Suchergebnisse

In 2012, the Philippines passed the Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health (RPRH) Act. The law aimed to educate and empower Filipinos to make choices regarding their reproductive health (RH), improve the lives of families, and promote sustainable human development. Key to realizing this vision, was multisectoral coordination among national government agencies (NGAs), local government units and non-state actors. Given its wide scope, understanding the progress made by the RPRH Law requires an acknowledgement of the many movers that set its machinery in motion. In this paper, we analyzed the governance role played by NGAs in the implementation of the RPRH Law over the last eight years. We focused on nine components of governance, namely, Organizational Presence, Policy Infrastructure, Financing, Human Resources, Stewardship, Coordination, Monitoring & Evaluation, and Accountability, in their RPRH activities. While NGAs had accomplished or at least begun to accomplish most of their mandates and responsibilities, performance was siloed within implementing units of agencies, with modest interagency coordination. Despite the vision for multisectoral RH services, programs focused on biomedical and healthcare interventions, particularly in the area of family planning. Moreover, national-level governance for RPRH implementation focused on specific programs and their operational concerns. Fragmented governance activities result from a lack of integrated plans and coordination mechanisms in the nine governance components to bridge NGAs' efforts across sectors.

The paper estimates the steady state economic growth rate of Vietnam, defined as the equilibirum that the economy converge without new shocks. The method employs a bayesian structural vector autoregressive model (BSVAR) which captures the Triffin policy trilemma at international financial integration. On a quarterly sample over Q2/2008-Q4/2019, the evidence records that the steady state growth based on Minnesota prior is 6.13%. This result is robust by normal-diffuse prior, normal-wishart prior and timely average method. For policy implication, the Vietnam government's objective of annual growth rate at 7.0% over 2021-2030 can only be attained for economic expansion periods.

Seven years ago, the Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act was signed into law. Its revised implementing rules and regulations was issued in 2017 with its general provisions citing the guiding principles of its implementation, provision and financing of care, public awareness and education, governance, prohibited acts and penalties, and miscellaneous provisions. For the past years, Department of Health has taken the lead in the implementation of the RPRH law and has worked with other national agencies and civic society organizations to realize the objectives of the law. At the core of the mandate of the RPRH is the delivery of responsible parenthood and reproductive health services and information. Among the key provisions of the law are financing, governance, and public awareness and education. This paper discusses the extent of implementation of the RPRH education and communication, specifically on the output-level performance of the key implementing agencies and personnel, and the enabling factors and barriers that affect their implementation of the program. Results of the review of relevant documents, interviews, and FGDs show that the key agencies in the implementation of the RPRH education and communication manifest compliance with some of the provisions of the RPRH Law's IRR.

New Zealanders will vote in a referendum this year on whether to legalise cannabis. They will be asked whether they approve of a draft Bill that the Government is preparing. Our work in 2016 highlighted that legalisation, combined with heavy taxation, regulation and education would be a better way to lower cannabis use than prohibition (Wilson 2016). This paper is a contribution to the debate on the details of the Bill and the policy underlying it. We update the evidence about overseas experience with legalisation and make some detailed observations on the proposed regulations.

This report has been prepared to help meet the growing demand for green investment opportunities in the Philippines and to support the country's transition to a low carbon economy. It aims to facilitate greater engagement on this topic between project owners and developers, and institutional investors. Green infrastructure and corresponding green finance instruments are explored in the report, with sector-by-sector investment options presented. The report is intended for a wide range of stakeholders, including domestic investors, offshore pension funds and asset managers, potential issuers, infrastructure owners and developers, as well as relevant government ministries.

This study aims to assess the gap between needs and "current provisions in the country," for care of the elderly. The objective is to take stock of the situation, decipher some steps in the right direction to develop a policy framework for an inclusive approach to care of the elderly.

The counter-narcotics efforts of the Philippines and Bangladesh can be successful only if a comprehensive and long-term approach is taken.

Sri Lanka's recent move to bring back capital punishment for convicted drug offenders has put a spotlight on growing narcotics related crime in the country. The government's apparent tough stance is in response to concerns that Sri Lanka is re-emerging as a transit hub for global drug trafficking networks.

The abuse of novel designer drugs is on the rise. Deadlier than conventional plant-based street drugs, these synthetic psychoactive substances are manufactured and trafficked in such a way as to avoid easy detection. Each year, novel designer drugs cause thousands of deaths globally. Synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cathinones are two of the most commonly abused novel designer drugs, and their rapid proliferation calls for swift policy intervention. Possible countermeasures against these drugs include deploying new detection technologies, closing loopholes in the mail system, banning designer drugs outright, warning the public of their dangers and strengthening international cooperation.

We develop an agent-based model to study the macroeconomic impact of alternative macro prudential regulations and their possible interactions with different monetary policy rules.The aim is to shed light on the most appropriate policy mix to achieve the resilience of the banking sector and foster macroeconomic stability. Simulation results show that a triple-mandate Taylor rule, focused on output gap, inflation and credit growth, and a Basel III prudential regulation is the best policy mix to improve the stability of the banking sector and smooth output fluctuations. Moreover, we consider the dfferent levers of Basel III andtheir combinations. We find that minimum capital requirements and counter-cyclical capital buffers allow to achieve results close to the Basel III first-best with a much more simplifiedregulatory framework. Finally, the components of Basel III are non-additive: the inclusionof an additional lever does not always improve the performance of the macro prudentialregulation.

We develop an agent-based model to study the macroeconomic impact of alternative macro prudential regulations and their possible interactions with different monetary policy rules.The aim is to shed light on the most appropriate policy mix to achieve the resilience of the banking sector and foster macroeconomic stability. Simulation results show that a triple-mandate Taylor rule, focused on output gap, inflation and credit growth, and a Basel III prudential regulation is the best policy mix to improve the stability of the banking sector and smooth output fluctuations. Moreover, we consider the dfferent levers of Basel III andtheir combinations. We find that minimum capital requirements and counter-cyclical capital buffers allow to achieve results close to the Basel III first-best with a much more simplifiedregulatory framework. Finally, the components of Basel III are non-additive: the inclusionof an additional lever does not always improve the performance of the macro prudentialregulation.

