Suchergebnisse

Am Beispiel einer Untersuchung mentaler kreditbezogener Strukturen von Konsumkreditnehmern wird eine neue Form sequentieller Kodierung vorgestellt. Diese Form der Kodierung basiert auf einer bewussten Auflösung von Widersprüchen in den Aussagen von Einzelpersonen. Ziel ist, durch diese Auflösung Aussagen auf Personenebene ohne Sinnverlust treffen zu können. Gleichzeitig vereinfacht die Reduktion der Codes auf Personenebene quantitative Zusatzanalysen und eine Kombination von quantitativen und qualitativen Daten.

"Ausgehend von Bourdieus Konzeption der Somatisierung der Herrschaftsverhältnisse wird untersucht, inwieweit diese Denkfigur nutzbar gemacht werden kann, die Inkorporierung der sozial hergestellten Speziesdifferenz kritisch zu reflektieren. Zunächst wird gezeigt, wie sich die Wahrnehmung von Lebewesen als Gattungswesen 'Mensch' und 'Tier' an die von den legitimatorischen Stützkonzeptionen der Sinnwelten (Berger/ Luckmann) - hier v.a. von den Naturwissenschaften - bereitgestellten Schemata anlehnt; und wie dieser Rekonstruktionsprozess schließlich die interspezifische Macht- und Herrschaftsbeziehung naturalisiert. Der Körper ist sodann der Ort, an dem sich diese Strukturen (hier: die Herrschaft über Tiere) materialisieren (Paula-Irene Villa); denn den Wahrnehmungs- und Deutungsmustern entsprächen Handlungsprogramme, die bestimmte Körperpraxen evozierten. Es wird skizziert, inwieweit sich diese Programme auf unterschiedliche Weise den Körpern von 'Mensch' und 'Tier' einschreiben: Menschen stellen ihre Spezieszugehörigkeit durch bestimmte Körperpraktiken dar. Die menschlichen Subjekte sind zudem an der Zuschreibung von Spezieszugehörigkeit beteiligt. Sie machen Tiere zu 'Fremden'. Die Behandlung der tierlichen Anderen durch die menschliche Gesellschaft, so wird dargelegt, manifestiert sich zumeist im Gebrauch ihrer Körper als Ding, als Materie. Es wird die These vertreten, dass aufgrund der einseitigen Zuschreibung von Spezieszugehörigkeit (Tiere inszenieren ihre Spezieszuschreibung nicht, sie ist ihnen keine 'zweite Natur', sondern äußerlich), die Somatisierung der Naturbeherrschung tierlichen Individuen als direkte Gewalt entgegen tritt: Der Gewaltstreich der sozialen Welt (Pierre Bourdieu) prägt sich ihren Körpern über gesellschaftlich organisierte Macht- und Disziplinierungstechniken ein. Da die Körperkonzepte einseitig von der menschlichen Gesellschaft hergestellt werden, bieten sie zudem einen Untersuchungsgegenstand, inwieweit der Körper von Tieren neben einer ökonomischen eine symbolische Ressource und insbesondere ein Distinktionsmittel darstellt, durch das die sozialen Einheiten der Gesellschaft ihren Habitus prägen und aufrechterhalten." (Autorenreferat)

Analyses of social contexts are almost universal in social research. In many cases, however, they are not explicitly labelled or even recognized as such. The conceptual aspect of 'context' then remains implicit in the substantive research question - such as when investigating the effects of 'social background' as a characteristic of an individual's parental or family context. Systematic commonalities can be found among various analyses that either implicitly or explicitly deal with social contexts and their relevance for education. This article presents a formal classification of relevant contexts and their effects on education, discusses common methodological issues of contextual analyses and gives a brief survey of important findings in relevant research areas - in particular, family effects, peer effects, school effects and effects that can be associated with larger socio-economic contexts and institutional systems.

This chapter investigates the relationship between physical space and processes of creative thinking and action. The authors build on organizational and sociological literature about social space and aesthetics, then illustrate how the latter two aspects influenced each other in five action experiments. Small mixed groups explored how they would use a studio to facilitate social innovation and to strengthen the link between the Max Stern Jezreel Valley College in Israel and the surrounding communities. Analysis of the video recordings identified seven configurations of social space that changed over time as the participants engaged in the task. The authors suggest that the undifferentiated and unencrusted nature of the space was both a source of uncertainty and potential for the participants. Some groups generated more innovative processes and products than others. The study also offers insights into the importance of embodied action and verbal discourse in innovative processes.

