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Argues that the marketization of public services has fostered private, economic, individualistic conceptions of citizenship while undermining those that are public, social, & communitarian. A structural paradigm that defines the marketization of public services based on a triangular relationship between state, citizen, & intermediate public-service provider (IPSP) is used to explore the impact of the changed citizen/state relationship on citizenship. It is contended that the remodeled relationship has seriously decreased the citizen's voice in government by denying the directness of that voice & commercializing the subject matter of citizen-state discourse. Three key implications of the new marketized relationship are explored: (1) the consumerization of the citizen/IPSP relationship; (2) the marginalization of the state/citizen relationship; & (3) the economization of the IPSP/state relationship. It is argued that the construction of rationales & patterns of operations for these relationships represent the most critical way in which the marketization of public services has been transforming citizenship. Both negative & positive aspects of this transformation are discussed. 29 References. J. Lindroth

An introductory chapter notes that the aim of the book is to incorporate gender analysis into a critical study of the processes of globalization & democratization. Robert Connell's (1987) concept of gender as an active process that creates divisions of labor, power, emotions, identity, behavior, & dress is used to show how economic aspects of 20th-century globalization have impacted gender relations. "Full" democracy is described as one in which institutionalized gender regimes are truly egalitarian. The complex relationship between globalization & democratization is discussed to contend that globalization represents economic forces that change both the division of labor between the sexes & the nature of the state. The contributors give considerable attention to tensions that exist between gender regimes that determine work relations & those that operate within the family. The interdisciplinary essays offer regional perspectives on varied characteristics of globalization & address contradictions generated by the link between globalization & democratization as social movements. Case studies from around the world assess the prospects for gender regime change & increased democratization. J. Lindroth

Abstract The appearance of right‐wing militias was a much‐discussed phenomenon during the past decade. Commentators rightly pointed out their rural origins, their lower‐middle‐class and middle‐class composition, and their ideology rooted in racism, sexism, anti‐Semitism, and homophobia, but few, if any, have commented on the most salient aspect of all: that these are movements of men, who use narratives about masculinity as an analytic prism through which to understand their own situation and to problematize the identities of "others," and as a rhetorical strategy to recruit and sustain their own membership. In this paper we undertake this analysis, exploring the rural origins of the militia movement, its social composition, ideology, and organization, and its articulation with other white supremacist groups. We argue that their vision of masculinity, particularly a self‐reliant, self‐made masculinity endemic to American history, is the theme unifying both the ideology and the organization of rural militias with the militant right‐wing continuum of which they are only a part.

Books reviewed:B. Laffan, R. O'Donnell and M. Smith, Europe's Experimental Union: Rethinking IntegrationA. Héretier, Policy‐Making and Diversity in EuropeJ. Smith, Europe's Elected ParliamentE. O. Eriksen and J. F. Fossum, Democracy in the European Union: Integration Through Deliberation?D. Cobham and G. Zis, From EMS to EMU: 1979 to 1999 and BeyondP. Magnette, La Citoyenneté Européenne: Droits, Politiques, InstitutionsP. Littlewood with I. Glorieux, S. Herkommer and I. Jönsson, Social Exclusion in Europe: Problems and ParadigmsA. Dashwood and A. Ward, The Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies: Vol. 1, 1998Y. Lejeune, La Participation de la Belgique à l'élaboration et à la mise en æuvre du droit européen: Aspects organisationnels et procédurauxL. Ackers, Shifting Spaces: Women, Citizenship and Migration within the European UnionD. Arter, Scandinavian Politics TodayS. Lavenex, Safe Third Countries: Extending the EU Asylum and Immigration Policies to Central and Eastern EuropeJ. J. Anderson, Regional Integration and Democracy: Expanding on the European ExperienceJ. M. van Brabant, Remaking Europe. The European Union and the Transition Economies