Better market linkages and higher farm benefits for smallholder farmers in emerging and developing economies have received remarkable attention worldwide (Minot and Roy, 2007; Kumar et al., 2011). In this regard, contract farming (CF) is proposed as a better solution to the fact that smallholders are otherwise potentially dropped out of the modern marketing channels because of small-scale production and farmers from emerging and developing countries are to earn more farm benefit by getting closely linked to modern, in many cases global food value chains markets (Bacon, 2005; Mangala and Chengappa, 2008; Minten et al., 2009; Rao et al., 2012; Jia and Bijman, 2013). Furthermore it is expected that the challenges of a sharply increasing world population, the overuse of natural resources, and the reduction of overall agricultural land size can be met by contracting smallholder farmers (Sartorius, 2013). However, the circumstances of farmers' decision in contracting and its influences on farm performances have remained uncertain so far for many specific countries and products (Rao et al., 2012). Among the major rice farming countries in Southeast Asia, i.e. Cambodia, Laos, the Philippines, and Thailand, Vietnam is characterized by very favorable natural and social conditions for irrigated rice production in bulk. Irrigated rice production in the country is based on high soil quality, tropical monsoon weather, numerous water-flows and a large share of the population working in the agricultural sector (more than 66%) (Ya'kub et al., 2012). However, low quality and a lack of professionalism are dramatic problems of the Vietnamese rice export sector (Reardon et al., 2014). Vietnam is still known as a low-quality rice supplier; as a result the Vietnamese rice price is 20% to 30% lower than the Thai rice price (Kubo, 2013). The Vietnamese rice has also lately entered the world export market while the prices were already steadily declining (Nielsen, 2003; Dechachete, 2011; Ramberg, 2011). Currently, the Vietnamese rice sector is characterized by a lack of information with short technical assistances, and low input qualities. It is assumed that there is still a large potential to increase the ability of smallholders to improve production and increase rice yields, overcome existing market barriers, access export markets and increase farm benefits and improve the livelihood of farmers' families. By further promoting the CF scheme in 2002, the Vietnamese government proposed a better frame for the agricultural sector, especially, for the rice sector in the country (Kompas, 2002; Hoang and Yabe, 2012; Vu, 2012). By farmers' participation in the CF scheme, the production of high-quality products due to improved farmer training and better quality of input factors is a possible solution for Vietnamese rice to more successfully compete on the world market (Dawe, 2004). Furthermore, farmers can expect a price differential due to improved quality and competitiveness. Thus, this scheme is assumed to support smallholders to increase farm benefits. In addition, the CF scheme has been implemented to improve farmers' bargaining power and to create an official ground for smallholders to directly deal with private sectors in the Vietnamese economy. In terms of firm benefits, these decisions also clarify the government's efforts to support the private sector in supplying agricultural inputs to farmers such as seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, credit, and extension services (Ya'kub et al., 2012). Furthermore, this step is also an important procedure to secure national food demand, improve international competitiveness, and upgrade the position of export-oriented rice farmers (Goletti et al., 1997; ADB, 2005). However, in terms of empirical research, up to this date, there are only very few studies that explore the benefits of CF for exporters of rice farmers in Vietnam, especially with regard to the Mekong River Delta (MRD) where about 90% of the national export rice quantity is produced (Loc and Son, 2011). Therefore, there is a lack of in-depth quantitative studies analyzing the effects of CF participation with regard to farmers' marketing decisions, farm performance and technical efficiency, especially, in the export-oriented rice production segment. Against this background it is the objective of this dissertation to close this research gap by providing a better understanding of farmers' decision making with regard to the CF scheme and providing more in-depth insights into the effects of contract farming on efficiency and farm performance. The conceptual framework of this study is based on the New Institutional Economics perspective proposed by Coase (1937) and Williamson (1975). The underlying ideas about the contract concept explained in the following basically refer back to the three major sub-strands, i.e. agency theory (Ross, 1973), transaction cost theory (Benjamin et al., 1978; Williamson, 1979), and property rights theory (Alchian and Demsetz, 1973; Grossman and Hart, 1986). Thereof, the transaction cost theory is particularly suitable for this study since it describes "uncertainty" as a main dimension (together with "asset specificity" and "frequency") influencing the appropriateness of governance mechanisms in (food) supply chains (Williamson, 1979). The market imperfections due to a lack of information, a limited accessibility of inputs, and a shortage of technical assistance all contribute to "uncertainty" and are related to the research topic and objective of this study. In spite of increasing pressure to deliver high quality export products at competitive prices to enter the up-market domestic and global value chains, the CF scheme still faces some constraints in emerging and developing economies. This can be explained by reference to the poor coordination among parties, unfavorable contracts, and specified socio-demographic characteristics (Da Silva, 2005; Simmons et al., 2005; Hongdong, 2007; Wang et al., 2014). Nonetheless, these aspects have only been poorly analyzed so far and are not well understood, both from a theoretical and an empirical perspective. This dissertation seeks to overcome this weakness by building up the conceptual framework and empirical methodology to capture these aspects of the export-oriented rice sector in the Mekong River Delta of Vietnam. We address these research objectives by using primary data collected in early 2016 in the Mekong River Delta (MRD) of Vietnam, where nearly 90% of the country's export rice is produced. The target population of 250.000 households lives in the three main export-oriented rice production regions namely Kien Giang, Can Tho, and An Giang provinces, in the MRD (USDA, 2015). Using a structured questionnaire, 250 households were randomly chosen from the aforementioned provinces. To thereby ensure the comparability of contract and non-contract farmers, we randomly selected 134 contract farmers from contractor lists and 116 non-contract farmers from village official lists of 12 villages. The surveyed households had to meet two criteria: Firstly, they had to be located in the same area as the contract participants, and secondly, they also had to produce export-oriented rice. These selected farmers cumulate rice under written contracts. The contracting company is in charge of specifying the production practices, including input supply (seeds, fertilizer, pesticides), extension services, and the commitment of buying the products (Simmons et al., 2005; Bijman, 2008). In this study, the export-oriented rice farmers were interviewed regarding the information about three types of export-oriented rice producing seasons between November 2014 and October 2015. In the first paper, we explore the factors that determine smallholder farmers' probability in developing and emerging economies to participate in CF scheme. We particularly focus on the accessibility of market information. A binary probit model is applied to examine the probability to participate in the CF scheme. We follow Heckman's (1979) method to compare the probit results with the maximum-likelihood estimation (MLE) in order to control any sample selection bias (Wynand and Bernard, 1981). Results reveal that farmers' contracting decisions are strongly affected by farm characteristics, market information access, and household characteristics. Remarkably, the accessibility of world market price information significantly increases smallholders' likelihood to participate in CF. Moreover, the extension service offered by the contractors is considered to be an important motivator for rice smallholders to participate in CF. The availability of price information should be taken into account by the government to motivate the active participation of smallholders in contractual arrangements. The second paper provides the evidence about how the CF scheme influences household income and rice profit within the export-oriented rice sector in Vietnam. We employ the Ordinary Least Squared (OLS) estimation in combination with propensity score matching (PSM) procedure to control any sampling bias. The result confirms a positive effect of contract participation status on farming households' performance. Particularly, together with "farming size" and "the accessibility of extension services", "the accessibility of world price information" is found as a positive determinant. Moreover, CF participation is considered to be an important influencer for rice smallholders to increase their income and rice profit. In addition, it becomes evident that not only larger-scale farmers but also small-scale farmers can benefit from contract participation. In this connection, the OLS regression in combination with PSM gives noticeable evidence for the role of CF in improving household income of smallholders by 20.87% and rice profit by 30.54% in Vietnam. In the third paper, we investigate how CF improves the technical efficiency of farming and the technical inefficiency determinants of export-oriented rice production in the country. The Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) is applied to measure the production frontier and the farming technical inefficiency determinants, and PSM is again applied to control for self-selection bias. The results show that the average technical efficiency is of 87.33% with a range between 56.48% and 96.47%. The results suggest convincible opportunities for farmers to increase the productivity of export-oriented rice production in the country by nearly 13% without raising the current resource levels. Land, seed, fertilizer, machine, and labor are identified as the major inputs of the production frontier. Moreover, the socio-demographic characteristics of the sample also slightly influence the TE of rice farming, however their influence is non-significant. Based on the findings, "educational level", "rice farming experience" and "off-farm income" are found as determinants positively influencing rice farming TE. In contrast, there is a low negative effect of credit accessibility. In addition, CF participation is considered to have an influence (even though not a significant one) for rice smallholders to increase their farm TE. In this connection, contract participation could support not only larger-scale farmers but also small-scale farmers from developing and emerging economies in improving their production patterns.

