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ood is a basic requirement for living things. This study aims to analyze the effects of economic infrastructure, social infrastructure and household characteristics on food security in Indonesia using the Johnsson and Toole (1991) methods. There were 285,908 households studied originating from the 2015 SUSENAS data. The model used in this study was the general ordered logistics model. Based on the results of the study there were 29.51% of food security, 25.12% of vulnerable food, 23.14% of food shortages and 22.33% of households at food insecurity. The results of this study also revealed that ownership of transportation modes, electricity use, fuel use, education of household heads and household health insurance significantly affected food security. The government program in the form of giving poor rice (RASKIN) provides poor results reducing the chance of food security by 11% and increasing the chances of food insecurity by 6%.

This paper investigates the association of religiosity and trust to community participation or volunteering in development. Social trust is measured in several indicators, is an important aspect of development process, since social trust related to many development outcomes, such as growth, democratic stability as well as subjective well- being. In economic terms, when people trust each other, transaction cost can be reduced, organization can perform better, government policy could stimulate output faster, and many more. Utilizing Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) wave 2014 this study finds the following results. Firstly, social trust closely associated with individual characteristics. Maturity, better educational and income level improve individual trust and individual participation in community activities. Secondly, individual subjective report about religiosity strongly associated with willingness to participate in various community activities. Policy relevant with this finding it is important to promote tolerance and religiosity, as these aspects can improve social trust. Social trust closely associates with more participation in community activities for accumulating public services and public goods. As more public services and public goods are available, nationally better welfare can be promoted.

The Indonesian government launched a new people's business credit program as part of a package of economic policy and deregulation. The interest rate is set lower than the average of the current loan interest rates, especially when compared with rural bank interest rates. To capture the social spatial aspects, quota sampling is applied to ten areas that divided based on the social culture. Further, the method utilized in this research is logit models, which designed to analyse the determinants of asymmetric information particularly on the rural bank and small micro enterprises. The study was conducted in East Java as the province with the largest number of rural banks in Indonesia. Based on the estimation of asymmetric information model to the respondent of rural banks and small businesses, the result shows that adverse selection can be avoided by strengthening the information about prospective borrowers. Regarding moral hazard, rural banks and small businessmen argued that the imposition of the collateral to the debtor has an important role to avoid moral hazard. Rural bank respondents stated that the KUR program with low-interest rates has affected their business development. The results implied the need of broadening the collaboration schemes between this people's business credit program and rural banks.

The study aims to investigate the impact of distance, exchange rate, population, and GDP on natural rubber export. This study utilized two approaches, namely a descriptive approach and a quantitative approach, and used the gravity model approach in the process because the research used distance as one of the reference variables. As a result, a high GDP indicated higher income, and high income would lead to an increase in disposable income. In conclusion, the government should try to keep the rupiah exchange rate stable or even to increase it to maintain the stability of the Indonesian natural rubber trade flow.

Rice is a staple food in East Java, and the average consumption is 100 kg/capita/year. However, rice productivity has declined dramatically in recent years. Food security can be reached by improving the technical efficiency of rice farming, especially in rice farming centers such as East Java Province. This study aims to measure technical efficiency and its determinants using two limit tobit. And it also aims to examine the effect of the technical efficiency of rice farming on food security using logit regression. Technical efficiency will be measured by using data envelopment analysis (DEA). The results show that the technical efficiency of rice farming is very low in East Java. Government assistance, irrigation, and extension have a significant effect on technical efficiency. Meanwhile, membership of farmer organization has no effect on technical efficiency. Around 69% of farmers can be categorized as food secure households. The estimation of logit regression shows that household size, income, land size, education, age, and gender significantly influence food security in East Java. Meanwhile, credit and technical efficiency did not have any significant effect.

This paper attempts to establish a causal relationship between a government micro and small enterprises (MSEs) credit promotion policy and MSEs' upward transitions and growth. Indonesian firm level data in conjunction with the cancellation of a mandatory MSE credit policy in 2001 by the Indonesian government are employed in the analysis. Firstly, estimations of the year-on-year micro to small size category transitions indicate the negative effect of the policy change on the upward transition of micro firms. Secondly, causal effect analysis using difference-in-differences (DiD) estimation, by employing the policy change as an exogenous shock on the MSE credit availability and setting medium and large enterprises (MLEs) as the counterfactual group, suggests that the policy cancellation reduces the probability of a micro firm to become a small firm by 1.3% relative to the MLEs' probability of transitioning between size categories. The negative effect on turnover growth is also identified.

