In different countries the profession of social work has "done its work" for more or less than a century. In Lithuania its history is revived and closely related to social transformation that has taken place after the restoration of Independence in 1990. The question of how fully, if at all, social work has achieved professional status has been debated throughout the last century. It is known that efforts to evaluate whether social work is a "semi-profession" or a "fullydeveloped" profession have been made by J. Baird. Already in 1972 social work was considered as a profession. In the opinion of J. Baird to evaluate the status of the profession depends on whether social work is being measured by classical criteria of once "free" professions, or by contemporary criteria that are relevant to helping professions which are substiantially committed to public and governmental service enterprise. The present picture of the professionalization of social work has changed. American social work's aspirations to professionalization is a natural process in a liberal market economy, because the profession is created and strengthened as a result of the personal interests of those earning a living by it. The status of social work as a profession is not unequivocally fixed. There are some aspects that are considered as negative to the professionalization of social work. Namely, the private practice of social work which is said has been growing dynamically since the middle of the 20th century. But with the dramatic rise of medical care, social workers are said to return to their original mission. The nature of professional practice in any particular state is grounded in the historical and cultural context as mediated through political, economical and social systems. This makes social work difficult to define at the global level, and attempts to identify a universal essence of social work are problematic. Despite this apparent difficulty, there are some general definitions of social work. Definitions provoke many questions. Is it possible to develop a universal definition of social work? If so, how well does this definition describe social work throughout the world? Does this definition apply to social work where I live? And the like. At the beginning of the 21st century, the European countries have faced many problems of a different nature. In order to understand the nature of these problems an attempt is made to categorize them. Much is asked of social workers, and they are ones that are expected to make a difference by empowering human beings to change self and society. The conclusion is that it is worthwhile to explore, review social work as a profession because, according to Midgley, there is a "need to develop a broad international approach to the study of social work to generate a global awareness that enhances the ability of social workers to transcend their preocupation with the local and contextualize their role within a global setting"
In different countries the profession of social work has "done its work" for more or less than a century. In Lithuania its history is revived and closely related to social transformation that has taken place after the restoration of Independence in 1990. The question of how fully, if at all, social work has achieved professional status has been debated throughout the last century. It is known that efforts to evaluate whether social work is a "semi-profession" or a "fullydeveloped" profession have been made by J. Baird. Already in 1972 social work was considered as a profession. In the opinion of J. Baird to evaluate the status of the profession depends on whether social work is being measured by classical criteria of once "free" professions, or by contemporary criteria that are relevant to helping professions which are substiantially committed to public and governmental service enterprise. The present picture of the professionalization of social work has changed. American social work's aspirations to professionalization is a natural process in a liberal market economy, because the profession is created and strengthened as a result of the personal interests of those earning a living by it. The status of social work as a profession is not unequivocally fixed. There are some aspects that are considered as negative to the professionalization of social work. Namely, the private practice of social work which is said has been growing dynamically since the middle of the 20th century. But with the dramatic rise of medical care, social workers are said to return to their original mission. The nature of professional practice in any particular state is grounded in the historical and cultural context as mediated through political, economical and social systems. This makes social work difficult to define at the global level, and attempts to identify a universal essence of social work are problematic. Despite this apparent difficulty, there are some general definitions of social work. Definitions provoke many questions. Is it possible to develop a universal definition of social work? If so, how well does this definition describe social work throughout the world? Does this definition apply to social work where I live? And the like. At the beginning of the 21st century, the European countries have faced many problems of a different nature. In order to understand the nature of these problems an attempt is made to categorize them. Much is asked of social workers, and they are ones that are expected to make a difference by empowering human beings to change self and society. The conclusion is that it is worthwhile to explore, review social work as a profession because, according to Midgley, there is a "need to develop a broad international approach to the study of social work to generate a global awareness that enhances the ability of social workers to transcend their preocupation with the local and contextualize their role within a global setting"
