Suchergebnisse

This study concentrates on the analysis of social structure of medieval society and accordingly on the acquisition of knowledge (1) about their orderliness, (2) inner processes (3) and least partially their influence on the process of formation of West civilization. In the next sequence article deals with development medieval structure in the context Elias civilization's theory as well as and closely knots on the inquiry of distinguished contemporary medievalists, mainly G. Duby, J. le Goff, A. Gurevič, F. Cardini, M. Bloch, etc. In addition, submitted study focuses on deeply understanding specific structure of medieval society through application binary and dichotomous approaches, theory of three orders, also theory of feudalization. In the end the research is attending on the phenomena of knighthood and the process of formation of the courtly society.

The strengths & weaknesses of conceiving ideology as ideology of the obvious are discussed. Following the analysis of Louis Althusser, the notion of obvious conceals the point at which an ideology is the most vulnerable. Althusser views ideology as discourse & his theory of ideology oscillates between irreductibility of ideology & epistemological cut -- the separation of what is within & what is beyond ideology. At this point, Althusser's theory of ideology faces serious difficulties, but they can be alleviated through Jacques Lacan's theory of four discourses. Adapted from the source document.

The edited volume Archives and the Cultural Heritage focuses on archives as institutions and to their tense relationship with archives as material. These dynamics are discussed in respect of the past, the present, and the future. The focus lies in the mechanisms the Finnish archive institutions have utilised when taking part in forming the cultural heritage and in debating the importance of the private archives in society. Within social sciences and history from the early 1990s onwards, the effects of globalisation have been seen as a new focal point for research. Momentarily, the archives saw the same paradigm shift as the focus of the archival studies proceeded from state to society. This brought forth the notion that the values of society are reflected in the acquisition of archival material. This archival turn draws attention to the archives as entities formed by cultural practices. The volume discusses cultural heritage within Finnish archives with diverse perspectives and from various time periods. The key concepts are cultural heritage and archives – both as institution and as material. Articles review the formation of archival collections spanning from the 19th to the 21st century and highlight that the archives have never been neutral or objective actors; rather, they have always been an active process of remembering and forgetting, a matter of inclusion and exclusion. The focus is on private archives and on the choices that guided the creation of the archives and the cultural perceptions and power structures associated with them. Although private archives have considerable social and research value, and although their material complements the picture of society provided by documentary data produced by public administrations, they have only risen to the theoretical discussions in the 21st century. The authors consider what has happened before the material ends up in the archive, what happens in the archive and what can be deduced from this. It shows how archival solutions manifest themselves, how they have influenced research and how they still affect it. One of the key questions is whose past has been preserved and whose is deemed worthy of preservation. Under what conditions have the permanently preserved documents been selected and how can they be accessed? In addition, the volume pays attention to whose documents have been ignored or forgotten, as well as to the networks and power of the individuals within the archival institution and to the politics of memory. The Archives and the Cultural Heritage is an opening to a discussion on the mechanisms, practices and goals of Finnish archival activities. It challenges archival organisations to reflect on their own operating models and to make visible their own conscious or unconscious choices. It raises awareness of the formation of the Finnish documentary cultural heritage, produces new information about private archives and participates in the scientific debate on the changing significance of archives in society. The volume is related to the Academy of Finland research project "Making and Interpreting National Pasts – Role of Finnish Archives as Networks of Power and Sites of Memory" (no 25257, 2011–2014/2019), University of Turku. Project partners Finnish Literature Society (SKS) and Society of Swedish Literature in Finland (SLS).

In the current issue of international relations we bring readers an interview with Professor Peter Drulak. It follows on interviews with important figures in the field of international relations, which we published in 2010 and 2011 Petr Drulak is a researcher at the Institute of International Relations (DPE), where from 2004-2013 he worked as a director. He teaches at the Department of International Relations at the Institute of Political Studies Faculty of Social Sciences of Charles University. Monograph is the author of several textbooks including the first Czech Theories of International Relations (Drulak 2003) and political research methodology (Drulak 2008a). He published many scientific articles and chapters focusing on international relations theory, European integration and the Czech foreign policy. In his last book, Politics disinterest (Drulak 2012) is devoted crisis policy in the Czech Republic and the West. In 2000-2004 he was chief editor of International Relations, is currently a member of the editorial board. Adapted from the source document.

