India is a land of sacred cows. They are abundant in the fields, are present with gods in every temple, figure prominently in Parliament and Assemblies, are the deciding factor in elections, and are the subject of judgement in the highest court of India. The sacredness has attained such heights that social scientists from allover the world have made attempts;to find an approach to the study of sacred cows. Cultural ecologists (Harris 1966) and economists (Raj 1969, Heston 1971) have argued intensely in favour of the appropriateness of their respective approach to the problem. I attempt here to add yet another approach, which I call a sociological approach. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the cultural meaning of cow, which is held in great reverence , by Hindus, and to show t):lat these values of sacredness are more heavily influenced by the socio-political system than by the economic system.
This paper is concerned with public finance and social welfare in Australia. Its purpose first of all, is to explore the background of public finance issues, giving the overall context of social welfare finance in our federal system. Second it examines the methods used by the Commonwealth Grants Commission and the implications of these methods in determining relativities among the States in the distribution process of federal funds. Third it examines methods of assessing social welfare need and social welfare expenditures in the States. Fourth it shows how the structure and pattern of federal grants has changed over the past decade. (1973 – 1983) The data reported here allow comparison between the States on a reasonably standard basis, and show some interesting results in the levels of distribution of social service and social welfare expenditures. Social services (broadly defined) involve a major cash flow in Australian society. Annual social welfare expenditure, (a small part only of the States' social services expenditures, but a large proportion of Commonwealth expenditures) for 1982-83 alone, would buy BHP, CRA, MIM, Westpac, CSR, Comalco and the ANZ Banking Group, and there would still be some change. In this paper we are certainly not dealing with trifling matters. We have attempted to look at broad issues of public finance, and relate these to social welfare. Chapter 1 outlines the roles and responsibilities of the Commonwealth and State governments in providing and funding social welfare. Chapter 2 deals with the role and methods of the Commonwealth Grants Commission review of tax sharing and its analysis of relative needs and costs in social welfare. Chapter 3 uses the standard budgets worked out by the Commonwealth Grants Commission to shed light on the relative levels and structures of social welfare expenditure in the States. Chapter 4 examines how financial arrangements have changed in the past decade, and how the taxation structure has had an impact on State finances and services.
Sir Dugald Baird sketches the history of abortion legislation in Great Britain from the beginning of the century. In his views the 1967 Abortion Act has been one of the most important and beneficial pieces of social legislation enacted in Britain in the last 100 years. It has, however, brought problems both of administration in the hospitals and to individual doctors and nurses, particularly when the patients are young single women and even schoolgirls. One of the consequences of the Abortion Act has been a fall in maternal mortality and perinatal mortality rates. Abortion does not seem to be followed by serious emotional sequelae. Nevertheless recent changes in sexual mores have introduced new and serious social problems which are discussed in relation to the role of the doctor in his relationship with patients seeking abortion.
Law is of an essentially social character. The set of legal norms enacted by the legislator for the orderly regulation of social relationship between the several members of the community, serves to co-ordinate human activity. Therefore law should in no way be regarded as a static set of legal rules, but as a continuous socio-legal process. The study of law in this sense: as a continuous evolution, as found interpreted, applied created and evolved to the point when it acquires legally binding validity, ought to be encouraged. Such a study may perhaps lead us to a systematic knowledge of the impact of law on social conduct and may possibly show us how society, through its various manifestations, helps to fashion the legal norms which, in tum, come to be enforced by organized society. ; peer-reviewed
The M. H. Ross Papers contain information pertaining to labor, politics, social issues of the twentieth century, coal mining and its resulting lifestyle, as well as photographs and audio materials. The collection is made up of five different accessions; L2001-05, which is contained in boxes one through 104, L2002-09 in boxes 106 through 120, L2006-16 in boxes 105 and 120, L2001-01 in boxes 120-121, and L2012-20 in boxes 122-125. The campaign materials consist of items from the 1940 and 1948 political campaigns in which Ross participated. These items include campaign cards, posters, speech transcripts, news clippings, rally materials, letters to voters, and fliers. Organizing and arbitration materials covers labor organizing events from "Operation Dixie" in Georgia, the furniture workers in North Carolina, and the Mine-Mill workers