The Sociological Aspects of Mass Media: Reality Construction SUMMARY Mass media is a powerful society institution that has a power to create stereotypes, that's why some questions arise: is Lithuanian society adequately informed about the events in the country and abroad? Does mass media always properly use its symbolic? Does her action always match the interests of civil society? Lithuanian mass media is not only the most trustful institution in Lithuania but also is one of the most important sources of information. The high level of mass media confidence, controversial and questionable presentation of information and events in Lithuanian society and the intention to look at this social institution from the other point of view – not from the audience but from the agent of mass media, encouraged to take an interest in this social institution and try to reveal its working principles in selecting, processing and presenting information to the society. The purpose of this work is to reveal an inner ideology of the mass media and critically evaluate the mass media as a mean of reality construction on the ground of the experience of mass media agents. There are reviewed the common features and peculiarity of the press and television. The common mass media aspects are analyzed on the ground of various sociological and communicative theories that are assigned to mass media. There are discussed M. McLuhan's, J. Baudrillard's, C. McCullagh's, P. Berger's, T. Luckmann's and some others theoretical ideas. On the ground of the experience of mass media's agents, there are revealed the main principles of information selection, the stylistic and technical means to present the infomation and the strategy and commercial interest of the mass media. Our knowledge of the world is formed by the information that mass media agents present to us. In this selective way the agents of mass media have a power to form and restrict our perception of the reality. The news that we receive, are the versions of events, presented and formed by the agents of mass media, that are depend on their relations and possibilities, experience, expertise and moral values, political attitude and their chance to reach the news-makers. Mass media can service for the purpose of the civil society at the same time be interested in its commercial interests. Everything depends on the inner ideology, i.e. on the principles of information selection, its processing and presenting.
The Sociological Aspects of Mass Media: Reality Construction SUMMARY Mass media is a powerful society institution that has a power to create stereotypes, that's why some questions arise: is Lithuanian society adequately informed about the events in the country and abroad? Does mass media always properly use its symbolic? Does her action always match the interests of civil society? Lithuanian mass media is not only the most trustful institution in Lithuania but also is one of the most important sources of information. The high level of mass media confidence, controversial and questionable presentation of information and events in Lithuanian society and the intention to look at this social institution from the other point of view – not from the audience but from the agent of mass media, encouraged to take an interest in this social institution and try to reveal its working principles in selecting, processing and presenting information to the society. The purpose of this work is to reveal an inner ideology of the mass media and critically evaluate the mass media as a mean of reality construction on the ground of the experience of mass media agents. There are reviewed the common features and peculiarity of the press and television. The common mass media aspects are analyzed on the ground of various sociological and communicative theories that are assigned to mass media. There are discussed M. McLuhan's, J. Baudrillard's, C. McCullagh's, P. Berger's, T. Luckmann's and some others theoretical ideas. On the ground of the experience of mass media's agents, there are revealed the main principles of information selection, the stylistic and technical means to present the infomation and the strategy and commercial interest of the mass media. Our knowledge of the world is formed by the information that mass media agents present to us. In this selective way the agents of mass media have a power to form and restrict our perception of the reality. The news that we receive, are the versions of events, presented and formed by the agents of mass media, that are depend on their relations and possibilities, experience, expertise and moral values, political attitude and their chance to reach the news-makers. Mass media can service for the purpose of the civil society at the same time be interested in its commercial interests. Everything depends on the inner ideology, i.e. on the principles of information selection, its processing and presenting.