This study aims to determine the effect of Zakah Infaq Shadaqah (ZIS) funds channeled by the National Amil Zakat Agency/Badan Amil Zakat Nasional (BAZNAS) on unemployment in Indonesia during 2002-2017. The study was conducted using a quantitative approach. The control variables used for this research are Gross Domestic Product (GDP), education level, investment, and government subsidies. The analysis technique used is Autoregressive Ditributed Lags (ARDL). The data in this study were obtained from the Central Statistics Agency page, BAZNAS, and Indonesian State Budget (Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Negara). The research results partially in short term shows that ZIS has a positive and significant effect on unemployment. While partially long-term research results, ZIS has a negative and significant effect on unemployment. Simultaneously, the variable ZIS, GDP, education level, investment, and government subsidies have significant effects in the short and long term on unemployment in Indonesia in 2002-2017.

This study discusses food crop agriculture in 29 districts in East Java, where many people are engaged in this field. This research defines two stages of equality. In this study using two model approaches, namely the first Model Analysis conducted using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and the second model Partial least square (PLS). Research results Increasing agricultural productivity or efficiency is important to do with a variety of strategies both intensification and agricultural intensification.Improving the quality of rural community resources is very to be done. Good quality resources will increase the absorption of high technology and will increase the productivity of farmers and workers in other sectors in rural areas, the Government's budget for development must continue to be increased both in nominal terms and the accuracy of its allocation so that it is absorbed into rural communities effectively and efficiently so that it can improve the welfare of rural communities and controlling the price of basic necessities in the region is also important to do. Bank Indonesia and in collaboration with local governments to form a Regional Inflation Control Team (TPID) must work better in maintaining stable inflation because the rural poor are relatively vulnerable to price increases

This study examines the micro enterprises of industrial sectors that receive Kredit Usaha Rakyat (People's Business Credit/KUR) or Commercial Credit (KK) in seven cities in East Java. First-ly, this study aims to measure the technical efficiency of micro enterprises in the industrial sector in East Java that accept KUR and KK using the Data Envelopment Analysis method; secondly, to ex-amine the factors that influence the technical efficiency of micro enterprises, which receive KUR and KK with Tobit Regression. Unlike others' researches, this paper attempts to determine the influ-ence of technical efficiency and other factors on the poverty status of micro entrepreneurs using logistic regression. The average technical efficiencies of KUR and KK recipient micro businesses using the as-sumptions of the DEA VRS model are 0.94 and 0.77. While the average technical efficiencies of KUR and KK recipient micro businesses using the assumptions of the DEA CRS model are 0.88 and 0.71. The factors that influence the technical efficiency of micro enterprises recipients of KUR and KK are profit, experience, geographical location, amount of credit, KUR access, the credit realization peri-od, and dummy variable of food and beverage products. The factors that influence the poverty status of micro-entrepreneurs are technical efficiency, income, KUR access, gender, number of household member, and geographical location. The results of this research can be a material consideration for the government in formulating policies.

The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the efficiency and effectiveness of local government expenditure on education sector in districts and cities level of East Java, during the periods 2007-2014. Furthermore, this study will evaluate the impacts of local government expenditure, household expenditure for education, and regional product domestic bruto or (PDRB) on the educational outcomes, namely education index. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is selected as the methodology for analyzing the efficiency of local government expenditure on educational outcome. The model assumes constant return to scale (CRS) and variable return to scale (VRS). Measurement of the effectiveness of government spending is done by using panel data regression. Data for supporting the analyses is panel data from 38 districts and cities in East Java for the periods of 2007 – 2014. The results show that government expenditure in educational sector is relatively inefficient. Government Expenditure for Education (PPP) has no significant impact on educational index, while Household expenditure for education (PPRT) and GRDP per Capita positive has significant impact on the Education Index (IP). This imply that government expenditure for educational sector is not effective improving educational index.