The relevance of the study has two sides — individual and general. In its essential aspect, it is the development of achievements of predecessors by consistently taking into account the latest data on trends and changes in the interconnected spheres of education, economics and culture. In the individual aspect, it is about improving the professional means of improving the efficiency of teaching foreign languages in order to form students with a high level of linguistic-professional competence. Public relevance is the goal of educating young people in a new patriotic direction, because today, due to various global influences, the classical principles of life in the agrarian system (in which Ukrainians have a good national heritage), created in recent centuries, or in the industrial society, are devalued due to various global influences.The purpose of the study in a broad sense was to highlight the causes and consequences of the European religious Reformation as the main factor in accelerating the movement of the whole of Western Europe to the position of the world leader that previously belonged to China. We see precise tasks in the integrated analysis on the basis of the latest discoveries of many humanities and exact sciences in the educational, economic and cultural systems of Germany and other successful European states. On this basis, we hope to fulfill the public task which is to make significant proposals in the plans and practice of higher education reform in Ukraine. The methodology of the study relies on the best classical means, on the principle of historicism and the continuity of the connection between the material and the ideal, a modern multidisciplinary approach. For the highest effectiveness of the research, we will use the latest scientific data and recommendations of the innovators who collect and use these data. The results of the study mostly follow from the mentioned new discoveries. They testify that in ancientt history, in the role of locomotives of civilizational progress in the western part of Eurasia, direct descendants of the inventors of agriculture acted, among which the especially great contribution (domestication of the horse, the invention of the wheel and the efficient metallurgy of copper) belongs to the ancestors of Ukrainians from the territories of Trypillya and the Great Trypillya. It is indicated that during the existence of the Great Trypillya, future German farmers acquainted themselves with the technologies of the Great Trypillya, so the German language, through borrowed words, became part of the Indo-European family. It is noted that after the collapse of the Great Trypillya, the Germans and Slavs became neighbors along the meridian Elbe. In the age of steppe invasions, future Ukrainians and Germanic tribes did not get in contact, and the influence of the Roman Empire was mostly experienced by western lands. Emphasis was placed on the evolution of ideological, religious and other paradigms in the territory of Germany after the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire, which determined the development of the nation for the next hundreds of years. The religious and philosophical paradigmatic origins of those unique features of culture and education that during the nineteenth century were emphasized. brought Germany to the position of the scientific and technological leader of the world. The high role of German neo-humanism and the Berlin Research University were noted. In the final section, special attention is paid to religious issues and to the destructive impact on social and other processes in the German immigration flows of Islamists. The conclusions focus on the competition of several important paradigms in the education of modern Germany and the proposals made to incorporate German experience in legislation and the use of the Bologna process. An important caution is made regarding the choice of Germany's strategy for the development of the scientific and educational complex 'within the framework of the Lisbon project (2000). This country has become a world leader not only in alternative energy, but also in the implementation of the fourth industrial revolution. We consider an example of this leadership like the regular world conferences in Davos, which involve the majority of influential politicians and economists (in particular, from Ukraine) ; Актуальность нашего исследования имеет две стороны - индивидуальную и общественную. В сущностном аспекте она заключается в развитии достижений ученых-предшественников через последовательный учет новейших данных о трендах и изменениях взаимосвязанных сфер образования, экономики и культуры. В индивидуальном аспекте речь идет о совершенствовании профессиональных средств повышения эффективности преподавания иностранных языков для формирования у студентов высокой культурно-профессиональной компетентности. Общественную актуальность составляет воспитание молодежи в новом патриотическом направлении, ведь настоящее через различные глобальные влияния обесценивает созданные в последние века классические основы жизнедеятельности в аграрном (здесь украинцы имеют хороший национальный наследству) или индустриальном обществе. Целью исследования в широком аспекте мы выбрали изучение причин и последствий европейской религиозной Реформации как главного фактора ускорения движения всей Западной Европы в положение мирового лидера, ранее принадлежавшее Китаю. Конкретные задачи мы видим в интегральном анализе на основе новейших открытий многих гуманитарных и точных наук событий в образовательных, экономических и культурных системах Германии и других успешных европейских государств. На этой основе мы надеемся выполнить общегражданскую задачу - внести весомые предложения в планы и практику реформ высшего образования Украины. Методология исследования опирается на лучшие классические средства, на принцип историзма и неразрывность связи материального и идеального, современный мультидисциплинарний подход. Для высшей результативности исследования воспользуемся новейшими научными данными и рекомендациями ученых-инноваторов, которые и