The final Master's work topic in Public Sector Economics is relevant since gender mainstreaming in the budget – is one of guarantees of high economic power. Legislation is insufficient to prevent gender inequality, which is deeply rooted in our society and supports the stereotypical approach to men's and women's roles. The main problem in this work: budget – one of the most important tools in implementing the decisions taken by politicians, that is way the opinion that it is and should be gender-neutral is false and, from a state of economic growth and the country's welfare perspective, costs a lot to society. The research subject is gender-sensitive budget, which may improve the gender analysis of the state budget in the context of resource allocation. The integration of gender aspect in the budget is a process when the the state budget is being considered, in order to determine whether it evaluates different social roles of men and women, and modifications are being suggested in order to implement the actual gender equality. The aim of this work is to demonstrate the importance of gender aspect, when the state budget is being formed. Currently, the allotment of budget in Lithuania does not consider gender, hereby inequality between women and men increases. To achieve the higher mentioned aim the tasks are put in: 1. to lay the analysis of foreign countries and Lithuania in the context of gender equality; 2. to justify the necessity of gender-sensitive budget in Lithuania; 3. to investigate the women's impact on gross domestic product (GDP) in Lithuania; 4. when the anlysis of the state and munivipal budgets is done, to compare their expense in the context of gender aspect; 5. to explore the tax revenue of the state and municipal budgets in the context of gender aspect; 6. to compare the tax burden, that goes to men and women; 7. to analyse the role of gender in large and small and medium business; 8. to investigate the affect of value added tax concession for food on women's economical and social status. Hypotheses in this work: 1. Lithuanian GDP structure does not reflect this important economic sector, as the so-called reproductive economy, which is "responsible" for the reproduction of human potential and for quality of human resources, and in wich value-added is being generated as well. And that brings marked contribution to the country's GDP. Human resource and labor costs remain invisible in the economy, reproductive work remains outside of the country's GDP, it can't be measured and paid; 2. State budget is not gender neutral. The allocation of expenditure affects differently upon women's and men's social and economical status. Herewith, the revenue and expenditure of budget is under the negative influence of gender asymmetry; 3. State and municipal budgets in Lithuania are actually formed in gender philosophy. Gender asymmetry could be seen when the expenditure of national budget is being allocated . In this way, gender inequalities are being kind of encouraged; 4. The existing tax system in Lithuania have unequal impact on women's and men's social-economic situation. Higher tax burden goes to women than men. Methods used in this work: 1. the analysis of data and graphs of the Department of Statistics and the Ministry of Finance; 2. the analysis of the expense and tax revenue of the state and municipal budgets; 3. regression analysis (statistical program Eviews); 4. graphic analysis (Excel). The combination of econometric and economic research parts, has shown that the meat prices, excluding value added tax (supplier prices), does not affect the cash flow of household consumption expenditure for meat. Therefore the benefit of the concession does not reach the end user (a woman), and so it devolves upon on supplier (a man). All of the above hypotheses have been adopted, when the data analysis and research was done. The principal conclusions were that there is obvious gender inequality in the state budget, women pay more taxes and receive lower part of allocations, also the tx concession that is devoted to consumers (women) doesn't "reach" them and sinks in the suppliers (men) profit. The first part is devoted to analyse the theoretical aspects and to describe the gender equality programs that were put in practice in Lithuania and other foreign countries. The second part is devoted to the structural and dynamic analysis in gender aspect of expense of state and municipal budgets in Lithuania. There was also studied women's contribution to GDP in Lithuania. In the third paragraph there was analyzed tax revenue of the national budget and the tax burden on the public and private sectors in gender aspect. In this part with the aid of statistical program Eviews and Excel there has been also analyzed the affect of value added tax concession for food on women's economical and social status.
