1 of the textbook that conform to the basic competences in the syllabus. It is as seen in the picture below. Simple Written Text of self Introduction The picture above shows a simple written text of introduction taken from the analyzed textbook. It conforms to the fourth main material in chapter 1 that represents the basic competences in the syllabus of curriculum 2013. The main material in chapter 1 is Simple written text to explain self introduction which concerns on right social function, text structure and linguistic element that is appropriate with the context. The simple written text of introduction above fulfills the social function, text structure and linguistic element. The text above reflects the social function in which the students are hoped to get into a relationship among others. The text structures are reflected in form of expressions such as "My name is Arai", and "I am a student in Gemilang senior School". The last is linguistic element is reflected by the topic about family and brotherhood relationship, hobbies, occupation and the text is using simple present tense. The Conformity of Materials in Chapter 2 to the Basic Competences in the Syllabus NO. Basic Competences in the Syllabus Main Materials Based on the Syllabus Conformity Evidence 1. 1.1. Mensyukuri kesempatan dapat mempelajari bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa pengantar Komunikasi internasional yang diwujudkan dalam semangat belajar. 2.1. Menunjukkan perilaku santun dan peduli dalam melaksanakan Komunikasi interpersonal dengan guru dan teman. 3.2. Menganalisis fungsi sosial, struktur teks, dan unsur kebahasaan pada ungkapan memuji bersayap serta responnya, sesuai dengan konteks penggunaannya. 4.2.&nb

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Madhrai Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 632 ha in Sedam taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 839 mm, of which about 639 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 109 mm during north-east and the remaining 91 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 591 ha (93%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 33 ha (5%) by a stone quarry and about 9 ha (1%) by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 7 soil phases (management units), and 4 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2nd week of June to 3rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 94 percent of area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 36 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are shallow (25-50 cm) to moderately shallow (50-75 cm) and about 57 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) in soil depth.  About 93 per cent area of the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface.  About 93 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 93 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 76 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 17 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded.  An area of about 19 per cent is slightly (pH 7.3-7.8) alkaline, 69 per cent soils are moderately (pH 7.8-8.4) alkaline and 6 per cent soils are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4- 9.0)in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in 11 per cent area is 337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 15 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in an area of about 93 per cent and medium (0.5- 1.0 ppm) in 4.5 ppm) in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 16 per cent of soils in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Madhrai micro-watershed (Mudhol sub-watershed, Sedam taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 1705'–1707' North latitudes and 77020'–77021' East longitudes, covering an area of about 632.04 ha, bounded by Adki, Madhwar, Imdapur and Bidharcheda villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Madhrai micro-watershed (Mudhol subwatershed, Sedam taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 45.5 to 54.5 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 61.3 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 63.6 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 50.0 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 70.0 per cent.  Only 10.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 40.0 percent of farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grain through public distribution system is around 90.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities having 30.0 percent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 2.3 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 60 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.6 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belonging to small and medium farmers. The dry land is total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 56.8 per cent and Agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 29.5 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.12976 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.6127 per household, about 80.0 per cent of sample farmers having weeder and plough (70.0 %).  The average livestock value is around Rs.21666 per household; about 40.0 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 859.6 grams (1965.4 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 50.0 per cent of sample farmers are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.60051 per household. About 40 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1898 per households. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.562 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs.331689 per year for the total area of 476.20 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 4377/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in redgram (Rs. 23855), sorghum (Rs. 6358) and groundnut is negative return.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs 23/ ha/year in redgram.