An examination of the concept of community from theoretical & political perspectives emphasizes the centrality of the question in contemporary societies. The impossibility of community, as one of the radical theses of political theory, is defined against the background of the real limitations of a global world that does not allow for the existence of community. The effectiveness of the thesis of the impossibility of community is tested using H. Kelsen's analysis of the parliamentary concept of democracy. In treating community as a political space where political & judicial systems & cultures meet, Kelsen's definition of community avoids the real manifestations of the world. Kelsen defines revolutions as political catastrophes that evoke the framework of the Other where freedom appears as the destruction of social integration. Adapted from the source document.

Esipuhe – 7 Foreword– 10 I KANT, FICHTE, SCHELLING, HEGEL, MARX Hartwig Frank, Zur Bedeutung von Kants Ethik für den gegenwärtigen Ethikdiskurs – 14 Jussi Backman, Äärellisyyden loppu: Kant, Heidegger, Meillassoux – 23 Jari Kaukua, Fichten alkuperäisestä oivalluksesta – 42 Susanna Lindberg, Elämän käsite saksalaisessa idealismissa – 56 Carl-Göran Heidegren, Dialectic of Categories, Dialectic of Experience in Hegel – 65 Arvi Särkelä, A Restless Spirit. Immanent Critique as Inquiry into Inquiry in Hegel and Dewey – 74 Arne Overrein, Forsoning, Fremmedgjøring og Filosofi . Bemerkninger om Hegel – 96 Heikki Ikäheimo, Persoonien tunnustaminen, inhimillinen elämänmuoto ja Marxin James Mill-muistiinpanot – 113 Kari Väyrynen, Kaupunki-maaseutu –antagonismi marxilaisessa ekologiassa ja historiallisessa materialismissa – 136 Vesa Oittinen, Diderot neuvostofi losofi en silmin – 151 II FILOSOFINEN ANTROPOLOGIA, PERSOONUUS, MIELI JA RUUMIS Michael Quante, Die Perspektiven der Anthropologie – 169 Johannes Lehtonen, Olemassaolon tunteesta ihmismielen pohjalla – 189 Mikko Yrjönsuuri, Minä ja minun ruumiini. Kolme 1200-luvun teoriaa kehollisuudesta – 207 Matias Slavov, Sensualismi mielenfi losofi assa: Hume ja Condillac Descartesin vastapelureina – 220 Onni Hirvonen, Funktionalistinen mieli ja persoonan rajat – 233 Vili Lähteenmäki, Ajattelu ja ajatteleva olio – 253 Juhana Toivanen, Ihmisenkaltainen eläin. Näkökulmia rationaalisuuteen, ihmisyyteen ja eläimyyteen – 264 Joona Henrik Taipale, Itsen ja toisen välisestä jatkuvuudesta ja epäjatkuvuudesta – 287 Mika Ojakangas, Jacques Lacan: yliminä, halu ja asia – 307 Pessi Lyyra, Mitä halu esittää? – 316 III YHTEISKUNTAFILOSOFIA, KRIITTINEN TEORIA, TUNNUSTUKSEN POLITIIKKA Markku Mäki, Montesquieu ja Englanti – 337 Gorm Harste, From Kant to Clausewitz – An investigation of war systems with Luhmann's systems theory – 375 Kia Lindroos, Valta, kritiikki ja Walter Benjamin – 411 Mikael Carleheden, On Theorizing: C.S. Peirce and Contemporary Social Science – 428 Eerik Lagerspetz, Hans Kelsen's Defence of Democracy – 460 Joonas Pennanen, Limittyvät kontekstit, käytännöllinen järkeily ja harkintatasapaino – 483 Sari Roman-Lagerspetz, Althusser: Between Marx and Lacan – 513 Petteri Niemi, Social Work and Recognition – 534 Jacob Dahl Rendtorff, The Ethics and Politics of Recognition: A Critique of Critical Theory – 560 Arto Laitinen, Michael Walzer on Recognition as a Dominated Good – 586 IV ESTETIIKKA, ETIIKKA JA ELÄMÄSSÄ SUUNNISTAUTUMINEN Bernadette Banaszkiewicz, Intensität, Deutlichkeit, enargeia. Antike Ekphrasis-Konzeptionen bei Theon, Quintilian und Longos – 623 Jussi Antti Saarinen, Taidemaalareiden ykseyden kokemuksista – 651 Henrik Enckell, Carlos Saura's Blood Wedding – 665 Werner Stegmaier, Die Bedeutung der Philosophie von Emmanuel Levinas für die Orientierung des Menschen – 678 Olli Pitkänen, Mitä tarkoittaa pahan selittäminen? Huomioita Jussi Kotkavirran kirjoituksesta Hyvän ja pahan lähteillä – 688 Rauno Huttunen & Leena Kakkori, Moraalin kehitys ja täysi-ikäisyys – Gilligan–Kohlberg –kiista – 709 Ludwig Siep, Ethische Kriterien für medizinische Forschung in Entwicklungsländern – 730 Miira Tuominen, Stoalainen fi losofi nen terapia: elämä sarjana valintoja – 756 Sami Pihlström, Viljely ja aika: Maa, puutarha ja elämän arvo(t) – 770 Juha Räikkä Itsepetos ja uskonto – 797 Olli-Pekka Moisio, Uskonto kritiikkinä ja kriittinen teoria täysin toisen kaipuuna – 805 Risto Eräsaari Viimeiset sanat – 817