The final Master's work topic in Public Sector Economics is relevant since gender mainstreaming in the budget – is one of guarantees of high economic power. Legislation is insufficient to prevent gender inequality, which is deeply rooted in our society and supports the stereotypical approach to men's and women's roles. The main problem in this work: budget – one of the most important tools in implementing the decisions taken by politicians, that is way the opinion that it is and should be gender-neutral is false and, from a state of economic growth and the country's welfare perspective, costs a lot to society. The research subject is gender-sensitive budget, which may improve the gender analysis of the state budget in the context of resource allocation. The integration of gender aspect in the budget is a process when the the state budget is being considered, in order to determine whether it evaluates different social roles of men and women, and modifications are being suggested in order to implement the actual gender equality. The aim of this work is to demonstrate the importance of gender aspect, when the state budget is being formed. Currently, the allotment of budget in Lithuania does not consider gender, hereby inequality between women and men increases. To achieve the higher mentioned aim the tasks are put in: 1. to lay the analysis of foreign countries and Lithuania in the context of gender equality; 2. to justify the necessity of gender-sensitive budget in Lithuania; 3. to investigate the women's impact on gross domestic product (GDP) in Lithuania; 4. when the anlysis of the state and munivipal budgets is done, to compare their expense in the context of gender aspect; 5. to explore the tax revenue of the state and municipal budgets in the context of gender aspect; 6. to compare the tax burden, that goes to men and women; 7. to analyse the role of gender in large and small and medium business; 8. to investigate the affect of value added tax concession for food on women's economical and social status. Hypotheses in this work: 1. Lithuanian GDP structure does not reflect this important economic sector, as the so-called reproductive economy, which is "responsible" for the reproduction of human potential and for quality of human resources, and in wich value-added is being generated as well. And that brings marked contribution to the country's GDP. Human resource and labor costs remain invisible in the economy, reproductive work remains outside of the country's GDP, it can't be measured and paid; 2. State budget is not gender neutral. The allocation of expenditure affects differently upon women's and men's social and economical status. Herewith, the revenue and expenditure of budget is under the negative influence of gender asymmetry; 3. State and municipal budgets in Lithuania are actually formed in gender philosophy. Gender asymmetry could be seen when the expenditure of national budget is being allocated . In this way, gender inequalities are being kind of encouraged; 4. The existing tax system in Lithuania have unequal impact on women's and men's social-economic situation. Higher tax burden goes to women than men. Methods used in this work: 1. the analysis of data and graphs of the Department of Statistics and the Ministry of Finance; 2. the analysis of the expense and tax revenue of the state and municipal budgets; 3. regression analysis (statistical program Eviews); 4. graphic analysis (Excel). The combination of econometric and economic research parts, has shown that the meat prices, excluding value added tax (supplier prices), does not affect the cash flow of household consumption expenditure for meat. Therefore the benefit of the concession does not reach the end user (a woman), and so it devolves upon on supplier (a man). All of the above hypotheses have been adopted, when the data analysis and research was done. The principal conclusions were that there is obvious gender inequality in the state budget, women pay more taxes and receive lower part of allocations, also the tx concession that is devoted to consumers (women) doesn't "reach" them and sinks in the suppliers (men) profit. The first part is devoted to analyse the theoretical aspects and to describe the gender equality programs that were put in practice in Lithuania and other foreign countries. The second part is devoted to the structural and dynamic analysis in gender aspect of expense of state and municipal budgets in Lithuania. There was also studied women's contribution to GDP in Lithuania. In the third paragraph there was analyzed tax revenue of the national budget and the tax burden on the public and private sectors in gender aspect. In this part with the aid of statistical program Eviews and Excel there has been also analyzed the affect of value added tax concession for food on women's economical and social status.