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in redgram (Rs.64663), sorghum (Rs.35850) and groundnut (Rs. 16897). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (92.4%) followed by sorghum (4.8 %) and groundnut (2.8 %).  In Madhrai micro-watershed, major soil is of Adki (ADK) series is having shallow soil depth cover around 24.7 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing redgram. Tonsanhalli (THN) Soils having moderately shallow soil depth cover 11.3 % of area, the crops are redgram. Dandothi (DDT) soil series having very deep soil depth cover around 33.9% of areas, main crops are redgram. Dargah (DRG) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 7.5 % of area, the major crops grown are groundnut (14.0%), redgram (61.8%) and sorghum (24.2 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area Redgram ranges between Rs.31979/ha in TNH soil (with BCR of 1.66) and Rs.18930/ha in ADK soil (with BCR of 2.82).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation in DRG soil is Rs.41377/ha (with BCR of 0.59) and sorghum the cost of cultivation in DRG soil is Rs 17166/ha (with BCR of 1.37).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in redgram (22.8 %), groundnut (64.4%) and sorghum (58.1 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kamalapur Tanda microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 547 ha in Kamalapur Tanda microwatershed in Gulbarga taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 740 mm, of which about 540 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 126 mm during north-east and the remaining 74 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 93 per cent is covered by soils, seven per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 24 soil phases (management units) and 6 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from the 3rd week of May to 1rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 72 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 28 per cent is not suitable for agriculture.  About 23 per cent of the soils are moderately deep to deep (75-150 cm), 1 per cent of the soils are very deep (>150cm), 49 per cent are shallow to moderately shallow (25- 75 cm) and about 20 per cent are very shallow (200mm/m) in available water capacity, 8 per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and about 73 per cent low (51- 100 mm/m) to very low (0.75%) and 5 per cent low (337 kg/ha) and 32 per cent low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in very less area.  Available iron, zinc and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  About 73 per cent area has soils that are deficient (1.0 ppm).  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 71 (13) 107 (19) Guava - 200(36) Maize - - Jackfruit - - Red gram - 113 (21) Jamun - 136(25) Sunflower 17 (13) - Musambi 71 (13) 134(24) Cotton 71 (13) 107 (19) Lime 71 (13) 134(24) Sugarcane - - Cashew - 16(3) Soybean 71(13) 42 (8) Custard apple 178 (33) 225(41) Bengalgram 113(21) 151(28) Amla 178 (33) 38 (7) Mango - - Tamarind - 136 (25) Sapota - 192(35) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in sustained production and also in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass thus helping in maintaining an ecological balance and in mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Kamalapur Tanda micro-watershed (Kamalapur sub-watershed, Gulbarga taluk and district) is located in between 17035' – 17036' North latitudes and 76059' – 7701' East longitudes, covering an area of about 547 ha, bounded by Rajanhal, Bhimhalli and Kamalapur villages. With an length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Kamalapur Tanda Microwatershed (Kamalapur sub-watershed) in Gulbarga taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 64.8 to 35.2 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 66.7 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population among all sample households.  Social groups belong to general caste among all sample households.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LGP) is the source of energy for a cooking among 70 per cent.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 50 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 40 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 90 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.03 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The total land cultivated on rainfed condition of the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 2.7 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 86.49 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 20144 per household. Mobile and television are popular mass media communication.  The average livestock value is around Rs. 42222 per household; about 54 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 752.9 grams (1750.45 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 100 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.17252 per household. Among all sample farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs. 2488. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 2080 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 1060936 per year for the total area of 547 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 2553/ ha/year of red gram.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs. 61749). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (100 %).  In Kamalapur Tanda Microwatershed, major soil are soil of basaltic landform of Kalamundaragi (KGI) series is having shallow soil depth cover around 25.1 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram. Gutti (GTT) series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 6.7 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram. Ranjal (RNL) series having deep soil depth cover around 11.7% of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram. Mahagaon (MAN) series having very deep soil depth cover around 1.32 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram. 3  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs.56320/ha in KGI soil (with BCR of 1.20) and Rs.18488/ha in RNL soil (with BCR of 1.90).