in the Western United States. Organizing materials include fliers, correspondence, news articles, radio transcripts, and some related photos. Arbitration files consist of agreements, decisions, and agreement booklets. The social and political research files cover a wide time period (1930's to the late 1970's/early 1980's). The topics include mainly the Ku Klux Klan, racism, Communism, Red Scare, red baiting, United States history, and literature. These files consist mostly of news and journal articles. Ross interacted with coal miners while doing work for the United Mine Workers Association (UMWA) and while working at the Fairmont Clinic in West Virginia. Included in these related files are books, news articles, journals, UMWA reports, and coal miner oral histories conducted by Ross. Tying in to all of the activities Ross participated in during his life were his research and manuscript files. He wrote numerous newspaper and journal articles on history and labor. Later, as he worked for the UMWA and at the Fairmont Clinic, he wrote more in-depth articles about coal miners, their lifestyle, and medical problems they faced (while the Southern Labor Archives has many of Ross's coal mining and lifestyle articles, it does not have any of his medical articles). Along with these articles are the research files Ross collected to write them, which consist of notes, books, and newspaper and journal articles. In additional to his professional career, Ross was adamant about documenting his and his wife's family history in the oral history format. Of particular interest are the recordings of his interviews with his wife's family - they were workers, musicians, and singers of labor and folk songs. Finally, in this collection are a number of photographs and slides, which include images of organizing, coal mining (from the late 19th through 20th centuries), and Appalachia. Of note is a small photo album from the 1930s which contains images from the Summer School for Workers, and more labor organizing. A few audio items are available as well, such as Ross political speeches and an oral history in which Ross was interviewed by his daughter, Jane Ross Davis in 1986. All photographic and audio-visual materials are at the end of their respective series. ; Myron Howard "Mike" Ross was born November 9, 1919 in New York City. He dropped out of school when he was seventeen and moved to Texas, where he worked on a farm. From 1936 until 1939, Ross worked in a bakery in North Carolina. In the summer of 1938, he attended the Southern School for Workers in Asheville, North Carolina. During the fall of 1938, Ross would attend the first Southern Conference on Human Welfare in Birmingham, Alabama. He would attend this conference again in 1940 in Chattanooga, Tennessee. From 1939 to 1940, Ross worked for the United Mine Workers Non-Partisan League in North Carolina, working under John L. Lewis. He was hired as a union organizer by the United Mine Workers of America, and sent to Saltville, Virginia and Rockwood, Tennessee. In 1940, Ross ran for a seat on city council on the People's Platform in Charlotte, North Carolina. During this time, he also married Anne "Buddie" West of Kennesaw, Georgia. From 1941 until 1945, Ross served as an infantryman for the United States Army. He sustained injuries near the Battle of the Bulge in the winter of 1944. From 1945 until 1949, Ross worked for the International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers, then part of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), as a union organizer. He was sent to Macon, Georgia, Savannah, Georgia and to Winston-Salem, North Carolina, where he worked with the United Furniture Workers Union. He began handling arbitration for the unions. In 1948, Ross ran for United States Congress on the Progressive Party ticket in North Carolina. He also served as the secretary for the North Carolina Progressive Party. Ross attended the University of North Carolina law school from 1949 to 1952. He graduated with honors but was denied the bar on the grounds of "character." From 1952 until 1955, he worked for the Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers as a union organizer, first in New Mexico (potash mines) and then in Arizona (copper mines). From 1955 to 1957, Ross attended the Columbia University School of Public Health. He worked for the United Mine Workers of America Welfare and Retirement Fund from 1957 to 1958, where he represented the union in expenditure of health care for mining workers. By 1958, Ross began plans for what would become the Fairmont Clinic, a prepaid group practice in Fairmont, West Virginia, which had the mission of providing high quality medical care for miners and their families. From 1958 until 1978, Ross served as administrator of the Fairmont Clinic. As a result of this work, Ross began researching coal mining, especially coal mining lifestyle, heritage and history of coal mining and disasters. He would interview over one hundred miners (coal miners). Eventually, Ross began writing a manuscript about the history of coal mining. Working for the Rural Practice Program of the University of North Carolina from 1980 until 1987, Ross taught in the medical school. M. H. Ross died on January 31, 1987 in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. ; Digitization of the M. H. Ross Papers was funded by the National Historical Publications and Records Commission.