Hunting legal regulation. Theoretical and practical aspects. Wildlife is public and all humanity distinctive natural inheritance, aesthetical, scientific, cultural and even economical worth. Hunting as the humans preserve and the social institute is miscellaneous expression which includes management of wildlife population (regulation and control), spare – time and work activities. The government has constitutional obligation to guarantee protection of animals living in the wild, protection of their resource and their rational practice. Wherefore the government creates rules in order to ordain the exclusive regulation of using some sort of wild animals which guarantee protection and rational their use. Every year the number of breach of hunting regulation increases. The increasing number of breach of hunting the regulation determinates the relevance of this theme. On the other side the shortage of legal literature about environmental law and administrative responsibility determinates the relevance of this theme too. For the breach of hunting rules in Lithuanian Republic the responsibility is regulated in several legal acts and the man, the breaker, responsible for the breach of hunting rules can be brought to criminal, civil or administrative responsibility. There is the study of administrative responsibility for the breach of hunting rules and the consideration of singularity of such responsibility by theoretical aspects, analysis of practical problems connected to put in practice administrative responsibility. In this theme the attention is laid on the breaches and on the separation of several responsibilities of the breaches of hunting rules. The attention is directed to the purpose of the responsibility and its importance. This study composes of two parts, which are brought into several smaller formations. In the first pat of this study the main point was to traverse legal documents which are important in regulating the hunting, discussing such actual questions as the property right on wild animals, the question of creating hunting areas and other questions of the hunting procedure. In the second part of the study the main theme was analyzed the legal composition of the breach of hunting rules, the problems solving such breaches and the juridical practice on the breakers. In that part there is discussed about perspectives solving the breaches of hunting rules and the juridical practice on the breakers.
Hunting legal regulation. Theoretical and practical aspects. Wildlife is public and all humanity distinctive natural inheritance, aesthetical, scientific, cultural and even economical worth. Hunting as the humans preserve and the social institute is miscellaneous expression which includes management of wildlife population (regulation and control), spare – time and work activities. The government has constitutional obligation to guarantee protection of animals living in the wild, protection of their resource and their rational practice. Wherefore the government creates rules in order to ordain the exclusive regulation of using some sort of wild animals which guarantee protection and rational their use. Every year the number of breach of hunting regulation increases. The increasing number of breach of hunting the regulation determinates the relevance of this theme. On the other side the shortage of legal literature about environmental law and administrative responsibility determinates the relevance of this theme too. For the breach of hunting rules in Lithuanian Republic the responsibility is regulated in several legal acts and the man, the breaker, responsible for the breach of hunting rules can be brought to criminal, civil or administrative responsibility. There is the study of administrative responsibility for the breach of hunting rules and the consideration of singularity of such responsibility by theoretical aspects, analysis of practical problems connected to put in practice administrative responsibility. In this theme the attention is laid on the breaches and on the separation of several responsibilities of the breaches of hunting rules. The attention is directed to the purpose of the responsibility and its importance. This study composes of two parts, which are brought into several smaller formations. In the first pat of this study the main point was to traverse legal documents which are important in regulating the hunting, discussing such actual questions as the property right on wild animals, the question of creating hunting areas and other questions of the hunting procedure. In the second part of the study the main theme was analyzed the legal composition of the breach of hunting rules, the problems solving such breaches and the juridical practice on the breakers. In that part there is discussed about perspectives solving the breaches of hunting rules and the juridical practice on the breakers.
The idea of harmonizing economic growth with the laws of development of society and the environment is expressed in the concept of sustainable development. In the frame of sustainable development an exceptional importance is attached to studying material flows, therefore management of waste flows must not contradict the principles of sustainable development. In agreement with M. Jacobs, it is possible to affirm that waste management in the context of sustainable development means using materials in closed cycles. Investigating socio-economic efficiency of municipal waste management means studying the organizational waste management process and factors disclosing characteristic features of this process, making deep comparative socio-economic analysis of waste management options and studying waste managements acts both on national and local level in order to reveal the ways of increasing