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (1.8 to 18.2 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gundagurti Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 431 ha in Chitapur taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 762 mm, of which about 571 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 99 mm during north-east and the remaining 92 mm during the rest of the year. Entire area of the microwatershed is covered by soils. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 3 soil series and 6 soil phases (management units) and 2 Land Use Classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2rd week of June to 3rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area of about 365 ha (85%) the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture and 35 ha (8%) not suitablefor agriculture, but suited for other alternative use.  An area of about 364 ha (85%) in the microwatershed has soils that are very deep (>150 cm) to deep (100-150 cm) and very shallow soils (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 93 per cent of the area has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 43 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1), 49 per cent moderately eroded (e2) and 1 per cent severely eroded (e3).  An area of about 62 per cent soils that are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), 27per cent area have strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 3 per cent area having slightly alkaline (pH 6.5-7.8) soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75) in organic carbon.  About 87 per cent of the area is low (1 ppm) in 4 per cent area.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 88 per cent area and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 1 per cent of soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 185 (43) 180(42) Sapota - 365(85) Maize - - Jackfruit - - Redgram - 365(85) Jamun - 365(85) Sunflower 185 (43) 180(42) Musambi 365(85) - Cotton 185 (43) 180(42) Lime 365(85) - Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 185 (43) 180(42) Custard apple 365(85) - Bengal gram 365(85) - Amla 365(85) - Guava - 365(85) Tamarind - 365(85) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the two identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the income but also provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass, thus helping in maintaining an ecological balance and also in mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Gundagurthi micro-watershed (Invi sub-watershed, Chitapur taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 17013' – 17015' North latitudes and 7702' – 7705' East longitudes, covering an area of about 431 ha, bounded by Mopti, Mattimadu, Tengli and Invi villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Gundagurthi micro-watershed (Invi subwatershed, Chitapur taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 50 to 50 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 59 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 64 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) is around 20 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 10 per cent.  About 30 per cent of households have a Bhima and Yashaswini health card.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 80 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 20 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 4 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production among all households was found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.93 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal farmers. The total cultivated by dry land condition among the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 24 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 64 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 83793 per household. Mobile and television are mass popular mass communication media.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 7760 per household, about 20 per cent of sample farmers owen plough and sprayer (10 %).  The average livestock value is around Rs. 34429 per household; about 50 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 1015.9 grams (2207.6 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 10 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 22008 per household. Among all sample farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs. 3434. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 829 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 329108 per year for the total area of 431.12 ha.  The ecosystem service per hectare food grain production services is maximum in red gram (Rs.12292).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs. 59120) Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (100 %)  In Gundagurthi micro-watershed, major soil are alluvial landscape of Dhandothi (DDT) series is having Very deep soil depth cover around 71.31 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram and Dargah (DRG) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 13.32 % of areas, crops are red gram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs. 46962/ha in DRG soil (with BCR of 0.97) and Rs. 28480/ha in DDT soil (with BCR of 1.60). 3  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (6.6 to 12.5 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yedrami-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 577 ha in Yedrami-2 microwatershed in Jewargi taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 751 mm of which about 538 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 75 mm during the rest of the year. 92 per cent area is covered by soils and 8 per cent is by habitation and waterbodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 11 soil phases (management units) and 4 landuse class units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with the constraints were generated.  