Hallinnon uudistaminen liian yksiäänistä ja kaavamaista Jenni Airaksisen väitöskirja Hankala hallintouudistus kohdistuu suomalaisen kunnallishallinnon uudistamiseen. Tutkimus osoittaa, että kaavamaisuuteen ja liialliseen konsensukseen perustuva uudistaminen voi pahimmillaan johtaa toiminnan taantumiseen tai jopa estää muutoksia. Poliittis-hallinnollisella eliitillä on pyrkimys ylläpitää sisäistä kiinteyttään ja tämä estää erilaisten näkökulmien esiintulon uudistamiskeskustelussa. Tämä puolestaan johtaa yksiääniseen uudistamiseen ja liialliseen konsensukseen. Tutkimuksen perusteella uudistuksissa mukana olevilla ihmisillä oli hyvin erilaisia käsityksiä uudistuksen tavoitteesta ja tehtävästä. Nämä käsitykset olivat keskenään osin voimakkaassakin ristiriidassa. Hallintouudistus tulkittiin kuntien haasteiden kannalta oikeanlaisena ja tarpeellisena toimintana, mutta samaan aikaan sen pelättiin johtavan kuntien päätösvallan ja itsenäisyyden menettämiseen. Ristiriitaiset käsitykset eivät kuitenkaan nousseet keskusteluun vaan uudistuksen läpikäyväksi teemaksi nousi konfliktien välttäminen ja konsensuksen tavoittelu, mikä käytännössä johti siihen, että uudistuksen tavoitteet jäivät saavuttamatta. Vaikeiden asioiden välttely johti siihen, että käytännön uudistaminen osoittautui liian hankalaksi. Yksiäänisyyteen pyrkivän ja kaavamaisen uudistamisen mahdollisuudet saada aikaan muutoksia ovat hyvin rajalliset. Rajallisuus korostuu entisestään, mikäli päätöksenteossa pyritään erilaisten mielipiteiden peittämiseen ja uudistusta eteenpäin vievien eliittiryhmien kiinteyden ylläpitämiseen. Hallinnon uudistamisessa tarvitaan uusia ja luovia tapoja ratkaista ongelmia. Uudet ratkaisut voivat kuitenkin syntyä vain, jos uudistamisessa kyetään luopumaan yhden yhteisen päämäärän ja sen tavoittelun ihanteesta ja hyväksytään uudistamiseen liittyvä moniäänisyys. Hallinnon uudistamista tulisi tutkimuksen mukaan tarkastella prosessina, jossa erilaisten tulkintojen ja preferenssien kamppailu on normaalia toimintaa. Tällainen lähestymistapa voidaan suomalaisessa kompromissi- ja konsensushakuisessa kulttuurissa kokea vaikeaksi, mutta mikäli hallinnon uudistamisessa toimivat ryhmät jättävät vaikeat asiat pois agendaltaan konsensustavoitteen nimissä, päädytään hallinnon uudistamisessa helposti hankalaan hallinnon uudistamiseen. HANKALA HALLINNON UUDISTAMINEN näkyy pienten askeleiden kautta tapahtuvina, kompromissiratkaisuista kehittyneinä, pirstaleisina hallinnon uudistamisen osahankkeina, joiden kautta voidaan muutosten toteuttamisen sijaan ylläpitää olemassaolevia rakenteita ja vältellä muutosta. ; Troublesome Nature of Administrative Reform The topic of my research is an administrative reform which is studied as a dynamic and contextualised phenomenon. The aim was to understand the nature and the essence of an administrative reform in the context of local government in Finland. The Regional Support Project (Seutukuntien tuki -hanke) was chosen as an empirical example of a reform in this study. The project was launched by the national government in 2000 as a response to the transition process of local governance of Finland. In this context the municipalities were trying to solve the contradiction of their diminishing resources and increasing demands by increasing voluntary cooperation in service provision and regional development. The aim of the project was to promote inter-municipal cooperation by means of state support and permissive legislation. The empirical data is qualitative and the method of analysis is based on grounded