socio-economic efficiency in municipal waste management. This study is induced by the necessity of changing the traditional waste management of depositing it in landfills, by recycling using not only national and international funds, but by mobilizing resources of local waste management systems as well. It is natural, that the policy of waste management, in which neither the scale of economic damage nor future waste management expenditure were evaluated, was orientated towards disposal of waste in refuse dumps. This means transferring problems to future generations, and this cardinally contradicts the concept of sustainable development. Therefore the question arises, what waste management systems should be considered to be efficient from the socio-economic viewpoint. Researches made in EU countries show that these are systems resources of which are directed to waste recycling and continuous its development. In Lithuania, the importance of waste management is emphasized in national strategy of environmental protection and waste recycling promotion has become the most significant waste management task in recent years, therefore attention is given to socio-economic waste management results. For establishing regional waste management systems, to cover the expenses of collecting, sorting out and transporting secondary materials, two main sources of funds are foreseen, that is, general tariff (or local levy) and funds from "Program of product and packaging waste management". Fixing general tariff depending on treatment expenses for separate waste flows or setting two-tariff charge on sorted and mixed waste is assigned to most urgent means, not only stimulating collection of secondary material but supporting financially the development of this process as well. However, when increasing general tariff all variables should be evaluated, i. e., tendencies in changes of amount and composition of the waste, distribution of wasteholders, number of waste operators on the market, their internal resources available and efficiency of their usage, etc. Otherwise, increase of tariff may be based neither in a social nor in an economic aspect. In the research, waste management priorities in the context of a sustainable development are revealed (based on socio-economic aspects) and internal reserves of municipal waste management systems due to which socio-economical waste management efficiency can be increased are identified. Research problem. Socio-economic and environmental aspects of waste management as well as the role of waste materials in the system of sustainable development have been more or less investigated in works of foreign scientists, the problems of municipal waste management have been analyzed in publications of international organizations as well as in works by foreign authors. In these studies, most attention is concentrated on the process "exploitation of natural resources – economic growth – waste formation" analysis and feasibility studies for modifying it in order to achieve sustainable development aims. Publications of international organizations contain abundant technical and statistical information on waste formation and management, nevertheless, economic studies are scarce, superficial and usually based on the experience of a separate country. They are important from a practical point of view and are of rather educational than scientific character. Among Lithuanian scientists theoretical aspects of sustainable development most widely have been investigated by R. Čiegis, feasibility researches of sustainable development are being carried out in separate sectors of economy – issues of sustainable transport development are being investigated by G. Paliulis, G. Ignatavičius, V. Oškinis, issues of sustainable development in energetics are studies by V. Jankauskas, D. Štreimikienė, I. Konstantavičiūtė, feasibility studies in sustainable development of industry are researched by J. Staniškis, V. Arbačiauskas, V. Pivoras, sustainable development of tourism is investigated by A. Rondomanskaitė, R. Hopenienė, A. Kamičaitė. And other scientists. Scientists give more and more consideration to studies of relationship between sustainable development and public interests, issues of regional and local sustainability and problems of evaluating sustainable development. Scientific studies on socio-economical aspects of municipal waste management are scanty. Works by A. Spruogis and B. Jaskelevičius, J. Čepinskis, A. Jankauskas, M. Ubartas, A. Lebedis, J. Danys, B. Zigmontienė, S. Vasarevičius and sociological researches carried out by the scientists of Kaunas University and the author of this thesis in cooperation with the scientists of Šiauliai University should be mentioned. So far, little attention has been given to research in efficiency of municipal waste management systems and analysis of the problems of managing and financing these systems. Scientific works on assessment of government policy in the field of waste management are scarce and there are few expert analysis about the effectiveness of regulations and economic instruments applied and their influence on the development of waste treatment methods. Not much research has been carried out in the works by Lithuanian authors on the issue of municipal waste management in the context of sustainable development. The review of research and studies in socio-economic problems of municipal waste management in the context of a sustainable development shows their fragmentariness. Modeling an efficient in socio-economic aspect municipal waste management system in the context of sustainable development requires purposeful theoretical studies and empiric research. The subject of the scientific research is socio-economic aspects of municipal waste management system.