Evolutionary psychology (EP) presents a new, integrated approach to human behavior, by explaining how the mental programs, designed by evolutionary selection, guide our social behavior. It claims that cognitive and emotional processes—that is domain-specific algorithms—have been selected in our evolutionary environment as devices of solving particular adaptive problems faced by the Pleistocene hunter-gatherers. Evolutionary psychologists can develop testable explanations that focus on aspects and mechanisms of behavior that cannot readily be explained with current psychological theories. An adaptationist approach provides a powerful explanatory framework that helps us to eliminate the old dichotomies from our thinking, such as innate and learned, universality and diversity, etc. At the same time, however, evolutionary psychology implies several problems and difficulties that should be solved in the future in order to avoid useless confrontations with psychologists. The message of Darwinism to psychology is that the analysis of the evolution of mental capacities and the explanation of the adaptive mechanisms of behavior are crucial contributions to forming an integrated view of ourselves.

There has long been a great deal of interest in the relationship between public investments in infrastructure and interregional development. Although the spatial impacts of investments in transportation networks, electricity, water supply, sanitation, and telecommunications on development are assumed to be positive, there has been no clear consensus on their magnitude or scope. This article surveys the theoretical and empirical literature on sectoral and social development with respect to the availability of infrastructure. There are three main results. First, the developmental impacts of infrastructure investment turn out to be modest but positive on all aspects of development. Second, there needs to be a sufficient level of productive activity to take advantage of the complementary relationships, and no amount of investment in core infrastructure is capable of overcoming disadvantaged locations. Third, because the relationship between investment and growth is interdependent, development pressures may be efficient investment triggers. These findings suggest an analytical framework that can be used in planning infrastructure investments to advance interregional development goals.

This article reports a survey conducted in schools in Great Britain and Northern Ireland during 1997–8 with 2,272 students aged seven to 17 years. The 24‐page booklet questionnaire included six groups of questions about school councils. The question of whether pupils who have a council see it as effective was cross‐tabulated with a range of other questions, in order to examine associations between students' views about their school councils with their views on other aspects of school. About half the students reported that they had a school council. Of these, the ones who thought their council was effective generally had positive views about their school's social and academic activities, whereas the ones who said their council was ineffective generally had more negative attitudes. Some schools find that creating an effective school council can considerably improve standards of behaviour, but this process has to involve further changes in systems and relationships in the school. Simply introducing a token council can increase students' scepticism. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A reanalysis of selected national and state-level STS implementation data is reported in this article. The results indicate that teacher education, suitable curriculum materials, and insufficient class time are major issues affecting STS implementation in the United States. Only three states have addressed 50% or more of the STS implementation criteria in their science curriculum frameworks as recommended by the National Science Education Standards. A closer look at one state (Florida) revealed that approximately half of the school districts had STS in science, nearly a third had it in social studies, and the majority of STS instruction occurred at the middle and secondary levels. Additionally, STS is often taught via environmental concerns, and as such, it may be skewed toward activist positions rather than analyzing all (positive and we negative) aspects of the impact of science and technology on society. Using the data as a base, implications are drawn for teacher education, the development of materials, and general policy concerns regarding STS.

Henan is China's most populous province. It has long played a strategic role in Chinese history and in more recent decades has played a prominent part in the country's politics. In this paper we explore aspects of the history and political culture of Henan, particularly the collective memory or consciousness of its people, and trends in its recent political history. We focus in particular on specific cultural features and local patterns of socioeconomic development, both to highlight important features of provincial life and also to provide an interpretive strategy for approaching recent developments in the province. In identifying specific cultural features, we focus heavily on the egalitarian heritage of the province - in some cases bordering on communitarianism - and how this heritage relates to a deeply-rooted sense that Henan has lost its central role in China's national life. These two patterns converge, today, to produce a phenomenon of 'modelism' in Henan - a tendency to identify and promote apparently unique local social and political structures as though these provided models for the rest of the country to emulate.

