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The educational system and youth policy were important spheres in the social policy of the American military government. The paper focuses on the problems which the American occupation authorities faced when renewing the activity of educational institutions; the basic principles of educational policy are emphasized. The military government put big emphasis on work with youth, the organization of youth's leisure, and encouraged the creation of various youth associations. ; Система образования и молодежная политика были важными направлениями деятельности американской военной администрации в социальной сфере. В статье анализируются проблемы, с которыми сталкивались американские оккупационные власти при возобновлении деятельности образовательных учреждений, выделены основные принципы образовательной политики. Большое значение военная администрация придавала работе с молодежью, организации молодежного досуга, поощряла создание различных молодежных объединений.

Правовая охрана прав журналистов является необходимым элементом общества в правовом государстве. Социальная защита этих субъектов определяется с точки зрения права на справедливую защиту, которая действует в законодательстве и мировой практике. Рассматриваются гарантии прав журналистов, их права и обязанности. ; Legal security of journalist's rights is the necessary element of society in the legal state. Social defence of these subjects is determined from the point of operating and legislation and world practice. Journalist's rights guarantees, their rights and duties are reported.

The article is devoted to the analysis of V.S. Solovyov's "Sunday Letters". Aspects of the author's dialogue with the reader within the framework of this publicist cycle are considered. The relevance of the topic is based on the importance of this work for understanding the writer's last work, "Three Conversations" and the general direction of the development of his publicist writing. The "Sunday Letters" have relatively recently come to the attention of Solovyov scholars and remain little studied. On the basis of the main premises of M.M. Bakhtin's concept of speech genres, the article examines the works included in the Solovyov cycle from a communicative perspective, highlighting several perspectives: author – addressee, author – text, addressee – text. This approach is new for Solovyov studies and productive due to the combination of literary and linguistic methods of scientific research. As a result, the general scheme of the way Solovyov the publicist constructs a communicative act with the reader established and some features of his dialogue with the audience are characterized. The article concludes that 1) Solovyov's main goal in publishing "Sunday Letters" was to organize a regular and direct dialogue with the Russian reading public on a wide range of social, political, philosophical, religious and moral issues (reflecting the influence of the tradition of F.M. Dostoevsky's "Writer's Diary"); 2) the author of the cycle primarily implemented an educational and prophetic creative strategy; 3) during 1897–1898 Solovyov distinguished between various sections of the reading public, corrected his position regarding the addressee; 4) the choice of the genre form of the work (letter-sermon) was not accidental, it was justified by the nature of the speech situation, participants of dialogue, specifics of communication sphere, subject of speech and determined the uniqueness of his style; 5) the style of the Solovyov cycle is characterized by heterogeneity, unevenness, excitement. These conclusions clarify the specifics of the author's position in the works of Solovyov the publicist, the character of his implementation of creative strategies.

Авторы анализируют результативность факторов, формирующих религиозность студенческой молодежи на основе материалов социологического исследовании, проведенного в нижегородских вузах. Методологической основой изучения религии как социального института был взят функциональный анализ и теория рационального выбора. Эмпирически подтверждено, что вербальные самохарактеристики религиозности не имеют существенных гендерных отличий. Причину этого авторы видят в изменении религиозных потребностей.Для атомизированного человека на первый план вышла терапевтическая функция веры, которую не надо отождествлять с компенсаторной, ориентирующей на загробное воздаяние. За рубежом «терапевтами» выступают психологи и психиатры, в России – религиозные институты.«Веротерапия» дает возможность реализовать базовую потребность в самооправдании. У бога можно вымолить прощение или «купить» его через религиозный институт, обеспечив душевный комфорт. В условиях, когда образовательные институты и семья внушают одни нормы морали, а жить приходится по другим, это крайне важно для самосохранения личности.Студенты социализировалось в условиях посттравматического синдрома, в информационном пространстве, постоянно воспроизводящем утверждения, что религия учитель нравственности, утешитель, источник национальных традиций и т.д. Естественно, что именно они были воспроизведены в ответах юношами и девушками.Секуляризация в прошлом проявлялась как рефлексия более образованного мужского населения на противоречие научной картины мира религиозной. Современный гносеологический кризис вызвал сомнения в способности науки дать ответы на мировоззренческие вопросы и стал фактором изменения понятия бога. Религиозные иерархи делают акцент не на создании мира, а образе жизни верующих. В результате формула «чем выше образование, тем ниже религиозность» требует дополнительной верификации в каждом локальном исследовании. ; The authors analyze the effectiveness of the factors that shape the religiosity of student youth on the basis of the materials of a sociological survey conducted in Nizhny Novgorod higher educational establishments. The study of religion as a social institution was methodologically based on the functional analysis and the theory of rational choice. It is empirically confirmed that the verbal self-characteristics of religiosity do not have significant gender differences. The authors see the reason for that in the change of religious needs.For the atomized person, the therapeutic function of faith has come to the fore, which is not associated with a compensatory function, i.e. with a promise of compensation in the afterlife. In foreign countries, the function of "therapists" is performed by psychologists and psychiatrists, in Russia – by religious institutions."Faith therapy" makes it possible to satisfy the basic need for self-justification. One can beg God for forgiveness or "buy" forgiveness through a religious institution thus obtaining spiritual comfort. When educational institutions and the family instill one set of moral rules, but one has to live by quite different rules, this is extremely important for the self-preservation of the individual.Students socialize in the conditions of post-traumatic syndrome, in the information environment where they have been constantly taught that religion is a teacher of morality, a comforter, a source of national traditions, etc. It is only natural that exactly those assertions have been reproduced by young men and girls in their answers.In the past, secularization manifested itself as a reflection of a more educated male population on the contradiction between the scientific picture of the world and the religious one. The modern gnoseological crisis has raised doubts as to the ability of science to provide answers to worldview questions and become a factor in changing the concept of God. Religious hierarchs focus on the way of life of believers, rather than on the creation of the world. As a result, the formula "the higher the education, the lower the religiosity" requires additional verification in each local study.