накапливают эти данные и используют их. Результаты исследования, большей частью вытекают из указанных новейших открытий. Они свидетельствуют, что в долетописные времена в роли локомотивов цивилизационного прогресса в западной части Евразии выступали прямые потомки изобретателей земледелия, среди которых особенно большой вклад (одомашнивание лошади, изобретение колеса и эффективной металлургии меди) принадлежит предкам украинцев с территории Триполья и Большого Триполья. Указано, что уже во время существования Большого Триполья будущие немцы-земледельцы знакомились с технологиями Большого Триполья, поэтому немецкий язык через заимствованные слова вошел в состав индоевропейской семьи. Отмечено, что после распада Большого Триполья немцы и славяне стали соседями по меридиану Эльбы. В век степных нашествий будущие украинцы и германские племена контактировали мало, а влияние Римской империи испытали преимущественно западные земли. Сделан упор на эволюции мировоззренческих, религиозных и других парадигм на территории Германии после распада Священной Римской империи, которые определили развитие нации на следующие сотни лет. Подчеркнуто религиозные и философские парадигмальные истоки тех уникальных черт культуры и образования, которые в течение XIX в. вывели Германию на позицию научного и технологического лидера мира. Отмечена высокая роль немецкого неогуманизма и Берлинского исследовательского университета. В заключительной части особое внимание обращено на религиозные вопросы и на деструктивное влияние на социальные и другие процессы в Германии иммиграционных потоков исламистов. В выводах акцентировано внимание на конкуренцию нескольких важных парадигм в образовании современной Германии и сделаны предложения учета в Украине немецкого опыта в законодательстве и в использовании Болонского процесса. Сделано важное предостережение по выбору Германией стратегии развития научно-образовательного комплекса в рамках Лиссабонского проекта (2000 г.). Эта страна стала мировым лидером не только в альтернативной энергетике, но и в воплощении в жизнь четвертой промышленной революции. Примером этого лидерства мы считаем регулярные мировые конференции в Давосе, в которых принимают участие большинство влиятельных политиков и экономистов (в частности, и из Украины) ; Актуальність нашого дослідження має дві сторони – індивідуальну і загальносуспільну. В сутнісному аспекті воно полягає в розвитку досягнень науковців-попередників через послідовне врахування найновіших даних про тренди і зміни взаємопоєднаних сфер освіти, економіки та культури. В індивідуальному аспекті йдеться про вдосконалення фахових засобів підвищення ефективності викладання іноземних мов задля формування у студентів високої мовно-фахової компетентності. Загальносуспільну актуальність складає мета виховання молоді у новому патріотичному скеруванні, адже сьогодення через різноманітні глобальні впливи знецінює створені в останні століття класичні засади життєдіяльності в аграрному (тут українці мають хороший національний спадок) чи індустріальному суспільстві. Метою дослідження в широкому аспекті ми обрали вивчення причин і наслідків європейської релігійної Реформації як головного чинника прискорення руху всієї Західної Європи до становища світового лідера, що раніше належало Китаю. Конкретні завдання ми вбачаємо в інтегральному аналізі на основі найновіших відкриттів багатьох гуманітарних і точних наук подій в освітніх, економічних і культурних системах Німеччини та інших успішних європейських держав. На цій основі ми сподіваємося виконати загальносуспільне завдання – внести вагомі пропозиції в плани і практику реформ вищої освіти України. Методологія дослідження спирається на кращі класичні засоби, на принцип історизму і нерозривність зв'язку матеріального та ідеального, сучасний мультидисциплінарний підхід. Для вищої результативності дослідження скористаємося найновішими науковими даними і рекомендаціями науковців-інноваторів, які і накопичують ці дані, і використовують їх. Результати дослідження, більшою частиною випливають з вказаних новітніх відкриттів. Вони свідчать, що в долітописні часи у ролі локомотивів цивілізаційного прогресу у західній частині Євразії виступали прямі нащадки винахідників землеробства, серед яких особливо великий внесок (одомашнення коня, винахід колеса та ефективної металургії міді) належить пращурам українців з теренів Трипілля і Великого Трипілля. Вказано, що вже під час існування Великого Трипілля майбутні німці-землероби знайомилися з технологіями Великого Трипілля, тому німецька мова через запозичені слова увійшла у склад індоєвропейської сім'ї. Відзначено, що після розпаду Великого Трипілля німці і слов'яни стали сусідами по меридіану Ельби. У століття степових навал майбутні українці і німецькі племена контактували мало, а впливу Римської імперії зазнали переважно західні землі. Зроблено наголос на еволюції світоглядних, релігійних та інших парадигм на теренах Німеччини після розпаду Священної Римської імперії, які визначили розвиток нації на наступні сотні років. Підкреслено релігійні та філософські парадигмальні витоки тих унікальних рис культури та освіти, які впродовж ХІХ ст. вивели Німеччину на позицію наукового й технологічного лідера світу. Відзначена висока роль німецького неогуманізму і Берлінського дослідницького університету. У заключній частині особлива увага звернута на релігійні питання і на деструктивний вплив на соціальні та інші процеси в Німеччині імміграційних потоків ісламістів. У висновках акцентовано конкуренцію кількох важливих парадигм в освіті сучасної Німеччини і зроблені пропозиції врахування в Україні німецького досвіду у законодавстві та у використанні Болонського процесу. Зроблено важливе застереження щодо вибору Німеччиною стратегії розвитку науково-освітнього комплексу в рамках Лісабонського проекту (2000 р.). Ця країна стала світовим лідером не тільки в альтернативній енергетиці, а й у втіленні у життя четвертої промислової революції. Прикладом цього лідерства ми вважаємо регулярні світові конференції у Давосі, в яких беруть участь більшість впливових політиків та економістів (зокрема, і з України)