The purpose of this thesis is to attempt to survey and analyse incomes policies in Western countries which have instituted them and to try to explain the economic problems that confront economies which apply them with the prime object of checking inflation. It is, moreover, important to consider whether the disappointing results flowed from policies which were basically inappropriate for the economies for which they were designed, or whether they were due to a lack of determination by the authorities to carry them out, in view of public hostility towards this kind of government intervention. Incomes policies can, of course, be taken to include many types of direct and indirect government controls and methods of distributing the national product. It is intended, however, to limit the survey to a consideration of their specific objective of controlling inflation, as distinct from their objectives such as reducing the disparity in incomes within a community or the social welfare aspects of pensions and unemployment. We shall, therefore be dealing in the main with incomes policies in the narrower sense "of the relationship between changes in real income and changes in the aggregate of money incomes taking place in the economy at the same".
The quest for security has been an integral part of human want ever since the dawn of civilization. Various methods have been developed to meet the need. Among them insurance is a dominant one at the present time. The origin of Chinese insurance is dated back to three to four thousand years before Christ. In the recent ten years, Chinese insurance business attracts mo re and more investors into the market. It is the purpose of this study to investigate the facts of the past Chinese insurance industry reaching to the present, and to attempt to express opinions based on these sound factual evidences, as to the possible Chinese insurance trend from the present into the future unknown. In the past decade, Chinese insurance business has experienced a favorable development in the history of the industry. Alongside this development come such problems as are incidental to the business. More complete governmental supervision over the industry and the further development of social consciousness on the part of the insurers and the establishment of a sound educational program are possible approaches to solve these problems.
In this essay in attempt is made to relate some aspects of Maltese social life to the policies implemented by the British Colonial Administration. The emphasis is on economic, political and religious institutions. The aim is to provide a sociological interpretation of certain processes and patterns of behaviour as these may relate to certain historical events. The evidence for these events is drawn from published secondary sources. Therefore in these respects, at least, there is no claim for originality. Nor does this account present a comprehensive assessment of the extent of British colonial impact on Malta's soda-economic life. Important areas which were deeply influenced by the exercise of colonial power structure, like education, health and sanitation are barely touched upon Or simply mentioned in passing. Certain concepts like that of "elites" or "culture" which are widely used in this essay are intended as usually understood by sociologists. Thus the former refers to a political, economic or status minority which may be entrenched at the top of a society, group, or other social category whether this is openly democratic or not. The latter refers to the ideas, values and norms influencing social behaviour, and defining inter-relations rather than simply to any artistic or literary heritage. ; N/A
Thesis (Dr. of Education in Social Foundations)--University of California, Berkeley, June 1972 ; Bibliography: leaves [239̈-261 ; Mode of access: Internet.
Bibliography: leaf 189-197. ; This thesis is an assessment of Castells' claim to have used Althusserian epistemology both as a theoretical basis for a critique of empiricist urban sociology, and in the establishment of a Marxist scientific alternative. To this end, Castells employed the Althusserian conception of the social totality, which was characterized by a complex structured unity of relatively autonomous instances with their own laws of development, This was intended to establish the last-instance determination by the economy, and to avoid the empiricist portrayal of the relationship between base and superstructure as one of essence and phenomena, According to Althusser, theory, like the other relatively autonomous practices, has its own specific raw material, labour and product, and was thus separate from and irreducible to any of the other practices. Each chapter of this thesis outlines an aspect of Althusser's work that can explicitly or implicitly be identified in Castells' writings. The critical responses to Althusserianism are then examined in order to disclose the unresolved and contradictory elements of his position, and the extent to which these have led to problems in Castells' work, More importantly, it is argued that Castells' theoretical allegiance to Althusser is deliberately inconsistent: he has significantly altered every controversial tenet of the latter, while neglecting to acknowledge that these changes are in fact distortions which directly oppose the character of Althusserianism, Castells wavers between contradictory epistemologies, and this results in his analyses being stranded between Althusserian theoreticism and empiricism. It is my contention that Castells wished to use the ready-made Althusserian system without falling prey to its unpalatable implications, especially Althusser's conclusion that Marxism is a science that produces ideology for the masses, who are never able to achieve a genuine cognitive appropriation of reality, and are thus unable to participate in the development of theory. This reduction of individual consciousness to ideology undermined the significance of class consciousness and political practice, which are commonly regarded as the fundamental principles of revolutionary Marxist practice.