theory. The purpose of the method is to produce a practical theory derived from the experiences of those people who have lived through the administrative reform. The process of analysis was to define emerging concepts and make continuous comparisons to the empirical data and to other conceptual innovations. By linking the discovered concepts to each other, the patterns of social behavior and meaning of action were generated. The empirical data of the study was collected during 2000 2005. The primary data consists of 154 interviews and approximately 60 pages of observation material. The data was collected in the national level steering group of the reform and in all of the eight districts (comprising 55 municipalities) taking part in the project. The secondary data includes official documents of the Regional Support Project produced by the central government, different districts and the municipalities. The grounded theory -procedure revealed four partly conflicting frames. The different frames are the rhetoric and the reality of governance practices, national government as the reformer of autonomous local government, the fear of hollowing out local government and the gap between the elite and the masses. The phenomenon of administrative reform is experienced and interpreted differently depending on the frame adopted. In a situation, where contradicting frames are visible, a conflict is possible and even probable. However, this was not the case in the administrative reform studied. Instead, the most evident patterns of behavior in the reform process were pronounced pursuit of consensus, compromise seeking and avoidance of conflict. My research shows that the core process of an administrative reform is maintaining the cohesion of the elite . With this concept it was possible to connect the discovered contradicting frames to each other. Through an analysis of the interplay between the different frames and the core process, the dynamics of the administrative reform are unfolded. Essential in understranding the dynamics of an administrative reform is the existence of the conflicting frames and coincident objective of maintaining the cohesion of the elite. This combination is likely to lead to a wobbly and slow process and shows the troublesome nature of an administrative reform. The theoretical model created in this research, shows the process of an administrative reform as an application of unisonous instrumental-rational patterns. The possibilities of the above-mentioned approach are highly limited in producing new ways of function. Such limitedness is even more problematic in a multi-actor, network-type situation, where different interpretations of situations are not confronted but concealed in the fear of conflicts. Instead, administrative reform practices could be seen as historically and culturally defined processes of production of meanings, where the struggle of different ideas and interpretations is considered normal. The acceptance of struggle as a part of administrative reform requires that the individuals of the decision-making elites are ready to function in groups, where anxiety is allowed to be present at times. The groups the decision-making elites in administrative reforms are trying to find new creative solutions to the problems they face. Creative solutions develop in situations where genuine negotiation between different meanings and interpretations is present. Negotiation is however not possible in a situation where the fundamental objective of an elite-group is to prevent the individuals of the group from exposing to anxiety. If this is accepted, it is likely to lead to small steps, bad compromises and fragmented application of reform practices. In the context of administrative reforms this is problematic for it can lead to the regression of action or actually supporting the practices already functioning. These insights indicate why the nature of administrative reform is troublesome.