Author's introductionIssues surrounding what has variously been defined as 'global', 'international' or 'transnational' forms of 'organized crime' are a frequent staple of globalization crisis talk and are frequently used to justify the emergence and elaboration of transnational policing capacities. How well does this functional explanation account for these related sets of phenomena? What are the particular organizational and institutional characteristics of transnational policing institutions? What counts as transnational organised crime? How does the apparent dialectic between transnational organised crime and transnational policing relate to broader issues of global governance? How do the practices of transnational policing relate to the structure of global society more generally? Sociological questions about global crime and policing turn out to be fundamental questions about the nature of the world system.Author recommendsSheptycki, J. (ed.) 2000. Issues in Transnational Policing. London: Routledge, ISBN 0‐415‐19260‐9.This pioneering book opened up the sociology of transnational policing. The book contains chapters by leading scholars in the sociology of policing and is the first to consider the consequences of globalization specific to the institutions of policing. Chapters consider a number of important emerging issues in relation to transnational policing. The introduction attends to the definitions of the book's central terms: 'policing' and 'transnational'. It also provides a typology relating to the field of policing that has had major implications for the understanding of policing accountability under transnational conditions. The first chapter, by Les Johnston, considers the emergence of transnational private security, by mapping the global security market. Chapter two, by Jean‐Paul Brodeur, provides empirical insights into the workings of legal due process in complex transnational criminal enquiries raising questions about the accountability structures in the coming 'age of transnational high policing'. Chapter three, by Didier Bigo, traces the emergence of liaison officer networks across the European policing field. Frank Gregory charts the historical rise of private criminality as a matter of international concern in chapter four, while James Sheptycki undertakes a descriptive analysis of the global system for policing money in chapter five. In chapter six, Peter Manning considers various aspects of policing and technology under conditions of transnationalisation, paying some considerable attention to the policing of 'new social spaces'– that is the rise of so‐called 'cyberspace'. Chapter seven, by James Sheptycki, is a concluding chapter which considers the historical case of the 'international war on drugs' held to be the 'paradigm example of transnational policing'.Sheptycki, J. and A. Wardak (eds) 2004. Transnational and Comparative Criminology. London: Routledge, ISBN 978‐1‐904385‐05‐9.This book advocates that contemporary criminology be both transnational and comparative. The introduction describes the field of criminology by placing it in a global context. One key question is how academic criminologists can cope with the difficulties of cultural relativism in fostering a comparative and transnational view of the field. The book is broken into four sections. In the first, a variety of comparative studies are considered. Difficulties in measuring trends in comparative crime statistics across national jurisdictions, techniques for doing so and the interpretation of such data are all considered. The use of qualitative data in comparative studies is also considered. The authors advocate the combination of different types of data in a 'second best' approach to the interpretation of transnational and other types of crime. In the second section, a variety of 'area studies' are considered. These are: West Africa, Southern Africa, Singapore, China and Saudi Arabia. These chapters each offer extended transnational and comparative treatment of issues of crime, crime definition and crime control in their respective regions. Section 3 deals with specific transnational crime control issues that have been identified. Four separate chapters consider transnational organized crime, transnational white collar crime, transnational corruption in the EU and international sex‐trafficking in the EU. The final section considers transnational control responses to transnational crime and the book concludes with a chapter on reflexivity in the academic study of crime, crime definition and crime control.Goldsmith, A. and J. Sheptycki (eds) 2007. Crafting Transnational Policing. Oxford: Hart Publishing, ISBN‐10: 1841137766.The notion that police around the world share a distinctive outlook has been established, as has the assumption that police must co‐operate internationally if they are to respond effectively to the crime and insecurity associated with the transnational condition. Yet the possibility of developing a genuinely transnational policecraft seems negligible. It is possible to discuss in ideal terms such notions as transnational ethics, global social justice and the like but what, practically speaking, could be meant by a transnational constabulary ethic? Arguably, the situated nature of policing means that there is no such thing as a common transnational policecraft and hence no possibility of an overarching ethic for the constabulary. Liberal democratic theories of policing are also ill‐adapted to the global conditions that are the consequence of prevailing neo‐liberal governmental logics. This book presents a collection of essays that are the results of a workshop at the Onati Institute for the Sociology of Law entitled: Transnational Policing and the Constabulary Ethic. It provides descriptive accounts of transnational policing in a variety of regional settings around the world but grounds the analysis in debates about what would constitute good policing under transnational conditions.Sheptycki, J. 2008. 'Transnationalism, Orientalism and Crime.'Asian Journal of Criminology, 3: 13–35. DOI: 10.1007/s11417-008-9049-0The article asks the question: how applicable are European and North American criminological theories to the situation in Asia? It takes a transnational and comparative perspective in relating contemporary and historical trends in crime, crime definition and crime control in a variety of Asian countries that comprise the so‐called Confucian sphere. It provides a criminological critique of the 'Asian values debate' and, through an analysis of trends in crime, crime definition and crime control in China and Japan, of organised crime across the region, as well as selected examples of state‐organised crime, seeks to provide a perspective on the developing criminological discourses of 'the Orient'. The paper argues that, although cultural aspects are important and interesting in understanding the crime situation in the region, ultimately it is changes in politics and governance, economy and society that are most efficacious in explaining current criminological trends and developments.Sheptycki, J. 2007. 'High Policing in the Security Control Society.'Policing 1(1): 70–9, Oxford University Press.This article considers the nature and practice of high policing in the security control society. It looks at the effects of the new information technologies on the organization of policing–intelligence and argues that a number of 'organizational pathologies' have arisen that make the functioning of security intelligence processes in high policing deeply problematic. The article also looks at the changing context of policing and argues that the circuits of the security–intelligence apparatus are woven into, and help to compose, the panic scenes of the security control society. Seen this way, the habits of high policing are not the governance of crisis, but rather governance through crisis. An alternative paradigm is suggested, viz. the human security paradigm, and the paper concludes that, unless senior ranking policing officers – the police intelligentsia'– adopt new ways of thinking, the already existing organizational pathologies of the security–intelligence system are likely to continue undermining efforts at fostering security.Sheptycki, J. 2007. 'Criminology and the Transnational Condition: A Contribution to International Political Sociology.'International Political Sociology 1: 391–405.This article contributes to international political sociology and the further enhancement of the interdisciplinary study of the global system by introducing the vocabulary of critical criminology into the discourse. It suggests that the contemporary global system is ripe with existential anxieties that are symptoms of momentous historical change and it argues that, for good or for ill, issues of crime definition and control have become central to the transnational condition. As a consequence, criminological theories should be introduced into theoretical discussions about the nature of the contemporary global scene. Such conceptual thinking is vital, given the centrality of the language of criminal threats in the language of global governance and the language of governance globally.Online materialsThe Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces http://www.dcaf.ch/ Small Arms Survey http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/ One World Trust http://www.oneworldtrust.org/ Open Society Institute http://www.soros.org/ The Jack and Mae Nathanson Centre on transnational human rights, crime and security http://nathanson.osgoode.yorku.ca/ The drug policy alliance network http://www.drugpolicy.org/homepage.cfm The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index190EN.html The Environmental Investigation Agency http://www.eia‐international.org/ Corporate Watch http://www.corporatewatch.org.uk/ SyllabusTopics for lecture and discussion I Introduction and overview Definitions, problems and issues: What is policing? What is crime? What do the terms internationalisation, globalisation and transnationalisation refer to? What consequences follow from a world‐system without world policing?Outside reading:Castells, M. The Rise of the Network Society, Cambridge, MA: Blackwell (1996).Held, D., A. McGrew, D. Goldblatt and J. Perraon 1999. The Global Transformations Reader. Cambridge: Polity Press.Held, D. 2003. Cosmopolitanism, a Defence. Cambridge: Polity.Sklair, L. 2001. The Transnational Capitalist Class. Oxford: Blackwell. II Issues in comparative criminology What is crime and how to academic criminologists study in comparative perspective? The use and abuse of statistics in understanding crime cross‐nationally, cross‐culturally and cross‐jurisdictionally. The uses of qualitative data in interpreting problems in comparative criminology. The comparative study of crime and the emerging world system.Outside reading:Hofstede, Geert 2001. Culture's Consequences, Comparing Values, Behaviours, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations. Beverly Hills: Sage.Reichel, P. 2007. Comparative Criminal Justice Systems, a Topic Approach. Harlow: Pearson Education. III Issues in transnational criminology What is transnational about transnational crime? How are transnational crime problems defined and prioritized? How are transnational crime problems measured and evaluated? What do we know about the various types of transnational crime?Outside reading:Beare, M. 2004. Critical Reflections on Transnational Organized Crime, Money Laundering and Corruption. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Edwards, A. and P. Gill 2004. Transnational Organised Crime; Perspectives on Global Security. London: Routledge.Reichel, P. 2005. Handbook of Transnational Crime and Justice. London: Sage. IV Issues in transnational policing Who are the transnational police? What is Interpol? What do transnational police agents do? How are transnational policing priorities set? Under conditions of transnationalisation, what is the relationship between law and policing?Outside reading:Anderson, M. et al. 1995. Policing the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Andreas, P. and T. Snyder. Wall Around the West. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.Andreas, P. and E. Nadelmann 2006. Policing the Globe; Criminalization and Crime Control in International Relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Ratcliffe, J. 2004. Strategic Thinking in Criminal Intelligence. NSW: Federation Press.Focus questions