The idea of harmonizing economic growth with the laws of development of society and the environment is expressed in the concept of sustainable development. In the frame of sustainable development an exceptional importance is attached to studying material flows, therefore management of waste flows must not contradict the principles of sustainable development. In agreement with M. Jacobs, it is possible to affirm that waste management in the context of sustainable development means using materials in closed cycles. Investigating socio-economic efficiency of municipal waste management means studying the organizational waste management process and factors disclosing characteristic features of this process, making deep comparative socio-economic analysis of waste management options and studying waste managements acts both on national and local level in order to reveal the ways of increasing socio-economic efficiency in municipal waste management. This study is induced by the necessity of changing the traditional waste management of depositing it in landfills, by recycling using not only national and international funds, but by mobilizing resources of local waste management systems as well. It is natural, that the policy of waste management, in which neither the scale of economic damage nor future waste management expenditure were evaluated, was orientated towards disposal of waste in refuse dumps. This means transferring problems to future generations, and this cardinally contradicts the concept of sustainable development. Therefore the question arises, what waste management systems should be considered to be efficient from the socio-economic viewpoint. Researches made in EU countries show that these are systems resources of which are directed to waste recycling and continuous its development. In Lithuania, the importance of waste management is emphasized in national strategy of environmental protection and waste recycling promotion has become the most significant waste management task in recent years, therefore attention is given to socio-economic waste management results. For establishing regional waste management systems, to cover the expenses of collecting, sorting out and transporting secondary materials, two main sources of funds are foreseen, that is, general tariff (or local levy) and funds from "Program of product and packaging waste management". Fixing general tariff depending on treatment expenses for separate waste flows or setting two-tariff charge on sorted and mixed waste is assigned to most urgent means, not only stimulating collection of secondary material but supporting financially the development of this process as well. However, when increasing general tariff all variables should be evaluated, i. e., tendencies in changes of amount and composition of the waste, distribution of wasteholders, number of waste operators on the market, their internal resources available and efficiency of their usage, etc. Otherwise, increase of tariff may be based neither in a social nor in an economic aspect. In the research, waste management priorities in the context of a sustainable development are revealed (based on socio-economic aspects) and internal reserves of municipal waste management systems due to which socio-economical waste management efficiency can be increased are identified. Research problem. Socio-economic and environmental aspects of waste management as well as the role of waste materials in the system of sustainable development have been more or less investigated in works of foreign scientists, the problems of municipal waste management have been analyzed in publications of international organizations as well as in works by foreign authors. In these studies, most attention is concentrated on the process "exploitation of natural resources – economic growth – waste formation" analysis and feasibility studies for modifying it in order to achieve sustainable development aims. Publications of international organizations contain abundant technical and statistical information on waste formation and management, nevertheless, economic studies are scarce, superficial and usually based on the experience of a separate country. They are important from a practical point of view and are of rather educational than scientific character. Among Lithuanian scientists theoretical aspects of sustainable development most widely have been investigated by R. Čiegis, feasibility researches of sustainable development are being carried out in separate sectors of economy – issues of sustainable transport development are being investigated by G. Paliulis, G. Ignatavičius, V. Oškinis, issues of sustainable development in energetics are studies by V. Jankauskas, D. Štreimikienė, I. Konstantavičiūtė, feasibility studies in sustainable development of industry are researched by J. Staniškis, V. Arbačiauskas, V. Pivoras, sustainable development of tourism is investigated by A. Rondomanskaitė, R. Hopenienė, A. Kamičaitė. And other scientists. Scientists give more and more consideration to studies of relationship between sustainable development and public interests, issues of regional and local sustainability and problems of evaluating sustainable development. Scientific studies on socio-economical aspects of municipal waste management are scanty. Works by A. Spruogis and B. Jaskelevičius, J. Čepinskis, A. Jankauskas, M. Ubartas, A. Lebedis, J. Danys, B. Zigmontienė, S. Vasarevičius and sociological researches carried out by the scientists of Kaunas University and the author of this thesis in cooperation with the scientists of Šiauliai University should be mentioned. So far, little attention has been given to research in efficiency of municipal waste management systems and analysis of the problems of managing and financing these systems. Scientific works on assessment of government policy in the field of waste management are scarce and there are few expert analysis about the effectiveness of regulations and economic instruments applied and their influence on the development of waste treatment methods. Not much research has been carried out in the works by Lithuanian authors on the issue of municipal waste management in the context of sustainable development. The review of research and studies in socio-economic problems of municipal waste management in the context of a sustainable development shows their fragmentariness. Modeling an efficient in socio-economic aspect municipal waste management system in the context of sustainable development requires purposeful theoretical studies and empiric research. The subject of the scientific research is socio-economic aspects of municipal waste management system.