"Im Rahmen des Nationalen Forschungsprogramms 'Kindheit, Jugend und Generationenbeziehungen' bearbeitet das Büro für arbeits- und sozialpolitische Studien BASS derzeit ein Forschungsprojekt zum Thema 'Erben in der Schweiz'. Das Projekt konzentriert sich auf folgende Fragen: Welchen Umfang haben Erbschaften in der Schweiz, und aus welchen Motiven wird vererbt? Welchen Stellenwert haben vorgezogene Erbschaften oder Schenkungen zu Lebzeiten innerhalb der Vermögenstransfers zwischen den Generationen? Welche sozio-ökonomischen Auswirkungen ergeben sich dadurch? Entspricht das Erbrecht den Realitäten des Erbens? Gibt es Reform bedarf bei der Erbregelung oder bei der Erbschaftsbesteuerung? Es werden unterschiedliche Datenquellen ausgewertet: Eine Bevölkerungsbefragung soll Informationen über Erbschaftserfahrungen, Erbschaftserwartungen und Einschätzungen zum Thema 'Erben' liefern. Die Steuerstatistiken des Kantons Zürich ermöglichen es abzuschätzen, wie groß das Erbschaftsvolumen ist. Eine vertiefte Analyse von Steuerinventaren, die bei Todesfällen im Kanton Zürich erstellt werden, erhellen die Zusammenhänge zwischen ErblasserInnen, Erbenden und Erbschaften. Im Rahmen der Ad-hoc-Gruppe kann über erste empirische Ergebnisse berichtet werden. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf der ersten Welle der Bevölkerungsbefragung und der Auswertung der Datenbank und den Dossiers der kantonalzürcherischen Steuerbehörden. Dabei können die sozio-ökonomischen Charakteristiken von ErblasserInnen und Erbenden näher ausgeleuchtet werden. Anhand der Steuerdossiers werden interessante Erbkonstellationen vertieft untersucht: a) Fälle mit ungleichen Erbschaften unter Kindern, b) Erbschaftsfälle ohne Pflichterben, c) Erbschaftsfälle mit un-verheirateten LebenspartnerInnen als Erbenden und d) Erbschaftsfälle mit früheren lebzeitigen Zuwendungen." (Autorenreferat)

"Demographic pressures and the sustainability of the social protection systems ensure increasing the percentage of older workers in employment is at the top of the EU political agenda. Recent data demonstrate that increased employment among the 55-64 age group has been one of the most dynamic aspects of the EU labour market, rising 7.8 percent between 2000 and 2007. However, there is widespread ignorance about the quality of jobs held by this age group. Early retirement is often underpinned by discourse blaming older workers for not being able to adapt to technological and organizational changes. Sharp asymmetries in older worker employment rates between European countries refute simplistic explanations based on stereotypes suggesting, rather, the importance of the different national approaches to active ageing. In this paper, we challenge some highly diffused ideas that encourage discriminatory practices against older members of the workforce and analyse the quality of older worker employment in European Union countries." (author's abstract)

Interpreting the meaning of a document represents a fundamental challenge for current semantic analysis methods. One interesting aspect mostly neglected by existing methods is that authors of a document usually assume certain background knowledge of their intended audience. Based on this knowledge, authors usually decide what to communicate and how to communicate it. Traditionally, this kind of knowledge has been elusive to semantic analysis methods. However, with the rise of social media such as Twitter, background knowledge of intended audiences (i.e., the community of potential readers) has become explicit to some extents, i.e., it can be modeled and estimated. In this paper, we (i) systematically compare different methods for estimating background knowledge of different audiences on Twitter and (ii) investigate to what extent the background knowledge of audiences is useful for interpreting the meaning of social media messages. We find that estimating the background knowledge of social media audiences may indeed be useful for interpreting the meaning of social media messages, but that its utility depends on manifested structural characteristics of message streams.

The theory of crisis communication is usually driven by crises in the environment of corporations or those caused by the corporation itself leading to a loss of reputation and financial fallout. In 2020, the Covid-19 pandemic changed the rules of communication strategies during a crisis. Every actor was directly or indirectly affected by the consequences that arose from the emergence of the virus. It forced corporations to establish new ways of maintaining and strengthening relationships with their stakeholders, for example via social media. This paper aims to compare corporate communications before and during the pandemic regarding the Facebook and Twitter channels of three companies of the strongly inflicted mobility sector. For this purpose, 771 posts of Deutsche Bahn, Flixbus and Lufthansa in 2019 and 2020 were analyzed. The qualitative content analysis emphasized that a crisis, which was not self-inflicted, implies more mutual understanding and comprehensibility for the situation of the respective counterpart. Thus crisis management deals less with damage containment but focuses on the treatment of arising issues (cancellations, hygiene measures, uncertainty etc.). This leads to a more personal and emotional communication and profound dialogs with customers. The paper outlines several key aspects for further research and practice concerning the handling of external crises and the general use of social media platforms to strengthen symmetrical communication.