"Scale," a term referring to size and/or complexity, is a societal dimension frequently employed and generally regarded as important but rarely systematically investigated. This paper provides a critical overview of the meanings which have been attached to the concept and the implications they carry. Special attention is paid here to the diverse literature dealing with the contrast between societies characterized by such polar terms as Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft, folk and urban, small and large, simple and complex. The paper then turns to a consideration of the effects of social scale as an independent variable affecting social organization and social relations. This is undertaken by reference to the author's own ethnographic research in societies and situations which apparently offer contrasts in scale: (1) the Aleutian Islands, where a case study was made of processes and results of a major change in scale, from that of a small-scale hunting and fishing society to one participating in the national political and economic nexus of the United States;(2) village India, contrasting the very small scale of a Himalayan village and its region with the larger-scale situation of villages of the densely populated Indo-Gangetic plain; (3) urban India, contrasting social organization and social relations in the city with those in traditional villages, as described in 2. In each instance, general principles have been derived from the ethnographic data concerning the social consequences of variations in scale and the social processes which they engender, e.g., the widespread quest for community, communal sentiments, and communal experience which large-scale organization brings about. In conclusion, some two dozen general inferences about the ways in which scale influences social relations are proposed and enumerated. It is hoped that as a result, other anthropologists may be moved to investigate the implications of scale in the various societies in which they work. One significant aim would be to ascertain what features of social organization and social relations are inherently aspects of scale, what features are affected by scale (and in what ways), and what features are independent of scale.
Law enforcement is the process of enforcing or trying to implement legal norms as guides for traffic or legal relations in social and state life. In the environmental law enforcement system in Indonesia, there are three legal aspects described in the Environmental Protection and Management Act (UUPPLH), namely administrative law, civil law, and criminal law aspects. Where each aspect's law enforcement and law enforcement processes are distinct. The research method used was normative legal research. One component of environmental law enforcement is the use of civil law in environmental management. In the Environmental Protection and Management Act (UUPPLH) the process of enforcing environmental law through civil procedures is regulated in Chapter XIII Articles 84 to 93. In order to provide legal clarity in law enforcement, efforts are being made to solve environmental problems that emerge in Indonesia. Environmental law enforcement is an endeavor to ensure that regulations and requirements in general and specific legal provisions are followed and implemented through administrative, civil, and criminal supervision and enforcement. With the adoption of the first environmental rules, namely Law Number 4 of 1982 Concerning Basic Provisions for Environmental Management (UUKPPLH), government policy frameworks in implementing environmental law were actualized. Then, it was later replaced by Law Number 23 of 1997 concerning Environmental Management (UUPLH), which was subsequently replaced by Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management (UUPPLH) (Tude Trisnajaya, 2013: 2). The research method used in this study was normative juridical research, which means it was done with an eye on the laws, rules, and court decisions that were relevant to the topic. Keywords: Law Enforcement, Environment, Legal Norms, Dispute Resolution.
Interviews with twelve Hawaiians, eleven of them kupuna (elders)who were raised on Hawaii, Maui, Molokai, and Oahu around the turn of the century, indicate the following attitudes and beliefs about the land. Above all the land was regarded as the provider of everything: "food, shelter over your head, and a place to plant your feet and stand firm." Land also meant work--hard work, because if you "turn your hands down to work you live; turn them up and you get nothing." For some land symbolized life, and in pre-Christian tradition mana (power). Since the 'ohana (relatives and friends) lived on the land, and their spirits returned there generation after generation, the land was also closely tied in thought with the chain of being: it was like a piko (umbilical cord). Just as one felt aloha for the 'ohana, so one felt toward the land on which the 'ohana worked, lived, and stayed in eternity. Aloha for the 'aina was expressed by attitudes of respect, returning gifts to the land, beautifying it, and using it properly (not greedily). More than anything else land, and all that was associated with it, gave a sense of identity to Hawaiians. Thus, for example, aloha 'aina meant love of country during the years when Hawaii's government was being overthrown. Thus it is understandable that those concerned with their Hawaiian heritage today, regardless of their religious or political beliefs, look first to the land which in former times was theirs.