This article deals with concept of gender mainstreaming based on Lithuanian and EU documents and scientific literature. Gender mainstreaming concentrates main attention towards both problems of men and women in their private and public lives. For the equity between men and women to become reality it is an imperative not only to solve specific problems of men and women, but also to understand them as complex issues incorporated in real life situations. This practically can be achieved through consistent integration of gender aspects into legal documents, programmes and policies related to institutions active in society. In order to accomplish gender mainstreaming two elements are of key importance – adequate and relevant understanding of strategy and specific methods of gender aspect integration in public institution practices. Two methods for the integration of gender mainstreaming in social care institutions at the municipal level and for direct social work practice are represented and discussed.
This article deals with concept of gender mainstreaming based on Lithuanian and EU documents and scientific literature. Gender mainstreaming concentrates main attention towards both problems of men and women in their private and public lives. For the equity between men and women to become reality it is an imperative not only to solve specific problems of men and women, but also to understand them as complex issues incorporated in real life situations. This practically can be achieved through consistent integration of gender aspects into legal documents, programmes and policies related to institutions active in society. In order to accomplish gender mainstreaming two elements are of key importance – adequate and relevant understanding of strategy and specific methods of gender aspect integration in public institution practices. Two methods for the integration of gender mainstreaming in social care institutions at the municipal level and for direct social work practice are represented and discussed.
This article deals with concept of gender mainstreaming based on Lithuanian and EU documents and scientific literature. Gender mainstreaming concentrates main attention towards both problems of men and women in their private and public lives. For the equity between men and women to become reality it is an imperative not only to solve specific problems of men and women, but also to understand them as complex issues incorporated in real life situations. This practically can be achieved through consistent integration of gender aspects into legal documents, programmes and policies related to institutions active in society. In order to accomplish gender mainstreaming two elements are of key importance – adequate and relevant understanding of strategy and specific methods of gender aspect integration in public institution practices. Two methods for the integration of gender mainstreaming in social care institutions at the municipal level and for direct social work practice are represented and discussed.
Political, economical and social changes in our country started after regaining independence. It had a lot of influence on all strata of society in all spheres of life. The main aim of the present work was to review the women's and men's position in the labour market by sociological research. The paper offers a discussion of the influence of the labour market on the women's status in Lithuania and of the reasons for a specific status of women in labour market. The problems such as the discrimination and segregation of women in the labour market are formulated. In Lithuania, where the features of a patriarchal society are still quite distinct, women are becoming more resolute to join the labour market and in this way realize their professional abilities and skills, to take a more active part in social life, as well as to ensure economic independence for themselves. Analysis of the equal opportunities in the labour market shows that despite advanced laws assuring equal opportunities and positive changes in society, the problem of women's discrimination at work is rather acute in our country.
Political, economical and social changes in our country started after regaining independence. It had a lot of influence on all strata of society in all spheres of life. The main aim of the present work was to review the women's and men's position in the labour market by sociological research. The paper offers a discussion of the influence of the labour market on the women's status in Lithuania and of the reasons for a specific status of women in labour market. The problems such as the discrimination and segregation of women in the labour market are formulated. In Lithuania, where the features of a patriarchal society are still quite distinct, women are becoming more resolute to join the labour market and in this way realize their professional abilities and skills, to take a more active part in social life, as well as to ensure economic independence for themselves. Analysis of the equal opportunities in the labour market shows that despite advanced laws assuring equal opportunities and positive changes in society, the problem of women's discrimination at work is rather acute in our country.