It is inaccurate and misleading to apply the term 'nationalism' to Russia prior to the present day. Both Tsarist and Soviet leaders sought to maintain an empire and not a nation-state, and their national consciousness was imperial rather than national. The lack of Russian nationalism was crucial for Russian history since it explains the failure of both Tsarist Russia and the Soviet Union. Modern societies cannot be successfully constructed upon the basis of imperial thinking. The absence of Russian nationalism also has significance for nationalism theory. Russia possesed the social, policial and cultural charactersistics that have been adduced as 'causes' of nationalism by a wide variety of scholars, yet Russia failed to develop a nationalist movement. This suggests that what is crucial to modern nationalism is the appearance of a particularist, secular ideology, since the most notable aspect in which Russia differed from Europe was Russia's universalistic, religious and imperialist discourse of national identity. (Nations and Nationalism, ECMI)

The emergence of a nationalist ideology & national identity in 19th-century Catalonia is studied; specific attention is directed toward Valenti Almirall's (1902) work on Catalanism & Enrique Prat de la Riba's (1925) writing on Catalan identity. Almirall's separation of Castilians & Catalans into different national collectives, philosophy that conflict was a natural & essential aspect of human life, & perception of Catalanism as an ideological foundation capable of restoring Spain are discussed. In addition, Almirall's rationale for favoring Catalans who were members of the urban bourgeoisie to head the region's new political system is explained. After discussing biographical differences between Almirall & Prat de la Riba, an overview of Prat de la Riba's critique of the Spanish system government is presented. Prat de la Riba's attempt to demonstrate that Catalonia was a separate nation & perception of the rural family as the most important social unit are also addressed. The advantages of utilizing the study's analytical methods for future examinations of nationalism are also considered. J. W. Parker

The role of the federal state in Canada has always been one of change and adaptation. This is particularly true of the state's role as it pertains to human rights based issues; those aspects of Canadian life which are most influenced by political, social and economic factors. Canada, in a neo-liberal economy, is trying to achieve a balance of power which provides appropriate representation of and protection for its citizens. This paper follows both the state's efforts to regain power at regional, national and international levels and the expectations Canadians have of the federal government. The two concepts meet in a discussion of the potential benefits of a joint partnership between the federal government and the Third Sector. It is the premise of this thesis that such a partnership will, in fact, meet many of the expressed and implied needs for both the state and for Canadians. However, the preliminary nature of the partnership movement leaves many issues unaddressed.

'Digital restructuring' denotes a phenomenon integral to but also distinct within economic & political restructuring broadly conceived. The concept of restructuring can be modified with 'digital' to forefront the important technological dimension of global restructuring, as well as to indicate developments associated with the new 'information economy.' Digital technology & digitization have been integral to the scope & speed of the global economic & political restructuring of recent decades. They have constituted the technological conditions for some of the more characteristic aspects of this process; from the flexibilization or outright shedding of Labour, to the mobility of production & capital & the globalization of trade & financial markets. This paper seeks to debunk much of the corporate & state mythology of digital restructuring currently in circulation by drawing upon the analyses of digital technology & restructuring advanced by critical scholars & progressive social movements, & to highlight the dangers to progressive political movements & discourses posed by the very nature of these representations. 69 References. Adapted from the source document.

This article discusses différent aspects of migration and health in Swedish 19th century urban environments. The décliné in urban mortality set in during the last decades of the century, at the same time as Sweden rapidly became more urbani-zed. The relation between population increase and mortality was however not that clear. The article analyses mortality among migrants in comparison with the more permanently resident population in two Swedish towns-Sundsvall and Linköping. People with another origin than the town of Sundsvall had much better survival than the others. A possible explanation for this is that the migrants were brought up in a much healthier environment than those that spent their childhood in the urban environment, and that the better health in adulthood partly was a resuit of these long-term effects. For illegitimate children, however, their mother's back-ground as migrants had a negative effect. The unmarried migrant mother's lack of social network and support made the survival of their children low.