В статье рассматривается роль Кубы в формировании идеологической основы Боливарианского альянса, а также политические, социальные, экономические и культурные аспекты кубинского регионального влияния. Анализируются преимущества и недостатки рыночной модели интеграции, проводится сопоставление существенных характеристик проектов АЛБА и АЛКА. ; The article examines the role of Cuba in the formation of the ideological basis of the Bolivarian alliance, as well as the political, social, economic and cultural aspects of Cuban regional influence. The advantages and disadvantages of the market integration model are analyzed and the essential characteristics of the ALBA and ALCA projects are compared.

Information activity of the bodies of the Federal Tax Service of Russia is being improved from year to year on the basis of ICT and modern digital technologies. This article discusses some practical aspects of the legal support of information activities of the territorial bodies of the Federal Tax Service of Russia.

At present, it is important to take into account population health, which is determined not by the level of high-tech care, but by the work of the primary health care (PHC) sector. In this connection, the results of the conducted research of the formation and development of the first aid are relevant. The need to study the social and hygienic characteristics of the development of primary health care is dictated by the emerging need for a solution to the present and future problems of the Russian public health, which, with the example of a separate territory (the Orenburg Region), makes this aspect significant and relevant, since the national healthcare system of Russia consists of different services of territorial health systems with their demographic, social and economic characteristics. Of particular importance is the introduction of the GP institution for rural health and medicine in selected areas of the country. In rural district hospitals (SMS) and medical outpatient clinics (SVAs), a general practitioner is the head of the team, and nursing staff, including paramedic paramedic-midwife points (FAPs), can be part of the team as GP assistants. This helps the rural GP to provide the rural population with medical assistance in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, the normative legal acts of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation and the Regulations on the Organization of the Activity of the General Practitioner (GP).

Проблема коррупции сопровождается развитием человеческой цивилизации на всех стадиях уже не одно столетие. Коррупция сегодня присуща любому современному государству без исключения. В современном мире, в том числе и России, коррупция приобрела не сравнимые с любым предшествующим периодом размеры. Масштабы коррупции, сферы ее распространения и характер последствий, с одной стороны, оказывают существенное влияние на состояние, развитие и безопасность той или иной экономической системы, с другой– служат объективным индикатором благополучия общественной системы и ее безопасности. Сегодня есть все основания утверждать о наличии взаимопроникновения коррупции и экономики, и в большей степени все виды экономических отношений стали учитывать фактор коррупции. Произошла экономизация коррупции, представляющая собой серьезную угрозу национальной безопасности государства, его социальным и экономическим институтам, хозяйственным субъектам, предпринимательству и бизнесу, являющимся основными элементами рыночного экономики. Рассмотрению обозначенных проблем и посвящена статья. ; The problem of corruption is connected with development of a human civilization at all stages more than one century. Today corruption is inherent for any modern Government without an exception. In the modern world including Russia, corruption has got sizes uncomparable with any previous period. Corruption, scales the sphere of its distribution and the character of its consequences on the one hand, make essential impact on a condition, development and safety of any economic system, on the another– serve as the objective indicator of wellbeing of public system and its safety. Today there are all reasons to prove about existence of overlapping of corruption and economy, and all types of the economic relations in its greatest extend to consider a corruption factor. There happened the ekonomizatsiya of corruption which have to be consider the serious threat to national security, to its social and economic institutes, economic subjects, entrepreneurship and the business, being basic elements of the market economy. Article also is devoted to consideration of designated articles.