92 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 8 per cent is not suitable.  About 32 per cent of the soils are deep to very deep (100->150 cm), about 6 per cent moderately deep (75-100 cm), about 8 per cent is moderately shallow (50-75 cm) and 46 per cent are very shallow to shallow (200mm/m) in available water capacity and about 14 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and low (51-100 mm/m) to very low (9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 337 kg/ha) and 76 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in available iron and 5 per cent deficient (<4.5 ppm) in available iron.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in all the soils.  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 218 (38) 46 (8) Guava - 84 (15) Maize - 46 (8) Jackfruit - - Red gram - 264 (46) Jamun - 183 (32) Soybean 218 (38) 46 (8) Musambi 183 (32) 36 (6) Bengalgram 264 (46) 42 (7) Lime 183 (32) 36 (6) Sunflower 120 (20) 99 (17) Cashew - - Cotton 183 (31) 82 (14) Custard apple 218 (38) 46 (8) Sugarcane - - Amla 218 (38) 46 (8) Mango - - Tamarind - 183 (31) Sapota - 84-(15) xvii Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the production and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the income, provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass, of which would help in maintaining ecological balance and help in mitigating climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Yedrami-2 micro-watershed (Kempahalla sub-watershed, Jewargi taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 16048' – 16050' North latitudes and 76030' – 76032' East longitudes, covering an area of about 577.07 ha, bounded by Akhandahalli, Sumbada and Kachapura villages.with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Yedrami-2 Microwatershed (Kempahalla subwatershed, Jewargi taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 65.8 to 34.2 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 52.7 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 84.2 per cent.  Social groups belong other backward castes (OBC) is around 55.6 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 55.6 per cent.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 88.9 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 11.1 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making for agricultural production among all sample households to be found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.9 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to medium and semi medium farmers. The total cultivated land by dry land condition among the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 39.5 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 60.5 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.7666 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average per capita food consumption is around 695 grams (1448.5 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 66.7 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 52776 per household. About 66.7 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1577. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 899 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 473009 per year for the total area of 577.07 hectare.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 15545/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in redgram (Rs. 20315) and bengal gram (Rs. 10776).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in bengal grams (Rs. 62741) and in redgram (Rs. 50887). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (93.3 %) and bengal gram (6.7 %).  In yedrami 2 micro-watershed, major soil is soil of Marguti (MGT) series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 38.72 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing bengal gram (7.8 %) and red gram (92.2 %), Dimal (DIM) soil series are having deep soil depth cover 17.07 % of area, the crops grown is redgram (100 %), Mannur (MAR) soil series having very deep soil depth cover 14.57 % of area major crops grown is red gram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs. 35415/ha in DIM soil (with BCR of 1.57) and Rs.18840/ha in MGT soil (with BCR of 2.36).  In bengal gram the cost of cultivation in MGT soil is Rs 21022/ha (with BCR of 1.51). 3  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (26.9 %) and bengal gram (38 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Madkal Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 466 ha in Sedam taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 839 mm, of which about 639 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 109 mm during north-east and the remaining 91 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 366 ha (79%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 80 ha (17%) is covered by stone quarry and about 19 ha (4%) by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 14 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2nd week of June to 3rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 79 percent of area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 35 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) and 44 per cent soils are very shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 20 per cent area is medium (101-150 mm/m) and 33 per cent area is very low (0.75) in organic carbon.  