The opening of the Indonesian Trade Promotion Center is one of the policies implemented by the government to increase Indonesia's non-oil and gas exports. However, fluctuations in the value of non-oil exports make the role of the ITPC doubtful. This study aims to analyze the impact of Indonesia Trade Promotion Center as Export Promotion Agency (EPA) on the value of Indonesia's non-oil and gas exports globally, to developing countries, and developed countries from 2000 to 2018. The method used in this study is the Random Effect Model and gravity model. Estimation results show that EPA Indonesia (ITPC) has a positive and significant effect on the value of Indonesian non-oil exports in all models. Foreign direct investment (FDI) has a positive effect and significant for global and developing countries model. GDP per capita and Free Trade Agreements have a significant positive effect on non-oil exports in all models. The geographical distance variable has a negative impact for Indonesian non-oil exports in all models, except for the developed countries model.

The development of sustainable manufacturing industries is the strategy and policy of Indonesia government. The purpose of this research to examine and analyze the impact of labor, capital, material, and energy consume in 2012-2015 to output of manufacturing industries sector based on 2 digits code. The other purpose is to analyze and examine the factor affecting the output of manufacturing industries sector and Total Factor Productivity. The methods that used in this research is regression with panel data and TFP OLS. The result show that labor, capital, material, and energy consume have significant positive effect to output f manufacturing industries sector, while the TFP result is positive.

Indonesia as one of the countries of the G20 with the manufacturing sector as one of the largest energy user sectors. Energy use in the industrial sector is contributing as emitters. The greater use of energy, the greater the amount of emissions produced. The need for environmental policy declared by Jaffe et al (1995) in his research called Porter's Hypothesis, namely environmental policies may affect innovation and market creation. But in the long-term costs of policy or government spending is specialized in the field of environment will benefit the government itself which will increase the level of the efficiency of the country. This study aims to analyze how the level of efficiency of the manufacturing sector in the city - metropolitan city in Indonesia under natural policy and managerial disposability policy. Secondly, this study try to analyze and find the causes of inefficiency variables, where the role of technological innovation is very important in increasing the level of efficiency both operational and environmental performance. The data sample is 33 provinces within Indonesia. By compositing six variables, which is three input variables and three output variables. The output variable consists of desirable output (good output) and undesirable output (bad output). The input variables consist of labor, investment, and energy consumption, while the output variable consists of the GDP, SO2, and NO2. The research utilized Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The research result is the efficiency in the manufacturing sector in 33 provinces in Indonesia with two ways of measurement that has been determined by using arithmetic models shows that the province of large provinces such as Jakarta and West Java has a high efficiency in the industrial sector. For example, Jakarta has an average efficiency of 100% perfect in UENM efficiency measurements during the observation period 2012-2015.

Global climate change and its associated risks are serious issues for almost all countries in the world. There are many growing evidences of a shift in climate patterns with flow on effects for established environmental, economic and social structures and systems. Governments around the world have embarked on programs designed to cut greenhouse gas emissions that Juel climate change, but momentum for shifts in climate patterns is already established. Therefore, it is important for governments and private decision makers to begin planning for its potential consequences, as a complement to current mitigation action aimed at slowing its progress. Indonesia is the 4th largest greenhouse gas (GHG) emitter globally, and is now leading the way as one of the first non-Annex I countries to make a significant voluntary commitment to cut its national greenhouse gas emissions by 26% (unilaterally) and 41% (with support.from the international community) by 2020. Indonesia's commitment to climate change action has been increasingly evident since 2007, when the country hosted the UNFCCC 13th Conference of the Parties in Bali and a high level meeting of Finance Ministers.

While Indonesia has been experiencing relatively considerable and stable economic growth in the last decades, the country is prone to income disparity across regions due to uneven distribution of population, natural resources and the persistent impacts of centralized development imposed by the New Order regime. This study examines the economic growth convergence in East Java, Indonesia, from 2010 to 2019 and explores the influence of government expenditure on education, health, and capital sector on the economic growth convergence. By considering spatial dependence across regions, the result shows no strong evidence of regional income convergence in East Java. Also, this research claims the presence of spillover effect of government expenditure on education and capital sector on regional income growth. Notably, higher government expenditure of the education sector in one region could stimulate higher economic growth of its neighboring regions. Conversely, higher government expenditure on the capital sector in one region may lower the economic growth of its surrounding regions.