Among the female Polovtsy burials there are a little of burials with rank objects which are definitely connected with one social category. They can be divided into 3 groups: with one rank object, with two, and three ones. The analysis of a funeral ceremony and accompanying goods has revealed that all these burials undoubtedly belonged to notable Polovtsy women.Apparently, women buried with a cauldron before their death used to be leaders of a social cell (kosh, kin) for a while, or were wives (widows) of heads of tribal associations. Probably, the lifetime status of women with neck grivnas was not lower than that of the women buried with a cauldron. Most likely, they were wives, mothers, daughters, or sisters of elders, heads of kins or tribes. The rank level of women with unbent grivna was apparently somewhat lower than that of the women among whose grave goods there was a cauldron or neck grivna. Probably, these burials belonged to wives (widows) of military leaders.The lifetime status of women with two and three rank objects is most likely similar. These Polovtsy women possessed the highest status in a society and all completeness of authority in their social cell. ; В статье раскрывается социокультурный аспект женских половецких погребений, в состав погребального инвентаря которых входят шейная или распрямленная гривны, котел или набор этих предметов. Автор делает попытку определить прижизненный статус и ранг представительниц половецкой знати. ; В масиві жіночих половецьких поховань виділяється невелика кількість захоронень з ранговими предметами, які безперечно пов'язані з єдиною соціальною категорією. Їх можна поділити на 3 групи: з одним ранговим предметом, з двома і трьома. Аналіз поховального обряду та супровідного інвентарю виявив, що усі ці поховання, без сумніву, належали знатним половчанкам.Жінки, яких було поховано з казаном, мабуть, якийсь час перед смертю очолювали соціальний осередок (кіш, рід), або були дружинами (вдовами) голів родових об'єднань. Прижиттєвий статус жінок з шийними гривнами був, імовірно, не нижчим, ніж жінок, похованих із казаном. Скоріш за все, це були дружини, матері, доньки, сестри старійшин, голів родів або племен. Ранговий рівень жінок з розпрямленою гривною, мабуть, був декілька нижчим, ніж жінок, в інвентарі яких був присутній казан або шийна гривна. Можливо, ці поховання належали дружинам (вдовам) військових вождей.Прижиттєвий статус жінок з двома та трьома ранговими предметами, напевно, був близьким. Ці половчанки мали найвищий статус у суспільстві й усю повноту влади в своєму соціальному осередку.

The article is devoted to the review of the olfactory image representation in fiction. The relevance of the research is determined by the linguists' interest in description of the linguistic features of the designation of odoric sensations in the pragmalinguistic aspect. In this regard, relevant is the linguo-pragmatic study of the olfactory image formation and means of its description in German. The purpose of the article is a description of the means and methods of forming of men and women olfactory image in the German language. The material of the research were the examples from German-language fiction works that are part of the national German language corps DWDS. In total, 1184 text fragments from 30 works by German-speaking authors were analyzed. In this research, the authors describe in detail the structure of the lexical-semantic field "smell" in German, which is used to form olfactory images in a gender aspect and acts as a pragmatic marker. Based on the analysis of text fragments, the authors describe the means of olfactory images forming of men and women. The analysis shows that the olfactory image of a woman focuses on the pleasant smell that occurs while using cosmetics and while mentioning the woman's natural smell. By describing an olfactory image of a man, vocabulary with a negative connotation dominates, and the "unpleasant smell" acts as a marker. Quantitative results of the study showed that the prevailing female image is positive, which causes positive emotions in the reader, while negative is prevailing by creating a male olfactory image. This pattern can be explained by social expectations from a woman who, in any circumstances, should look attractive. A negative olfactory image of a man can be an indicator of his masculinity, strength.

This book explores the formation of the shadow economy as a result of the deformation of the concept of ownership. Provided are methods for governmental influence on the shadow economy