What challenges do researchers interested in comparative criminology face and why?
What are comparative and transnational criminology and how are they different? With reference to the contemporary period, can you think of practical elements, themes or questions that are common to both?
What is transnational policing and how can it be made accountable to the global commonwealth?
What are the practices that feature most prominently in transnational discourses about contemporary policing and how are these understood from a human rights, civil liberties or human security point of view?
What does the study of transnational crime and policing reveal about the nature and character of the world system?

Project ideasBased on knowledge acquired from this course, choose a topic in transnational or comparative criminology and create a briefing portfolio. The portfolio will consist of four items: (i) three page statement of purpose; (ii) annotated bibliography; (iii) poster and presentation; and (iv) written essay. As part of the project, students should prepare a poster presentation (approx. 18″× 24″) detailing the chosen topic through the display of quantitative and qualitative types of data together with key concepts, case‐study vignettes, maps and pictures. Students will give an oral presentation based on their poster and create an annotated bibliography and write a short essay on their chosen topic based on the feedback they receive. Some suggested topics: comparative study of gun‐homicide in two or more countries/cultures; comparative study of rape and sexual assault in two or more countries/cultures; comparative student of family violence in two or more countries/cultures; environmental organized crime; policing the global money system; policing and the global drug prohibition regime; controlling piracy on the high seas – then and now; transnational crimes of the powerful and the powerless; policing, tourism and crime; corporate crime and state crime – spot the difference.