About 10 per cent of the area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10 -20 ppm) in an area of about 38 per cent and low (4.5 ppm) in 73 per cent area and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 31 per cent of the soils in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 162(35) 54(12) Sapota - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Redgram - 216(46) Jamun - 161(35) Sunflower 162(35) 54(12) Musambi 127(27) 34(7) Cotton 162(35) 54(12) Lime 127(27) 34(7) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 162(35) 54(12) Custard apple 162(35) 54(12) Bengal gram 216(46) 137(29) Amla 162(35) 54(12) Guava - - Tamarind - 161(35) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Madkal micro-watershed (Adki sub-watershed, Sedam taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 1708'–17010' North latitudes and 77020'–77022' East longitudes, covering an area of about 465.92 ha, bounded by Khurgunta, Madhakal, Sedam villages and Telangana state with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and eco system services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for The Madkal Microwatershed (Adki subwatershed, Sedam taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 54.8 to 45.2 Per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is 60.0 around per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 62 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 77.7 per cent.  Firewood is the source of energy for a cooking among 66.6 per cent.  About 11.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Farm households are having MGNREGA card only 22 per cent for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 89 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 56 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making is among all the households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.97 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land is total cultivated land area among all the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 91.0 per cent and agriculture is the main and govt service is a subsidiary occupation is around 2.3 per cent among the sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 17343 per household. Mobile and television are popular mass media communication.  The average farm assets value is around Rs. 8066 per household, about 33 per cent of sample farmers having plough and bullock cart.  The average livestock value is around Rs. 38791 per household; about 57.1 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 913 grams (2098 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 60 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 36655 per household. About 77.7 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1658. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 685 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 329794 per year for the total area of 603 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 19077/ ha/year in red gram.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs. 52882). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (100 %).  In Madkal micro-watershed, major soil series are Dargah soils series are deep soil depth covers around 21.7 % of area major crops are red gram. Adki soils are shallow soils depth covers around 15.6 % of area. on this soil farmers are presently growing red gram. Mathumuda series having soils are moderately deep covers around 10.6 % of area and Dhandothi soils are very deep covers around 4.6 % of area. major crops are redgram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for Red gram ranges between Rs. 28153/ha in MTM soil (with BCR of 1.93) and Rs. 20449/ha in DDT soil (with BCR of 1.81). 3  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (19.0 to 24.1 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Sompalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 759 ha in Sedam taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 839 mm, of which about 639 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 109 mm during north-east and the remaining 91 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 676 ha (89%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 53 ha (7%) by quarry and about 30 ha (4%) by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 4 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2nd week of June to 3rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 89 percent of area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 51 per cent in the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) and 38 per cent soils are very shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 5 per cent area is medium (101-150 mm/m) and 38 per cent area is very low (0.75) in organic carbon.  About 1 per cent of the area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10 -20 ppm) in an area of about 28 per cent and low (4.5 ppm) in 25 per cent area and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 2 per cent soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 388(51) 179(24) Sapota - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Redgram - 388(51) Jamun - 388(51) Sunflower 388(51) - Musambi 353(47) 35(5) Cotton 388(51) - Lime 353(47) 35(5) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 388(51) - Custard apple 388(51) - Bengal gram 388(51) 179(24) Amla 388(51) - Guava - - Tamarind - 388(51) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: The Sompalli Microwatershed (Adki sub-watershed, Sedam taluk and Gulbarga district) is located in between 1707' – 1709' North latitudes and 77020' – 77024' East longitudes, covering an area of about 758.76 ha, bounded by Madhakal, Sedam, Kotanpalli villages and Telangana State with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Sompalli Microwatershed (Adki subwatershed, Sedam taluk and Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 68.9 to 31.1 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 64.4 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 60 per cent.  Social groups belong to general caste is around 80 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 50 per cent.  