Suchergebnisse

In estimating the forward ;elation of educ'al planning to SE development, the following stages are necessary: (1) making projections of the future size & age composition of the pop & the movement of the economy; (2) turning the econ data into requirements re diff occup's; (3) converting the occup'al data into its educ 'al component; (4) forecasting the scholastic measures required to produce these educ'al characteristics; (5) determining the optimum relation which should exist between the diff sectors of the educ'al system; (6) studying the likely results of alternative technologies of teaching; (7) forecasting the required flow between the levels, on alternative pedagogical standards & selection criteria; (8) studying the likely results of alternative technologies of teaching; (9) establishing what elements have to be maintained or introduced into the educ'al system to exploit fully the `external economies' flowing from investment in educ, (such as res, the development of elites & innovators, the formation of stable responsible Mc's, & the promotion of managerial, entrepreneurial, & soc skills in the pop); (10) assessing & comparing the unit costs of diff types of educ'al technology & means of developing the educ'al system. Such projections & surveys must be seen against a pattern of norms derived from experience & country studies, among them: (A) the % of GNP devoted to educ both globally & by sectors; (B) the % of public revenue so spent; (C) the % of public investment made in educ & its diff sectors; (D) the % of investment in educ & its diff sectors as compared with overall investment; (E) the % of the pop enrolled at the diff educ'al levels; (F) the same % corrected in the light of information re attendance, & (G) the % of the student pop receiving instruction in diff levels & types of educ. Little has been done so far to construct a series of actual & possible norms of the kind indicated, but progress is being made as statistics & reports by survey missions grow. The final educ'al plan must be feasible pedagogically, must attempt to 'optimize' the contribution of educ to SE development, & must show the necessary priorities between its sectors, as well as its priorities in the country's overall plan. It must also give a timetable for carrying it into effect, & contain a sufficient area of maneouver so that it can be reviewed periodically & adjusted. Modified AA.

Contents: Leisure and technological civilization, by Georges Friedmann; Current problems of the sociology of leisure, by Joffre Dumazedier; Popular culture: a humanistic and sociological concept, by Leo Lowenthal; Work, careers, and social integration, by Harold L. Wilensky; Leisure, social participation and political activity, by Renate Mayntz; The social planning of leisure, by Ahtik Vitomir.

S. 55-88: Social aspects of economic development in Israel

Recognition of the influence of soc & cultural factors in disease goes back to antiquity, though specification of the ways in which this influence is exerted still lacks precision. The effects of the soc order on health & disease are many & varied. Soc definitions determine the actions which persons & societies take in the face of given symptoms 9L disorders. Soc practices may exert their effects directly on the organism & its physical capacities or may operate priniarily through psychol'al processes which are linked to the maintenance of bodily equilibriums. In either instance, these effects tend to be nonspecific as to disease. SS, variations in life styles, adaptation to new or stressful situations work group structure, & fam patterns have been found to be associated with diff's in the incidence of a variety of diseases. The intricacies of dealing with soc factors in disease & the ramifications for the larger society are plainly seen in the case of smoking. AA.

The forces determining the share of nat'l income available to the aged, & the way in which that share is distributed among diff groups within the aged, are examined. Most of the evidence relates to GB & the US. It is argued that the inability to work, which results in the econ dependency of old age, should be viewed as a socially determined problem. The main sources of support for the aged in industrialized countries are reviewed & it is concluded that, despite increases in real income, & instit'al developments such as the growth of employers' private pension schemes, provision by the state remains all important. The danger of viewing the retired as a homogeneous group with similar econ problems is emphasized, both because of the general inequality of distribution of resources among them, & because of the special econ problems of single & widowed women. Finally, it is argued that no very sophisticated standards of poverty are required to describe large numbers of the old as poor in both GB & US today. AA.