With the current globalization and intense competition of nations, entrepreneurship is seen as fundamental to wealth and job creation and especially to economic and social development. For this reason, in developing countries the entrepreneurship theme is of particular importance and is receiving growing attention from both politicians and academics. In recent years, the interest in entrepreneurship education, particularly at the higher education level, expanded worldwide. In the context of developing countries, Higher Education Institutions (HEI) are increasingly seen as tools for the development of entrepreneurial culture and as promoters of innovative or systemic entrepreneurship. In the case of Mozambique, in the last decade, initiatives to promote entrepreneurship multiplied. Such interest is reflected in the National Agenda to Combat Poverty, a governmental program for poverty reduction and creation of new jobs for the 2006-2009 period, where one of the main vectors was the promotion of entrepreneurship through the education system with emphasis in entrepreneurship support at the level of HEIs, including new business incubation. Since then, entrepreneurship education and promotion in Mozambican HEI is becoming a reality. Despite the fact that initiatives related to entrepreneurship education are beginning to multiply in developing countries, most studies refer only to developed countries' realities, with few describing and focussing on HEIs entrepreneurship education in other parts of the world. If, as is argued by several authors, in the entrepreneurial phenomena "context matters", a different context can represent a different configuration of factors and processes. Thus, this study intends to contribute to fulfilling this gap. It focuses on the issue of entrepreneurship promotion and the role of HEIs as a support instrument in the context of developing countries. More specifically, based on the Mozambican case, it aims to understand the effectiveness of this instrument, identifying the main progresses and barriers in HEI's entrepreneurship education and the factors that affect its effectiveness. This purpose is translated in the following research questions: I) What factors influence positively and/or negatively entrepreneurial attitudes, intentions and behaviours? and Do these factors differ according to the level of economic development of the countries? II) Are the HEIs cooperation networks decisive for the development of teachers' and students' skills and for the promotion of entrepreneurship? III) What are the main achievements and barriers to the creation of companies promoted/incubated by HEIs? IV) Do entrepreneurship education programmes in HEIs influence students' entrepreneurial (personal) characteristics, attitudes, perceptions and intentions? What other factors affect students' entrepreneurial characteristics, perceptions, attitudes and intentions? The study includes both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. Qualitative methodologies were used to assess aspects related with the organization of HEIs and their entrepreneurship curriculum offer and support. Quantitative methodologies were used to study the importance of the context and the aspects related with the students, namely the impact/effectiveness of entrepreneurship education and other factors that affect students' entrepreneurship. In the first case, secondary data from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) 2010 – Adult Population Survey (APS), Global Individual Level Data was used. In the second case, primary data was collected including a survey of 572 students that attended an entrepreneurship course and 149 students that did not attended in a sample of 10 HEI establishments with entrepreneurship education in a universe of 34 establishments. Qualitative analysis included analysis of documental sources, interviews and observation; quantitative analysis was done using Statistic Programme for Social Sciences (SPSS) and several techniques related with multiple regressions, ANOVA and comparison of means (T-test and qui-squared test) The work is organized in three parts. The first provides the justification for the study, introduces the general theoretical framework and the purposes of the study and explains the structure of the thesis. The second part includes four chapters in the format of articles answering to the four research questions. The third part is a general conclusion, including limitations, further lines of research and implications of the study. ; Com a atual globalização e intensa competitividade entre nações, o empreendedorismo, é visto como fundamental para a criação de riqueza e mais postos de trabalho e sobretudo para o desenvolvimento económico e social. Por esta razão, nos países em via de desenvolvimento a temática do empreendedorismo assume particular importância e por isso tem vindo a suscitar um crescente interesse por parte das comunidades académicas e política. Nos últimos anos, o interesse pelo ensino do empreendedorismo, sobretudo ao nível do ensino superior, expandiu-se por quase todo o mundo. No contexto de países em desenvolvimento, as Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) são cada vez mais vistas como instrumentos para o desenvolvimento da cultura empreendedora e como promotoras de um empreendedorismo sistémico e inovador. No caso de Moçambique, nos últimos anos têm-se multiplicado iniciativas de apoio ao empreendedorismo, quer por parte do Governo que por parte de outras organizações da sociedade civil. Tal interesse reflete-se na Agenda Nacional de Luta Contra a Pobreza, um programa Governamental para a redução da pobreza, para o período de 2006-2009, onde um dos desafios colocados é a promoção do empreendedorismo através do sistema educativo, em que destaca-se o apoio ao empreendedorismo ao nível das Instituições de Ensino Superior, incluindo a incubação de empresas. Desde então, o ensino e promoção do empreendedorismo nas IES tem-se vindo a toirnar uma realidade nas Instituições de Ensino Superior Moçambicanas. Apesar das inicitativas relacionadas com o ensino do empreendedorismo se começarem a multiplicar pelos países em desenvolvimento, a maior parte dos estudos centra-se nas realidades dos países desenvolvidos e poucos estudos descrevem e se focam na educação e promoção do empreendedorismo por via das IES naquela parte do mundo. Se, tal como defendido por vários autores, no fenómeno empreendedor "o contexto importa", um contexto diferente, poderá também significar uma diferente configuração de fatores e processos. Este estudo pretende contribuir para colmatar esta falha. O estudo centra-se na promoção do empreendedorismo e no papel das IES como instrumento de apoio nesse processo, no contexto dos países em desenvolvimento. Mais especificamente, baseado no caso de Moçambique, pretende identificar os principais progressos e barreiras no ensino e promoção do empreendedorismo pelas IES, compreender qual a eficácia deste instrumento e os factores que afetam essa eficácia. Este objetivo traduz-se nas seguintes questões de investigação: i) Que fatores influenciam positiva e/ou negativamente as atitudes, intenções e comportamento empreendedor)? Esses fatores diferem de acordo com o nível de desenvolvimento económico dos países? II) As redes de cooperação das IES são decisivas para o desenvolvimento de competências de docentes e discentes e para a promoção do empreendedorismo? III), quais são as principais realizações e os obstáculos à criação de empresas promovidas/incubadas por IES com educação para o empreendedorismo nos seus currículos? IV) a participação dos estudantes em programas de educação para o empreendedorismo nas IES influencia as sua características (psicológicas), atitudes, percepções e intenções empreendedoras? Que outros fatores afetam as suas características, atitudes, percepções e intenções empreendedoras? O estudo inclui metodologias quantitativas e qualitativas. As metodologias qualitativas foram usadas para estudar os aspetos relacionados com a organização das IES ao nível da oferta curricular e apoio ao empreendedorismo. As metodologias quantitativas foram aplicadas para estudar a importância do contexto, e os aspectos relacionados com os estudantes, nomeadamente o impacto/eficácia da educação empreendedora e outros factores que afectam o empreendedorismo dos estudantes. No primeiro caso, utilizaram-se dados secundários do Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) 2010 – Inquérito à População Adulta (APS), Dados Globais de Nível Individual. No