About 40.0 per cent farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grain through public distribution system among all the sample households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 20.0 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production was found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.1 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The total cultivated area by dry land condition among the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 11.4 per cent and Agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 42.9 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 10185 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.6686 per household, about 60 per cent of sample farmer's weeder.  The average per capita food consumption is around 641.8 grams (1558.4 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 80.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.27530 per household. About 80.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1127 per households. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.1496 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs.1011332 per year for the total area of 758.8 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 21155/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in red gram (Rs.22481) and bengal gram (Rs.9938).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs. 62156) and bengal gram (Rs. 49395). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (82.4 %) and bengal gram (17.60 %).  In Sompalli micro-watershed, major soil series is soil of alluvial landscape of Gundagunthi (GGN) series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 14.3 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing redgram (100 %). Adki (ADK) is also having shallow soil depth cover 23.6 % of area, the crops are red gram (66.1 %) and bengalgram (33.9 %). Mathimuda (MTM) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 5.9 % of areas, crops red gram are (100 %). Dhandothi (DRG) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 22.9 % of area, crops are red gram. 3  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for redgram ranges between Rs.36971/ha in MTM soil (with BCR of 1.85) and Rs.20218/ha in DDT soil (with BCR of 1.83).  In bengalgram the cost of cultivation in Rs.16250/ha in MAR soil (with BCR of 2.46).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (3.8 to 2.4 %) and bengal gram (2.46 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Bannikoppa-6 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, behaviour, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 215 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soils, one per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 4 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 200mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  Entire area has moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 40 per cent has soils that are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0) and 59 per cent are very strongly alkaline (pH>9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 337 kg/ha) in available potassium in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 48 per cent area, 49 per cent area is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) and high (>1.0 ppm) in about 2 per cent area.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 24 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 84 (39) 86 (40) Sapota - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Bajra - - Jamun - 7 (3) Drumstick - 130 (61) Musambi 7 (3) 123 (57) Sunflower 7 (3) 123 (57) Lime 7 (3) 123 (57) Groundnut - 41(19) Cashew - - Chilli - - Custard apple 84 (39) 86 (40) Pomegranate - 130(61) Amla - 171 (80) Tomato - - Tamarind 7 (3) Mulbery - 171 (80) Jasmine - 41 (19) Guava - - Marigold - 171 (80) Mango - - Chrysanthemum - 171 (80) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Bannikoppa-6 micro-watershed (Koppal taluk and district) is located in between 15020' – 15021' North latitudes and 75056' – 75057' East longitudes, covering an area of about 214.70 ha, bounded by Kavalura and Bannikoppa villages with length of growing period (LGP) 60-90 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Bannikoppa-6 micro-watershed (Koppal taluk and district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 51.6 to 48.4 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 58 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 90.3 per cent of sample households.  Social groups belong to general caste and other back ward (OBC) is around 40 per cent.  Firewood is the source of energy for a cooking among all the sample households.  Among all sample farm households have a yashaswini health card.  Among all farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system of among all sample households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities of among all sample households. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.36 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land account for 81.6 per cent of total cultivated land of the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation and agricultural labour is a subsidiary occupation is around 66.7 per cent of farmers followed by like self employed is around 16.7 per cent of sample households. 2  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 37940 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 57247 per household; about 40 per cent of sample farmers are having sprayer, chaff cutter, earth remover and weeder.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 12536 per household; about 100 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 501.1 grams (1396.6 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Among all sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 34726 per household. All sample farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs. 613. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 3272/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in bengal gram (Rs. 9556) followed by sunflower (Rs. 5114), greengram (Rs. 4521), coriander (Rs. 1604), bajra (Rs. 102) and sorghum is negative retunes.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2000/ ha/year is sorghum.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in coriander (Rs. 104170) followed by bengal gram (Rs. 68231), bajra (Rs. 49751), sorghum (Rs. 37959), green gram (Rs. 23945) and sunflower (Rs. 17486). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is green gram (43.3 %) followed by coriander (23.1 %), bengal gram (20.2 %), sunflower (8.5 %) and bajra (5.0 %).  Bannikoppa-6 Micro watershed, major soils are soil Handrala (HDL) series is having deep soil depth cover around 3.27 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing green gram (50.0 %), coriander (26.7 %) and bengal gram (23.3 %). KDL series are having very deep soil depth cover the crops are sunflower (66.3 %), sorghum (18.3) and bajra (15.4 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for bengal gram Rs.29964/ha in HDL soil (with BCR of 1.30). 3  In coriander the cost of cultivation is Rs 16626/ha in HDL soil (with BCR of 1.07).  In green gram the cost of cultivation Rs. 9695/ha in HDL soil (with BCR of 1.47).  In bajra the cost of cultivation is Rs.12792 /ha in KDT soil (with BCR of 1.01).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation is Rs. 13848/ha in KDT soil (with BCR of 1.38) and sorghum the cost of cultivation is Rs. 26174/ha in KDT soil (with BCR of 1.03).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in coriander (76.3 %), green gram(43.8 %), bajra (15.6 %), sorghum ( 32.8 %) and sunflower (57.2 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

En un escenario ambiental y climático cambiante (Jones, Osborn, & Briffa, 2001; Bradley & Jones, 1992; Bradley, Briffa, Cole, Hughes, & Osborn, 2003) donde las afecciones de los eventos meteorológicos extremos parecen estar aumentando tanto por una mayor exposición, como por una mayor recurrencia de los mismos (Easterling et al, 2000; Charney, 2006; Barredo, 2009; Schiermeier, 2011; Grinsted, Moore, & Jevrejeva, 2012), resulta de enorme importancia determinar a escala regional y local en qué medida el contexto actual se enmarca dentro de la "normalidad" o si por el contrario estamos asistiendo a un nuevo escenario ante el que las sociedades y ecosistemas no han podido adaptarse por la rapidez y magnitud del mismo. Sin embargo la limitada extensión de los registros climáticos instrumentales impide valorar esta cuestión de forma adecuada. Ante este inconveniente, es necesario recurrir a las reconstrucciones por medio de técnicas paleoclimáticas, ocupadas en inferir el signo y magnitud de los elementos del clima a través de datos climáticos o proxy data. En esta tesis, se usan para este fin técnicas históricas, basadas en la potencialidad que la información documental posee para reconstruir el clima. Por otro lado, estas técnicas permiten reconocer cómo el clima era percibido y afectaba a las sociedades, posibilitando analizar la vulnerabilidad de las sociedades, la cual depende tanto de un detonante ambiental, como especialmente de la preparación deficiente de las sociedades que por diversos motivos no se adaptan correctamente al entorno en que se desarrollan (Berkes y Folke, 1998; Adger, 2006). En este sentido, los distintos territorios, unidos por lazos culturales, presentan analogías en la respuesta a los condicionantes del medio, especialmente en zonas de clima análogo. Por todos estos motivos se eligen la Cuenca del Segura en España y la Cuenca del Río Mendoza en Argentina, ambos espacios con una pasado histórico común bajo el dominio de la corona española y con clima árido y semiárido, para realizar una reconstrucción climática y análisis de la vulnerabilidad desde al año 1600 hasta el 2010, estableciendo una metodología común aplicable en una parte importante de los más de 20 millones de km2 que suma esta región histórica, pasando por la Península Ibérica y la mayor parte del macrocontinente americano. La reconstrucción climática ha supuesto un estudio multiproxy histórico por el hecho de usar diversos métodos, entre los que destacan el uso de las rogativas pro-pluvia y pro-serenitate, los precios de los granos (trigo, cebada y maíz), las series de inundaciones, un nuevo método (MPCO) basado en la cantidad de papel que ocupan ciertas cuestiones relacionadas con el clima y, fundamentalmente, el análisis de contenido, que se erige como el método más apropiado para reconstruir el clima bajo un método común en las territorios del antiguo imperio español. Al mismo tiempo se han creado dos índices de adversidad climática, uno en la Cuenca del Segura y otro en la del Río Mendoza, que informan de periodos especialmente críticos para la sociedad por un detonante ambiental. Paralelamente, se ha creado una nueva técnica (IEGVGes) que permite analizar y valorar la vulnerabilidad, adaptación y contexto sociopolítico de las inundaciones y sequías en las áreas de estudio y que es susceptible de aplicarse con independencia de su ubicación, especialmente si las fuentes en las que se basa son periodísticas. Todo esto ha permitido corroborar, tanto en la Cuenca del Segura como en la del Río Mendoza, que la anomalía climática iniciada en la segunda mitad del siglo pasado no tiene precedentes al menos desde 1600, por cuanto la persistencia de años cálidos y muy cálidos es mucho mayor en la actualidad. En cambio las precipitaciones presentan un comportamiento diferencial, puesto que mientras que aumentan sensiblemente en Mendoza propiciando una mayor recurrencia de fenómenos tormentosos intensos, se reducen en la Cuenca del Segura. Esto deja un difícil escenario para el abastecimiento óptimo de recursos hídricos y para la defensa ante inundaciones en espacios que ya de por si soportan un fuerte estrés en este sentido. La situación