Tässä tutkielmassa tarkastellaan välitystiliasiakkaiden kuvauksia taloudellisen toimijuuden ilmenemisestä ja sen tukemisesta sosiaalityön keinoin välitystiliasiakkuuden aikana. Välitystilipalvelu on sosiaalityön väline, jolla ihmisiä pyritään tukemaan ja vastaamaan heidän taloudellisiin ongelmiinsa. Se on osa taloussosiaalityötä, jossa ihmisen toimeentuloa tutkitaan kokonaisvaltaisesti ja jonka tavoitteena on vahvistaa ihmisen taloudellista toimintakykyä. Välitystilipalvelu on sekä palvelun tuottajalle että asiakkaalle vapaaehtoinen palvelu. Välitystilin tarkoitus on olla lyhytaikainen ratkaisu asiakkaan talouden hallinnan ongelmiin ohjaten asiakasta itsenäiseen selviytymiseen. Tutkielmani teoreettinen viitekehys on Amartya Senin toimintamahdollisuuksien näkökulma. Tutkimus on teoriasidonnainen ja analyysimenetelmänä on abduktiivinen päättely. Aineistosta esiin nousseet taloudellisen toimijuuden kuvaukset on jaoteltu eri ulottuvuuksiin teemoittelun avulla. Aineiston keruu on tapahtunut yksilöhaastatteluilla. Haastattelupyyntö lähetettiin kaikille tutkittavan alueen välitystiliasiakkaille, joiden vastuulle jää yhteydenotto haastatteluajan sopimista varten. Näin varmistuttiin siitä, että haastatteluun tulevat henkilöt ovat vapaaehtoisia ja osallistuvat omasta halustaan. Analyysissa keskitytään etsimään haastateltavien sanoittamia kuvauksia taloudellisen toimijuuden ilmenemisestä ja sen tukemisesta sosiaalityön keinoin välitystiliasiakkuuden aikana. Toimijuus voidaan määritellä monella tavalla, joista tässä työssä hyödynnetään Amartya Senin, Talcott Parsonsin, Anthony Giddensin ja Albert Banduran määritelmiä toimijuudesta. Tutkimuksen tuloksina aineistosta esiin nousevat taloudellisen toimijuuden kuvaukset on jaoteltu taloudellisen toimijuuden ilmenemisen ja taloudellisen toimijuuden tukemisen ulottuvuuksiin. Taloudellinen toimijuus ilmenee asiakkaiden puheessa valinnanvapauden toteuttamisena ja oma-aloitteisuutena. Taloudelliseen toimijuuteen liittyviä haasteita ovat köyhyys ja velkaantuminen sekä vetäytyvä taloudellinen toimijuus. Taloudellista toimijuutta voidaan aineiston perusteella tukea laatimalla asiakkaalle asiakassuunnitelma sekä työskentelemällä asiakkaan kanssa tavoitteellisesti ja säännöllisesti. Johtopäätöksenä esitän, että välitystiliasiakkaiden hyvinvointi syntyy heidän tekemistään valinnoista ja yhteiskunnan rakenteista. He elävät taloudellisessa niukkuudessa, mutta se ei automaattisesti vähennä hyvinvointia. Tulot ja varallisuus toki parantavat ihmisen taloudellista toimintakykyä, mutta ne eivät yksinään riitä takaamaan hyvinvointia. Välitystilitutkimusta ei juurikaan ole tehty, ja sitä olisi hyvä jatkossa tutkia esimerkiksi vaikuttavuuden arvioinnin näkökulmasta. Hyödyllistä olisi myös välitystilipalvelun alueellisen tai valtakunnallisen toimintamallin rakentaminen. ; This study focuses on searching descriptions of the appearance of financial agency and supporting it with the help of social work within mediation account service. The mediation account can be used to assist people in financial distress and address their financial problems. Mediation account service is part of financial social work, which studies a person's income comprehensively and aims at enhancing a person's financial capability. Mediation account is a voluntary service for both the service provider and the customer. It is meant to be a short-term solution to address the customer's financial problems guiding them towards independent survival. The theoretical approach to this study is Amartya Sen's capability approach. My study is theory-connected and the analysis method is abductive deduction. The descriptions of financial agency rising from the research material have been divided into different dimensions with the help of thematization. The research material was gathered via individual interviews. The request to participate was sent to all the mediation account customers in the research area. They were then responsible for contacting me and setting up a date for the interview. This guaranteed that the people participating in this study did so voluntarily and of their own accord. This study focuses on searching descriptions of the appearance and supporting financial agency with the help of social work in the research material. Agency can be defined in many ways. In this study, the definition of agency is based on the definitions of Amartya Sen, Talcott Parsons, Anthony Giddens and Albert Bandura. The descriptions of financial agency rising from the research data will be divided into the dimensions of appearance of financial agency and supporting financial agency. The financial agency appears in customers' speech as executing freedom of choice and initiative-ness. Challenges of financial agency are poverty and indebtedness as well as passive financial agency. Customers' financial agency can be supported with the help of client planning and goal-oriented and regular work with the customer. As a conclusion I state that the well-being of the mediation account customers is formed by the choices they make as well as societal structures. They live in financial austerity, but it does not auto-matically diminish their well-being. Income and wealth improve the financial capability of a person but as such are not enough to guarantee a person's well-being. Mediation account studies are scarce. In the future, it could be studied for example from the aspect of estimating the effectiveness of mediation account service. It could also be useful to create a regional or nationwide mediation account procedure.