By 1965, behavioral social science had become a widely accepted approach to the scientific study of man and his politics. Any uncertainty as to what constituted a proper social science seemed to be raised most deeply by writers acquainted with the nature of physical science which most social science methodology seemed desparately to emulate. Recent comments by Nobel physicist Hideki Yukawa seem to indicate that little has changed in the physicist's scientific method in the last ten years and it would appear to be time to review those theories which prompted some radical reconsideration of the nature of both natural and social science over the last decade. The ideas which seem to lead to such a reconsideration include Werner Heisenberg's principle of uncertainty — that the observer's attempt to pin-point one phenomenon in nature disrupts or interferes with closely related phenomena; and Niels Bohr's principle of complimentarity where two seemingly different or contradictory theories when taken together offer a more complete understanding of a given phenomenon in the physical world. Michael Polanyi's notions of "tacit knowledge"and "indwelling" indicate that "we know more than we can tell" and that our view of isolated and detailed aspects of reality are rooted in a "prior knowledge"or even "involvement" in a larger whole. The capability of seeing or sharing in such larger wholes has been considered by humanistic psychologist Abraham Maslow as a measure of the scientist's maturity. A social scientist is open to more when he is a healthy person. Empathy, participation and man's purposefulness are the three human characteristics considered in this paper all of which seem to appear as the crux of a science of man by which all science must reinterpret its own methodology. To so interpret such characteristics rather than tailoring them to fit existing physical and behavioral scientific method and theory is to put certain ethical and political responsibilities of the social scientist at the very center of the nature, method and theory of our understanding of man and the science of man. The theories of Heisenberg, Bohr, Polanyi and Maslow support such a radical reinterpretation and the conclusion of the paper is that such a reinterpretation does not so much redefine social science in the light of natural science, but puts a reconsideration of the nature of man and science at center stage, so that a total regeneration of all science may be possible.
One of the most crucial problems which hinders educational advancement in Thailand is the lack of qualified textbooks. The Ministry of Education of Tha1land has been striving to solve the problem by taking charge of printing the textbooks and selecting and approving the textbooks to be used in the schools throughout the kingdom. The Thai government also encourages the Thai educators to supply more textbooks to meet the needs of the country by various procedures and methods. Due to many reasons, the need for suitable textbooks for each grade level is apparently high. The present study is an attempt to resolve some problems in education in relation to the teaching of social studies in the eighth grade in the Demonstration School of Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. It proposes a guide for developing the knowledge necessary to understanding modern day Thailand. The purpose is to provide not merely a random description but to point toward a more basic understanding of the processes of change in politics, economics and culture in relation to geographical background of the country from its origin in the Central Asia to the Ayudhya period. The content of the book is designed in accordance with the social studies curriculum constructed by the Ministry of Education of Thailand. The book is divided into five major parts. The first part is an effort to characterize the general background of contemporary Thailand concerning its location, its political, geographical and economic aspects. The second part deals with the historical background of the Thais before their settlement in the Indo- Chinese Peninsula. The third part presents the foundation of the Thai kingdoms in the Indo-Chinese Peninsula. The fourth part describes the historical background of the Sukhothai kingdom, including its geographical, governmental and cultural aspects. The fifth part presents the establishment of the Ayudhya kingdom and its cultural aspects which are considered the grass roots of the cultural development of modern day Thailand. As this study is proposed to be used for experimental purpose in the Demonstration School of Chulalongkorn University, the writer hopes that it will serve the need of the University as well as the writer's interest. It is also hoped that the result of this study will bring about further study on the same theme but at different levels, in the near future.