segundo caso, recolheram-se dados primários através de questiomários a 572 estudantes que frequentaram disciplinas de empreendeodirsmo e 149 estudantes que não tiveram educação em empreendedorismo nas IES com ensino de empreendedorismo. A análise qualitativa incluiu a análise de fontes documentais, entrevistas e observações; a análise quantitativa foi desenvolvida com a ajuda do Programa Estatístico para as Ciências Sociais (SPSS) envolvendo um conjunto de técnicas relacionadas com regressões múitiplas, ANOVA e testes de comparação de médias (t-test e teste do qui-quadrado). O trabalho está organizado em três partes. A primeira inclui a justificação, introduz o quadro teórico geral para a investigação bem como os propósitos do estudo e explica a estrutura da tese. A segunda parte inclui quatro capítulos no formato de artigos, procurando dar respostas às questões de investigação. A terceira parte, é uma conclusão geral do trabalho, incluindo limitações, linhas para futuras investigações e implicações do estudo. O primeiro capítulo, procura evidenciar a importância do contexto nos processos empreendedores. Usando dados do Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) 2010 – Inquérito à População Adulta (APS), Dados Globais de Nível Individual - de três países com diferentes níveis de desenvolvimento económico, mas com uma história e uma língua comum; criou-se um índice quantitativo de atitudes, intenção e comportamento empreendedor (Índice Empreendedor), e pela aplicação de regressão linear múltipla, foi possível identificar os determinantes das intenções, atitudes e comportamento empreendedor e sua importância em diferentes contextos, tais como (i) genero, (ii) educação, (iii) redes empreendedoras, (iv) motivação por oportunidade e necessidade, e (v) percepção de oportunidade na área de residência. Mais especificamente, os resultados mostram que os indivíduos do sexo masculino, com níveis de educação mais elevados e com redes pessoais empreendedoras tendem a apresentar índices mais elevados de empreendedorismo. Além disso, o estudo empírico evidencia a importância da percepção de oportunidades para a formação de atitudes, intenções e comportamento empreendedor. Os resultados também mostram que o nível de desenvolvimento económico afeta não só as atitudes, intenções e comportamentos empreendedores, mas também a importância/peso dos seus determinantes. O segundo capítulo, centra-se na identificação dos principais obstáculos à criação de empresas promovidas / incubadas por IES com educação para o empreendedorismo nos seus currículos. O estudo empírico é baseado numa amostra de 10 estabelecimentos das diferentes 5 IES existentes com educação para o empreendedorismo (antes do ano de 2014). A coleta de dados foi feita através de uma entrevista exploratória com os diretores das IES e consulta de fontes documentais. Os resultados mostram que as barreiras estão relacionadas com a falta de professores formados/qualificados em empreendedorismo, as deficientes redes com empresários e outras instituições e má relação com a comunidade empresarial, tanto devido a dificuldades materiais para implementar atividades práticas (por exemplo, visitas a empresas) como pela falta de receptividade do lado da comunidade empresarial. Apesar da existência de algum material educativo, mencionado como o principal recurso para a educação para o empreendedorismo, algumas IES indicam que o material disponível não é suficiente, considerando tanto a quantidade como a qualidade. A inexistência de outros recursos educacionais e infra-estruturas de apoio, como incubadoras, laboratórios e bibliotecas, muitas vezes associada com a falta de recursos financeiros também foi mencionado como um importante obstáculo à criação de empresas por alunos e professores das IES. O ambiente político e de negócios foi também referido como uma importante barreira à criação das empresas, nomeadamente no que diz respeito aos sistemas financeiros e fiscais. O terceiro capítulo centra-se na importância das redes de cooperação entre as IES para o desenvolvimento de competências dos professores e para a promoção do espírito e competências empresariais dos alunos, em especial no contexto dos países em desenvolvimento. São apresentados dois artigos com natureza exploratória e descritiva. Num primeiro artigo, o estudo empírico inclui uma amostra de 10 estabelecimentos das 5 IES com educação para o empreendedorismo (antes do ano 2014) existentes em Moçambique. A recolha de dados foi feita através de entrevista exploratória com os diretores das IES e consulta de fontes documentais. Os resultados mostram que uma estratégia assente em redes de cooperação está presente sobretudo em IES públicas, que, tendem a apresentar melhores resultados em matéria do número de professores com formação específica em empreendedorismo e número de negócios criados. Este estudo também mostra alguns sinais promissores relativos ao desenvolvimento coordenado e global de esforços para promover a qualidade da educação para o empreendedorismo. Destaca-se também o papel dos parceiros públicos no envolvimento de outras organizações privadas nacionais e internacionais no processo. Apesar do fato de que a maioria dessas iniciativas está ainda numa fase inicial e de que não é possível neste momento prever totalmente o que será o seu impacto ou resultado, este estudo representa uma primeira tentativa nesse sentido. O segundo artigo apresenta, com mais algum detalhe, o caso da Escola Superior de Negócios e Empreendedorismo de Chibuto – (ESNEC), uma das cinco escolas da Universidade Eduardo Mondlane e uma das poucas instituições de ensino superior dedicada especificamente a educação para o empreendedorismo em Moçambique. Os dados sobre este estudo de caso resultaram de uma observação participante da pesquisadora e os dados foram coletados entre fevereiro e junho de 2013 através de fontes documentais e uma entrevista exploratória com o diretor da escola. O estudo mostrou que as redes de cooperação universitárias têm sido usadas como ferramentas para o desenvolvimento das competências empresariais de professores e alunos e como veículo de disseminação de conhecimentos dentro da comunidade. Mais especificamente, a cooperação com outras universidades vem sendo usada para promover a mobilidade dos recursos para o propósito específico de melhorar o conhecimento e competencias de empreendedorismo dos professores; outros projetos de cooperação, têm sido implementados, a fim de promover a inovação e a difusão de conhecimento do negócio entre estudantes e empresários da comunidade local envolvente. Finalmente, no quarto capítulo procura-se compreender i) se a participação dos estudantes em programas de educação para o empreendedorismo nas IES influencia as sua características (psicológicas), atitudes, percepções e intenções empreendedoras; e também ii) se existem outros fatores que afetem as suas características, atitudes, percepções e intenções empreendedoras. Mais especificamente, tem como objetivo compreender a influência do género, antecedents familiars, do tipo/fonte de recursos financeiros preferencialmente utilizados e das redes nas suas características, atitudes, percepções e intenções empreendedoras Após uma revisão de literatura focada na educação para o empreendedorismo e determinates da intenção empreendedora, atitudes e comportamentos, o estudo empírico é apresentado. Este inclui uma amostra de 10 estabelecimentos IES, seleccionados a partir de um universo de 34 com a educação para o empreendedorismo. A recolha de dados foi realizada em 2015 por meio de questionários a (n=721) estudantes dos 2º, 3º e 4º anos, dentre os quais (n=572) frequentaram o ensino de empreendedorismo e os restantes (n=149) não participaram em qualquer programa de ensino de empreendedorismo. A análise estatística, incluindo a regressão linear múltipla, ANOVA e comparação de médias (Teste-t e teste qui-qudrado). O estudo conclui que i) a atitude pessoal e o controlo comportamental percebido influenciam a intenção empreendedora; ii) a educação para o empreendedorismo tem influência positiva no controlo comportamental percebido. Quanto aos estudantes com educação para o empreendedorismo, conclui-se que iii) existem diferenças significativas em termos de atitudes, percepções e intenções empreendedoras dos estudantes entre as escolas; iv) o género, os antecedentes familiares e as redes empreendedoras afectam as atitudes, percepções e intenções empreendedoras dos estudantes. ; Fundation Calouste Gulbenkian and by Eduardo Mondlane University.