Globalization definitely has been one of the most discussed issues in social sciences during the last decade, and still is today. Despite this grown interest, the measurement of globalization still remains vague or often one-sidedly restricted to the analysis of its economic dimension, thereby neglecting the multidimensionality of the phenomenon of globalization. As a consequence, a differentiated measure of globalization covering both economic and social aspects that can be, for example, introduced into multivariate analysis of survey data as an explanatory variable, is still largely missing. In this article, we suggest a multi-dimensional globalization measure, encompassing economic, (socio-)technological, cultural, and political dimensions of global change. It builds on previous globalization measures, but extends them by additional dimensions and indicators representing central facets of a genuine sociological concept of globalization. Our contribution starts by shortly describing the multidimensional nature of the globalization process and then develops an overall sociological index of globalization, which we call Global- Index, covering a total of 97 different countries from 1970 to 2002. Based on this measure, we first describe the development of globalization on a worldwide scale and across economic regions. Next, we demonstrate the potential of the Global-Index for the analysis of contemporary survey data by illustratively including it into two micro-level longitudinal analyses of labor market transitions during the early career in Germany and the United Kingdom." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Examines moral theories of commodification & the debate over what ought or ought not be marketized. Moral questions tend to arise about commodification particular to the source from which goods are pulled into the market. Issues of social justice derive chiefly from the commodification of public goods. Problems of debasement appear when valued objects & practices are drawn from the realm of intimacy into the market. These are fragmentary moral theories of commodification. There are, however, moral theories that are distinctly about commodification & that offer a unified narrative of commodification's moral aspect, theories that are here explored. K. Coddon

"The contribution pertains to several aspects of ethnic segregation. The first is how segregation and social integration are related. The second is the crucial question which dimensions of segregation can be distinguished and how we can measure them. In the next section, results from studies of ethnic segregation in Germany are presented. The evidence is then discussed in the light of general hypotheses explaining ethnic segregation, specifically, the aspect of spatial correlates of social integration. A multilevel model of ethnic segregation is suggested. In the final section the results are resumed and suggestions for further research are given." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

The two documents which are the subject of the present study, made to share property in the event of divorce, help to form an image on various aspects of daily life, poorly known from other sources: household size, land property, earnings in marriage furniture, tools, animals, prices, food, secular and religious involvement of the private life etc. In addition to legal information, both inventories, which stood at the base of documents on which the property was to be divided, reveal another perspective on social history of Arad in the late eighteenth century.

The concluding chapter of Ethnicity and Causal Mechanisms summarizes the key themes of the contributions. Emphasis is placed on ethnicity as a multifaceted concept that is viewed differently by various ethnic groups. Key insights about the mechanisms that produce ethnic differences are explored, including how context affects the emergence & consolidation of differences; understandings gleaned from efforts to identify specific mechanisms that trigger differential responses among ethnic groups; & the need to eliminate both discrimination against ethnic groups & those processes that lead to social disadvantage. Promising avenues for future research are discussed, especially in relation to generational transitions; educational outcomes; socialization/social context; & ascription/ethnic variation. A discussion of the policy implications highlights the need for both a youth-centered integration policy that focuses on investing in young people as well as the institutions that serve them; & policies that give attention to the mental health aspects associated with the processes of migration & cultural/socioeconomic adaptation. References. J. Lindroth

"Since The Authoritarian Personality (Adorno, et al., 1950) appeared, many people questioned the similarity between supporters of parties and ideologies at the extreme left and right. In the West, authoritarianism correlated with conservatism and the political right. This chapter examines the relationships between authoritarianism and attitudes belonging to a broader framework of the socialist ideology. SOCID (socialist ideology) and Authoritarianism scales were administered to a sample of approximately 700 Yugoslavian college students. Both scales were factor analyzed and relationships between the extracted dimensions were analyzed. Results indicate that those aspects of the state-socialist ideology that involve more tough-minded, intolerant attitudes (e.g., militarism), were more related to authoritarianism than aspects involving more pro-social attitudes (e.g., egalitarianism)." (author's abstract).

"Since The Authoritarian Personality (Adorno, et al., 1950) appeared, many people questioned the similarity between supporters of parties and ideologies at the extreme left and right. In the West, authoritarianism correlated with conservatism and the political right. This chapter examines the relationships between authoritarianism and attitudes belonging to a broader framework of the socialist ideology. SOCID (socialist ideology) and Authoritarianism scales were administered to a sample of approximately 700 Yugoslavian college students. Both scales were factor analyzed and relationships between the extracted dimensions were analyzed. Results indicate that those aspects of the state-socialist ideology that involve more tough-minded, intolerant attitudes (e.g., militarism), were more related to authoritarianism than aspects involving more pro-social attitudes (e.g., egalitarianism)." (author's abstract)