es mucho más preocupante, al observar que en los últimos cuatro siglos la vulnerabilidad general no ha descendido como los medios disponibles permiten y ambos espacios presenta problemas recurrentes que no se han solucionado. En el caso mendocino la mala calidad de las infraestructuras de riego y defensa siguen siendo un factor de riesgo más de cuatrocientos años después, al tiempo que se produce una colonización urbana de espacios altamente expuestos. En Murcia en cambio, el crecimiento desaforado de la superficie construida sin una correcta planificación genera nuevos espacios en riesgo, al tiempo que se asiste a una progresiva politización de los problemas de falta de agua, que a través del control político de los medios de comunicación, repercute en un aumento de la vulnerabilidad política, de los conflictos sociales y de las tensiones territoriales. Abstract: In a changing climate and environmental scenario (Jones, Osborn & Briffa, 2001; Bradley & Jones, 1992; Bradley, Briffa, Cole, Hughes & Osborn, 2003 ), where the impact of extreme weather conditions seem to be increasing because of a greater exposure to as well as because of a greater recurrence of extreme weather conditions (Easterling et al, 2000; Charney, 2006; Barredo, 2009; Schiermeier, 2011; Grinsted, Moore & Jevrejeva, 2012 ), it is of great importance to determine at regional and local levels to what extent the current context is part of the "average" or if, on the contrary, we are witnessing a new scenario where societies and ecosystems have not been able to adapt because of the speed and magnitude of it. However, the limited extent of instrumental climate records prevents us from assessing this issue adequately. To avoid this situation, it is necessary to turn to the reconstructions through paleoclimatic techniques, employed in inferring the bias and magnitude of climate elements by means of climatic data or proxy data. In this thesis, are used for this purpose historical techniques, based on the potential that has documentary information to reconstruct the climate. In this thesis, historical techniques are used for that purpose, based on the potential that documentary information has to reconstruct the climate. On the other hand, these techniques allow us to recognize how the weather was perceived and how it affected the people. So, in that way, we can analyse the vulnerability of the people, which depends on both, an environmental trigger and, especially, on the poor preparation of societies, who, for various reasons, cannot adapt successfully to the environment in which they develop (Berkes and Folke, 1998; Adger, 2006). In this sense, the different territories, united by cultural ties, show analogies in their response to environmental conditions, especially in areas of similar climate. For all these reasons, we have chosen Segura Basin, in Spain, and Mendoza River Basin, in Argentina so as to carry out a climate reconstruction and analysis of vulnerability from the year 1600 to 2010. Those two places have a common history under the rule of the Spanish Crown and they have arid and semi-arid climate. In this thesis we establish a common methodology, which can be employed in a significant portion of the more than 20 million km2 which that historic region occupies, passing through the Iberian Peninsula and most of the American macro-continent. The climate reconstruction has meant a historic multiproxy study by the fact of using various methods, among which we highlight the use of pro-pluvia and pro-serenitate prayers, prices of grains (wheat, barley and maize), flood series, a new method (POCM, Percentage Oportunity Cost Method) based on the amount of paper that certain issues related to climate occupy and, essentially, content analysis, which stands as the most appropriate method to reconstruct the climate under a common method in the former Spanish empire territories. At the same time, we have created two indices of climatic adversity, one at Segura Basin and another in Mendoza River, which give an account of especially critical periods for society because of an environmental trigger. At the same time, a new technique (Global Vulnerability and Ecosocial Contextualization Experimental Glogal Index, GVecEGI) has been carried out to make it possible to analyze and assess the vulnerability, adaptation and socio-political context of floods and droughts in the areas under study and which is likely to be applied regardless of its location, especially if the sources in which it is based are journalistic. All this has made possible to corroborate that, both at the Segura basin and at Mendoza River, the climatic anomaly that began in the second half of last century is unprecedented, at least since 1600. This is so because the recurrence of warm and very warm years is much higher today. However, rainfall show a different pattern because as they increase significantly in Mendoza (fostering greater recurrence of intense storm events), they are limited at Segura Basin. This leaves a difficult scenario for optimal water supply and for flood defense in places which already undergo heavy stress in this regard. The situation is much more disturbing if we take into account that in the last four centuries the overall vulnerability has not gone down as the available means should have allowed and both places show recurring problems that have not been solved. In the case of Mendoza, more than four hundred of years later, the poor quality of irrigation and defense infrastructure are still a risk factor, and at the same time urban settlement is taking place in highly exposed areas. However, in Murcia the unbridled growth of the built area without proper planning give rise to new places at risk. In addition, there is a progressive politicization of the problems caused by the lack of water, which through the political control of the media causes an increase of political vulnerability, social conflicts and territorial tensions.